我国发展经济林生产的思考

建国以来，经济林生产取得巨大的成绩。林业的重要作用是三个方面：保护环境、提供木材及其制品、提供经济林产品，经济林是三分天下有其一。１９９３年全国经济林总产值是５００亿元，也是林业总产值的１／３。经济林是为人类社会持续发展服务的。由于经济林产品的重要性、不可替代性、特殊性，是一个独立的新兴行业，具有无限发展的潜力。为了建立高效经济林业，必须面向市场，建立商品基地；为了推行先进技术，全方位推进经济林生产的进步和发展，必须建立健全社会化服务体系，加强科学研究和人才培养。经济林要借用高科技生物技术，改良品种，改善产品，走向世界。     

山东经济林产品生产及进出口贸易现状分析

山东省的经济林栽培面积大 ,种类多 ,在林业生产中占很大比重 ,已成为我省农村经济中的重要支柱 ,对全省林业建设、农民致富和整个经济发展都发挥了重要作用。我国加入WTO ,给我省经济林的发展带来了新的机遇和挑战 ,在经济林生产和产品贸易方面有较大变化。为此 ,我们搜集 1997～ 2 0 0 1年山东经济林生产和产品贸易资料 ,分析其发展变化规律 ,以期为经济林生产和产品贸易提供依据。1　经济林产业的发展现状1.1　经济林资源我省经济林栽培历史悠久 ,资源丰富 ,现有栽培和野生、半野生的经济林品种和类型共有 3 0 0 0多个 ,分属 2 3科 ,3 …     

论经济林在中国新时期经济建设中的战略作用

经济林产品既是人民生活的必需品，又是对外贸易出口创汇的重要物资，经济林生产是山区林业综合开发、农民脱贫致富奔小康的重要途径，发展经济林是当前林业产业结构调整的重大举措，经济林产业可为人民群众提供大量就业岗位，在中国新时期国民经济建设中具有特别重要的战略作用。     

经济林研究与生物技术

经济林研究与生物技术谭晓风，胡芳名（中南林学院株洲，４１２００６）经济林是一类具有重要经济价值的木本植物资源，在提供人类生活必需用品、建设用产品、工业原料及保护自然环境、维持生物多样性等方面具有重大作用。开展经济林研究是发展经济林生产、适应人类生存和...     

安徽省经济林产品市场营销模式探讨——以安徽省世界银行贷款林业项目为例

安徽省通过实施世界银行贷款林业项目已累计营造经济林近2万hm2,为了帮助项目农户顺利销售其经济林产品,通过采取利用现有经济林产品营销体系和帮助农户建立合作组织、行业协会以及组建规模集中的专业交易市场等措施,建立起以市场为导向、企业为龙头、协会为桥梁的经济林产品营销体系,解决了项目农户在经济林产品销售中遇到的困难和问题,有效地促进了项目农户经济林产品的销售。在分析安徽省经济林产品营销体系建设现状的基础上,针对经济林产品营销中存在的后续加工开发、产业链的形成及管理方面的问题,从加强组织领导、整合现有资源、加大科技投入、实施品牌战略和倡导绿色营销等5个方面提出了经济林产品营销的主要措施和方法。     

加入WTO对山东省经济林产业的影响及对策

经济林产业是包括经济林产品的生产、加工、流通在内的一项重要产业 ,经济林产品主要指果品和木本油料、饮料、调料、工业原料和药材等。山东省是经济林产品生产大省 ,也是加工大省 ,经济林产业已成为农村经济的支柱产业。我国加入ＷＴＯ后 ,面对世界农产品贸易的自由化 ,经济林产品的市场竞争将更加激烈 ,而这种竞争是产品质量的竞争、比较优势的竞争和品牌信誉的竞争。我省的经济林产品要在激烈的国际市场竞争中取胜并站稳脚跟 ,就必须按照世界贸易规则 ,加强对经济林产业的全方位研究与规划 ,发挥比较优势 ,发展具有市场竞争力的产品。为…     

我国经济要发展中的问题及思考

为了落实我国“九五”期间增产５００亿ｋｇ粮食和基本消灭贫困现象等两大农村工作任务，通过对我国经济林产品供需现状分析和各类产品需求预测，提出了今后经济林发展战略目标、布局和品种结构规划，为林业部门制定经济林宏观调控计划提供了决策依据。     

