杨树固沙林密度、配置与林木生长过程的关系

在科尔沁沙地证明低覆盖度行带式固沙林具有显著的防风效果后,进一步对雨养条件下杨树(赤峰-36号)固沙林的密度、配置及林木生长过程与林龄的动态关系进行研究.结果表明: 1)1～5 a林木的生长基本不受密度的影响,密度大单位面积材积量大;6～11 a是密度对林木生长的显著影响阶段,杨树固沙林的胸径、株高和材积量的增长率随林龄增大而逐年加快;大约在11 a之后趋于稳定;单位活立木蓄积最大(153.39 m3·hm-2)的固沙林密度是825株·hm-2,其他密度按蓄积大小排序依次为540株·hm-2、420株·hm-2和1 215株·hm-2;2)边缘林木的平均胸径和单株材积量分别比林内高20%～70%和90%～260%,且低密度林分的边缘林木的生长优势比高密度林分边缘林木的生长优势更加明显;3)同密度(500株·hm-2)13 a的一行一带式固沙林,其胸径、树高和材积量分别比等株行距的片林高37.4%、17.4%和81%;而10 a的两行一带式的胸径、树高和材积量分别比等株行距的片林高19.8%、16.2%和64.8%,说明行带式配置还具有生物生产力优势.     

3种初植密度桉树林分生长、材种出材量及经济效益动态分析

[目的 ]通过监测3种初植密度桉树人工林16 a的生长情况,分析其材种出材量及经济效益,为培育桉树中、大径材提供理论参考。[方法 ]收集和分析桉树人工林3种初植密度1 250、883、667株·hm-2 16 a的生长数据,计算材种出材量,同时分析平均生长量、内部收益率和净现值。[结果 ]密度1 250株·hm-2与密度883、667株·hm-2的胸径生长均差异显著(p 0.05);不同密度间林分蓄积量差异不显著(p 0.05)。中径材出材量及其年均出材量在7～12 a和第16年以密度883株·hm-2的林分最大,7～12 a密度667株·hm-2 1 250株·hm-2,第16年密度1 250株·hm-2超过密度667株·hm-2。密度883株·hm-2在第16年开始出现大径材。密度1 250株·hm-2的轮伐期为7 a,密度883、667株·hm-2均为9 a。9 a时密度1 250、883株·hm-2的净现值达到峰值,密度667株·hm-2在8 a时达到峰值,密度1 250、883、667株·hm-2的最大净现值分别为30 994、40 193、31 288元·hm-2,对应的内部收益率分别为37%、41%、42%。[结论 ]初植密度883株·hm-2有最高的净现值、内部收益率以及较高的生长潜力,667株·hm-2次之,1 250株·hm-2最低。     

湿地松纸浆原料林密度控制与管理技术研究

为探索湿地松优质高产纸浆原料林密度控制与管理技术,进行了不同初植密度造林与间伐试验.试验结果表明:8a生、12a生密度试验林不同密度林分胸径、树高、蓄积量和总产量有极显著差异,8a生密度试验林不同密度林分木材性有极显著差异.林分在8a生时,平均树高生长效应是林分越密树高越高,林分平均胸径生长效应是林分密度越小胸径越大,蓄积量的生长效应是林分越密蓄积越大,木材材性是以中等林分密度质量最好.营造湿地松高产优质纸浆原料林适宜初植模式为2 m×2 m、2 m×2.5 m,即初植密度分别为2 505株/hm2和1 995株/hm2,此时2 505株/hm2林分按下层间伐方式间伐25%、1 995株/hm2林分按下层间伐方式间伐20%后4 a(林分年龄为12 a),这二种密度林分蓄积分别为224.08 m3·hm-2和206.64 m3·hm-2,蓄积加间伐材材积的总产量分别为244.56 m3·hm-2和218.72 m3·hm-2.为培育出质量和产量兼优的湿地松纸浆原料林,当林分生长到8 a生时,应及时地进行一次抚育间伐,间伐强度为20%～25%.     

红椿人工林密度试验研究

红椿是速生的珍贵用材树种,在四川已规模化栽培.采用单因素试验设计,研究红椿人工造林初植密度和10 a生林分间伐对林分生长影响.结果表明:在红椿造林后3 a内,初植密度对林分生长影响不显著;10 a生红椿人工林间伐后保留密度以1 600株·hm-2为宜.     

祁连山林线区域青海云杉种群对气候变化的响应

研究祁连山林线区域青海云杉种群结构、年轮生长及林线位置对气候变化的响应。结果表明:在区域气候变暖的背景下,青海云杉林线种群1～30龄的幼龄个体数量最多,占总数的80.9%;100年来林线种群密度大约增加了23倍,但林线位置并没有发生明显变化;年轮分析得出,气候变暖导致近30年来林线树木径生长明显增加,青海云杉树木年轮指数与当年夏季、秋季以及上一年夏季平均气温显著正相关,与上一年秋季及当年6月份的平均气温呈极显著正相关。     

