我国不同森林立地带Bt分离株杀虫晶体蛋白及基因分析

利用苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因的PCR RFLP鉴定体系和SDS PAGE方法分析了来自我国不同森林立地带土壤中的 72株苏云金芽孢杆菌的cry1、cry2、cry3、cry4、cry5、cry8、cry9、cry10、cry11、cry1I等 10类基因类型和表达蛋白 ,并进行了杀虫活性的生物测定。研究表明 :同时含有cry1,cry2 ,cry1I 3类基因的有 2 1株菌 ,6株菌含有cry1,cry2类基因 ,4株菌含有cry1和cry1I类基因 ,只含有cry1基因的有 1株 ,cry2类基因的 4株 ,36株菌不含所鉴定的 10类cry基因。同时证明 ,绝大多数含有cry1基因的菌株表达了 130kDa蛋白 ,含有cry2基因的菌株表达了 6 0kDa蛋白。生物活性测定表明 ,共同含有cry1Aa、cry1Ac和cry2基因的菌株对棉铃虫幼虫具有较强的杀虫活性 ,只含有单一基因和不含上述基因的菌株杀虫活性较弱。     

我国不同森林立地带土壤中苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因资源研究

利用PCR－RFLP鉴定体系和SDS－PAGE表达蛋白的分析方法，分析了来自我国不同森林立地带（寒温带，中温带，暖温带，北亚热带，中亚热带，南亚热带，高原亚热带，热带）自然保护区森林土壤中分离的72株苏云金芽孢杆菌的cry 1，cry 2，cry 3，cry 4，cry 5，cry 8，cry 9，cry 10，cry 11，cry 1I杀虫晶体蛋白基因类型，表达蛋白和杀虫活性的生物测定。研究表明：同时含有cry 1，cry 2，cry 1I3类 有21株菌，6株菌含有cry 1，cry 2类基因，4株菌含有cry 1和cry 1I基因，只含有cry 1基因的1株，cry 2基因的4株，36株菌不含所鉴定的10类基因。同时证明：绝大多数含有cry1基因的菌株表达了130kD蛋白，含有cry2基因的菌株表达了60kD的蛋白。对不同农，林害虫棉铃虫，杨扇舟蛾，舞毒蛾，马尾松毛虫，黄粉甲，榆兰叶甲，落叶松叶蜂等幼虫的杀虫活性进行了生物测定。进一步证明了苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因，表达蛋白及杀虫活性三者的相关性。为生产和科研提供了生物治虫，抗虫育种的苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因资源。     

抗光肩星天牛苏云金芽胞杆菌Bt886菌株的分离及对毒蛋白编码基因的初步鉴定

从拟谷盗虫尸中分离到一株对鞘翅目害虫光肩星天牛幼虫毒杀作用明显的Bt菌株Bt886。幼虫死亡率高达 6 0 % ,存活者生长明显受到抑制。经过晶体形态特征和杀虫谱分析 ,初步确认该菌株属于cry3类。比较cry3类基因的保守序列 ,利用一对cry3特异引物成功地从Bt886菌株中克隆到了一段基因片段并克隆至pGEM -T载体上。测序分析发现该片段与cry3Aa1基因具有很高的同源性 ,确定来自毒蛋白编码基因。Southern杂交分析表明该基因位于该菌株的质粒上。     

Bt杀虫蛋白在分月扇舟蛾体内的分布

分月扇舟蛾幼虫取食转蜘蛛杀虫肽与Bt毒蛋白C肽基因小黑杨后,Bt杀虫蛋白在其中肠、血淋巴、马氏管中含量比较高;而先饲喂转蜘蛛杀虫肽与Bt毒蛋白C肽基因小黑杨4d,再饲喂非转基因小黑杨后,其所繁育的蛹、成虫、卵、幼虫中均不合有Bt杀虫蛋白。     