我国经济林发展中的问题及思考

为了落实我国“九五”期间增产５００亿ｋｇ粮食和基本消灭贫困现象等两大农村工作任务，通过对我国经济林产品供需现状分析和各类产品需求预测，提出了今后经济林发展战略目标、布局和品种结构规划，为林业部门制定经济林宏观调控计划提供了决策依据。     

我国经济林产业发展问题的探讨

在调查研究的基础上,提出当前我国经济林产业发展的问题,并就有关问题进行了探讨和分析,旨在为我国经济林产业发展的宏观决策提供依据,以引导生产者控制过热产品,发展特色产品,挖掘潜力产品,更好地发挥经济林产品在林业产业建设和农村脱贫致富中的优势作用。     

经济林果木两用

经济林除常规产出外 ,又是优质装饰用材 ,因此 ,开发综合利用经济林产出的各个部分 ,可有效减少资源的浪费 ,同时弥补其它资源的不足。为此 ,本文着眼于利用更新或间代砍代下来的以及盛果期后进入衰老期的经济林树种的木材利用 ,分析经济林木材“果木两用”的可行性 ,探讨主要经济林树种的木材性质和用途。1　我国经济林发展概况经济林是林业的组成部分。产品种类繁多 ,不仅为工、农业生产提供产品和原料 ,同时为人民生活直接提供果品、油料、粮食、香料、调料、饮料及药材。许多经济林产品又是传统的出口外贸商品 ,不仅如此 ,经济林同样发…     

Forest future s by Swedish students – developing a mind mapping method for data collection

Forests are an important natural resource in Sweden. They are used for multiple purposes, for example, providing economic returns from timber harvest, conservation of biodiversity, provision of wild berries and mushrooms and recreational benefits. People’s perceptions of forests and forest use are currently under transformation due to drivers like globalization and urbanization. The aim of this study was to analyse in particular Swedish university student’s visions of future forests using a newly developed survey method based on mind mapping. An online survey with mind map technique was used to collect data from university students in Umeå, northern Sweden. The study focused on features of forests, products derived from forests and activities in forests. The results indicate that students regard ecological, social and economic aspects of forests as important for future forests and the use of them. In particular, the role of non-wood forest products, like berries and mushrooms, as well as recreational features of forests were central to many of the students. The multitude of different visions suggests that forest management decisions of today, directing the future of forests, need to consider the multiple use of forests to be able to satisfy forest preferences also of younger generations.     

Tree Species Diversity in Community Managed and National Park Forests in the Mid-Hills of Central Nepal

Community forestry is expanding in developing countries but there is limited knowledge of, and contradictory findings about, its contribution to biodiversity conservation. This study aims at increasing the understanding of tree species diversity in community forests compared to National Parks. A forest inventory was carried out in four community forests and one National Park in the mid-hills of central Nepal. The study found that community forestry has contributed to high tree species diversity where forest management communities have interests in multiple species, but most community forests are moving toward promoting limited timber yielding species that have high economic value. Linking community forestry with economic incentives for conserving multiple tree species could therefore be a strategy to conserve biodiversity outside of protected areas.     

对四川省退耕还林区发展果品经济林的思考

本文针对当前四川省在退耕还林工程建设试点中偏重于发展果品经济林的现状及可能造成的后果进行了分析研究，提出了必须采取有力限制退耕还林还林区果品经济林的发展，调整经济林的树种结构，以保证退耕还林工程的顺利实施。     

发展林化科技 繁荣山区经济

林产化学工业是以森林资源为原料经化学加工向市场提供商品产业。四十年来在林化科技发展的推动下,我国已建成大小林化企业近千家,年产值达20亿元,在山区经济发展中起了重要作用。今后要依靠林化科技,优化资源,提高加工技术水平和开发新产品,使林化工业在山区经济发展中发挥更大的作用。     

中国天然林保护工程区目前急需解决的技术问题和对策

分析了天保工程不同区域存在的基本矛盾和问题,从面临的众多问题中总结归纳出退化天然林恢复与重建、非木质林产品资源开发利用、天然林近自然采育更新和结构调整、工程区防灾减灾和森林健康状况保持、天然林资源动态时空分析与评价等5个重大而急需解决的技术问题;提出了推广应用现有技术成果、针对新问题设立课题研究和引进国际先进理论技术为工程服务的总体对策;并针对5大问题进行深入分析,提出了人工促进退化天然林恢复、森林近自然经营及健康状态监测等解决问题的关键理论和技术要点.     