间伐的华山松＋云南松近成熟林密度及胸径断面积的变化研究

对宜良县禄丰村林场海拔高度1 850 m,于1954年起经营的华山松+云南松混交林在其形成成熟林的50年生长过程中,就其采取间伐措施后林分中两树种林木株数(密度)胸径及断面积的变化进行了定位研究.通过立地条件相同地段设置的2块0.1 hm2的固定样地(其中,一块样地为继1978年后于1984年、1990年、1997年和2004年进行4次间伐的林分,另一块样地为未进行任何间伐活动,作为对照的林分)的林木30年(1978～2007年)的定位连续观测,其间伐和对照样地林分的林木密度分别从3 070 株·hm-2和4 400 株·hm-2降为580 株·hm-2和850 株·hm-2,林分的林木株数组成从华山松分别占91.9 %和87.4 %降至69.0 %和49.4 %,云南松从8.1 %和12.6 %上升至31.0 %和50.6 %,表明该地区较适宜云南松生长.在定位观测的30年间,无论混交林中的华山松或云南松林木的平均胸径,间伐林分始终大于对照林分;1978和2007年,间伐林分的林木胸高总断面积呈现几近相等(2 403.9 m2·hm-2与2 384.9 m2·hm-2),而对照林分林木的胸高总断面积则呈现较大幅度地降低(3 260.0 m2·hm-2与2 988.6 m2·hm-2),揭示了在华山松+云南松混交林经营过程中间伐的必要性.     

不同保留密度对福建柏人工林生长的影响

在福建省安溪白濑国有林场对间伐(保留密度分别为425、725、825株·hm-2)后的27年生福建柏人工林的林分生长状况、林下植被生物多样性以及林下土壤的养分状况进行调查研究。结果表明:不同保留密度对福建柏林分生长影响显著,降低林分密度能促进福建柏个体粗生长,但林分密度过低单位面积产量下降。林分单位面积蓄积量,以密度725株·hm-2的林分最高,达211.42 m3·hm-2;密度425株·hm-2的林分最低,为134.02 m3·hm-2,二者蓄积量差异达77.4 m3·hm-2。间伐能有效提高林下植被的丰富度指数和多样性指数,间伐强度越大效果越明显,保留密度425、725、825株·hm-2林下灌木植被丰富度分别为17、10、7,生物多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数)分别为2.137、1.633、1.356。中度间伐(保留密度为725株·hm-2)的林分土壤的养分状况最好,对维持地力效果最佳。     

2种密度下樟子松单株生物量和生长量的比较

以章古台22年生1 420株·hm-2樟子松林一次性间伐成密度为404株·hm-2和810株·hm-2并采取封育措施的2种林分为调查对象,调查单株生物量、生长量及林下植被。结果表明:404株·hm-2与810株·hm-2相比,11a后樟子松单株生物量干质量前者为后者的1.64倍,根系粗壮程度、草本盖度前者高于后者;14a后胸径生长量前者为后者的1.11倍;有无垂直主根取决于土壤的质地;810株·hm-2林分在林内出现衰弱死亡林木以后才侵入灌木。     

温度和降水对树木年轮宽度影响研究进展

文章概括了温度和降水对树木年轮宽度的影响,分析了树木年轮学的研究方法和最新研究进展,探讨了目前树木年轮学研究中的不足。目前树木年轮学研究主要集中于对偏远和高寒地区天然林林缘木或边缘木的研究,对人工林研究甚少。树木年轮研究对取样环境的严格要求,使研究工作受到限制,不能充分反映气候变化对林木年轮生长的影响,应充分考虑林分密度等林分结构对林木径向生长的影响,扩大研究领域。在不同季节气候因子对人工林年轮宽度影响机理方面有必要深入研究。     

集水造林不同密度林分生长研究

在黄土高原 ,集水造林与常规造林相比 ,林木的生长规律和林分的生产力水平有显著的差异 ,其产生的根本原因是集水造林通过增加植树带汇流量改善了林地土壤水分条件。通过对 4种密度 (84 0、1110、2 2 2 0和 3330株·hm- 2 )自然坡面集水造林的 15a生刺槐林及拍光坡面集水造林和常规造林 (密度同为 10 0 0株·hm- 2 )的 9a生刺槐林进行研究 ,表明林分密度越小 (集水面积越大 ) ,微型集水区产流率越高 ,则植树带汇流量越大。以密度为 84 0株·hm- 2 的林分植树带汇流量为 10 0 %计 ,则从小到大其余 3种密度的林分植树带汇流量分别占 93 6 0 %、81 77%和 84 4 3% ,密度最小的林分年均土壤含水率比密度最大的 2林分高约 2 0 %～2 5 % ;集水造林比常规造林植树带年汇流量多 30 %左右 ,土壤水分相差约 10 %。由于水分条件的差异和密度效应 ,各密度林分间及集水造林和常规造林间的树高、胸径和材积生长量差异显著 ,尤其生长总量最为明显 ,从小到大 4种密度林分 15a时树高分别为 12 10、10 31、8 4 5和 7 2 2m ,胸径分别达到 17 14、11 6 1、9 17和6 5 6cm ,林分蓄积量分别为 2 14 5 8、110 2 9、12 1 35和 84 0 3m3·hm- 2 ;集水造林和常规造林 9a时的树高生长分别达到 9 13和 7 0 4m ,胸径生长分别达到     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.