日本森林资源供求变动趋势和经营管理战略创新

丰富的森林资源促进了第2次世界大战结束后日本经济的恢复和高速发展。此后,林产品市场供求、生产经营和产业政策发生了重大变化。文中分析了日本森林资源和森林经营现状、木材供求和森林功能多样化的趋势,以及林业政策、经营管理和技术创新的动向,以期为理论研究和业务决策提供参考。日本在经济高速增长期过后,木材需求量减少,自给率维持低位。近年来,日本林木进入集中主伐利用期,社会对森林生态环保需求增大,森林经营面临着规模过小、国有林缺乏经营活力、年轻劳动力减少等问题。日本森林经营管理创新的重点包括提高科技贡献率、改革林业特别是国有林的生产经营体制、提升森林在生态与环境和经济减贫等多方面价值。目前,上述创新已经效果初现,也是今后日本林业改革发展的主要方向。     

From logging frontier towards sustainable forest management: experiences from boreal regions of North-West Russia and North Sweden

This article describes the transformation of old-growth forest to managed forests, in North (N) Sweden and boreal regions of North-West (BNW) Russia, from economic, social and ecological perspectives. Whereas in BNW Russia, the logging frontier could be kept moving into unharvested regions, N Sweden earlier had to develop solutions where large-scale logging had already taken place. In 1950–1990, Swedish strategies included rationing of old forest, effective regeneration and also precommercial and commercial thinning. Supporting means were legislation, government-funded subsidies and collaboration among enterprises, researchers and political leaders. BNW Russia is currently facing similar challenges and N Swedish experiences should be analysed and used where applicable. In N Sweden, a too low proportion of representative productive old forests remains, but in the last decades, N Swedish forests exempted from economic use have been significantly increased. Ongoing discussions of also defining areas with more intensive forest management would lead to a zoning, bearing some resemblance to the Russian system, in use since 1943. Russian experience should, therefore, be of interest to Swedish forest policy-makers. Both countries have problems with rural social issues. Both can benefit from collaboration on these aspects of sustainable forest management.     

Forest Structure Under Different Management Regimes in the Western Lowlands of Nepal

ABSTRACT

For landscape level conservation and rural sustenance, forests outside of protected areas are becoming increasingly important. Since most outside forests in the lowlands of Nepal are under government control and utilized as open access resources, their feasibility to achieve these objectives is questionable. We compared forests inside (with three decades of strict protection) and outside of protected areas (under government control and proposed as community forests) to assess the ecological sustainability of outside forests and to provide baseline data on structure of outside forests so that effectiveness of community forestry (after implementation) can be evaluated in the future. Our results indicate that outside forests were in a degraded condition with low tree, sapling and seedling densities and lower species diversity. Trees in lower dbh (diameter at breast height) classes were absent in these forests. Although the canopy layer was not significantly different, the ordination of plots and species showed that species composition of understory and the ground layer were different than protected forests. The present condition of outside forests is not only ecologically unsustainable but also cannot fulfill the demands for forest products of local people. The inefficiency of government to monitor against exploitation has been responsible for present conditions. We recommend that community forestry programs, which are successful in improving conditions of degraded forests in the mountains of Nepal, should be widely implemented in lowland areas (Terai) and proposed community forests should be handed over to local communities as soon as it is practicable.     

退耕还林工程区经济林的现状与发展趋势

根据全国第六次森林资源清查的结果数据对退耕还林工程区经济林的现状、特点与动态作了分析,并依据退耕还林工程造林的面积推算出工程造林对工程区经济林的贡献,预测了工程区经济林的发展趋势。     

Land-use options to encourage forest conservation on a tribal reservation in the Philippines

The Negrito (Ati) tribe of Nagpana, Iloilo, Philippines has traditionally been dependent on shifting cultivation and on hunting and gathering of non-timber forest products for its livelihood. In recent decades the Ati have derived increasing income from wage labor for adjacent landowners and from permanent rice cultivation. The consequent clearing of residual forests has resulted in extensive soil degradation, reduced crop yields, and loss of both commercial and subsistence non-timber forest products.Various agroforestry systems which incorporate permanent tree crops into traditional systems have great potential to reverse these losses. This study analyzes the economic sustainability of four different land-use options for the Ati. The net present value (NPV) of a system which incorporates both sustainable use of the existing forest and plantations of fast-growing tree species on agricultural lands is superior to all other alternatives. Social and environmental benefits from this system further justify implementation. Any recommendations to develop such an option must take into account the constraining factors typical of such upland communities.