转Bt基因南林895杨对美国白蛾抗虫性研究

【目的】通过对转Bt基因南林895杨进行虫试测定，分析转基因植物对不同世代美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea的杀虫活性、转基因杨树抗虫效果的时空动态、转基因杨树对不同龄期美国白蛾的杀虫效果，以及对美国白蛾幼虫生长发育的影响，为转基因杨树的应用推广和美国白蛾防治提供相关依据。【方法】以实验室获得的转Bt(Cry1Ah1）基因南林895杨16个株系为材料，对美国白蛾幼虫进行室内喂养和田间套笼饲虫实验，实验分别采用不同世代、不同虫龄的美国白蛾幼虫为实验对象，测量其死亡率、化蛹率及取食量等指标，分析转Bt基因杨树对于美国白蛾生长的实际影响，并选取不同部位叶片分析杀虫效果的空间变化。【结果】16个转Bt基因南林895杨株系中，A-4-6、A-5-0、A-5-23和X-2-7株系具有良好的杀虫效果，幼虫取食叶片12 d后的校正死亡率为37.5%～68.9%。A-4-6株系的毒蛋白表达量最高达到11 500.01 ng/g，占总蛋白表达量的0.047 8%。其余5个杀虫活性较好株系的毒蛋白表达量均大于4 669.38 ng/g，除Z-1-3株系，各株系毒蛋白量占总蛋白量均超过0.02%。抗虫效果明显的株系上部叶片的抗虫效果优于中部叶片，下部叶片的抗虫效果差。不同虫龄比对结果表明低龄幼虫的校正死亡率显著高于高龄幼虫（P 0.05），而化蛹率随着龄期的升高而升高，幼虫对杀虫性的敏感度随着龄期的升高逐渐下降。【结论】转基因南林895杨中Bt基因的表达能够有效的抑制美国白蛾的生长，并具有时空特异性，其中A-4-6、A-5-0及A-5-23三个株系具有良好的杀虫效果，适用于作为抗虫杨树树种进行推广。     

杨树Bt抗虫基因工程研究进展

本文介绍了苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)毒蛋白的杀虫机理和Bt毒蛋白基因的分类；概述了Bt毒蛋白基因在杨树基因工程中的应用现状，探讨了当前杨树Bt抗虫基因工程中存在的主要问题，并展望了杨树抗虫基因工程在杨树遗传改良中的应用前景。     

一株高产几丁质酶的粘质沙雷氏菌筛选、鉴定及应用

从自然环境中,筛选出了高效降解几丁质的菌株,同时也具有广谱的杀虫潜能的菌株,为植物病虫害的防治提供一个新思路。以武汉沙湖边的水样为材料,经过富集培养、初筛和复筛后,筛选到一株高效降解几丁质的菌株,并对菌株进行生理生化和16srDNA鉴定,同时测定了产生的几丁质酶的活力,探讨了菌的发酵液对真菌的拮抗作用和毒杀秀丽隐杆线虫作用。从水样中筛选到一株能够在pH7和pH11的1%胶体几丁质平板上有明显水解圈的菌株,经生理生化和16srDNA鉴定,该菌为粘质沙雷氏菌,命名为MEW06。经摇瓶培养后,测得该菌株发酵上清液的几丁质酶活力可达75U/mL。该菌能抑制苹果轮纹菌和草莓灰霉真菌的生长,并能毒杀秀丽隐杆线虫。MEW06菌株能分泌高活性的几丁质酶,该酶具有广谱的pH值作用范围,同时具有杀菌杀虫作用,因此在植物生物防治方面有很好的应用前景。     

转蜘蛛杀虫肽与Bt毒蛋白C肽基因小黑杨对舞毒蛾中肠组织结构的影响

采用透射电镜观察舞毒蛾幼虫取食转蜘蛛杀虫肽与Bt毒蛋白C肽融合蛋白基因小黑杨叶片后,其中肠组织的病理变化。结果发现,转蜘蛛杀虫肽与Bt毒蛋白C肽融合蛋白基因小黑杨,能够引起舞毒蛾幼虫中肠组织发生明显的病理变化,致使幼虫中肠组织受到严重破坏。幼虫中肠组织中,柱状细胞、杯状细胞结构发生明显的病理变化,并随着取食的时间和取食量的增加,其病变和破坏的程度逐渐加剧。     

抗天牛基因cry Ⅲ A的改造及人工合成

采用中国林科院林业研究所生物技术室开发的核酸序列分析软件tRNASYSTEM分析了4000个杨树形成层基因氨基酸的三联体遗传密码,得出了一套适合于在杨树形成层高效表达的密码子,并通过该密码子,对从苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株Bt.886中克隆的、具有抗天牛作用的cry A基因进行了改造.在两端加上合适的酶切位点后,人工合成了最长为90bp的小片段,再经PCR延伸及T4连接酶拼接成全长为1812bp的基因.利用两端设计的酶切位点,将全长基因克隆到克隆载体PUC119上,为进一步用于在杨树形成层特异表达的研究打下了基础.     

杉木林土壤中固氮功能细菌的生长特性研究

[目的]研究固氮功能菌株的生长特性,探索适地适菌原则。[方法]本研究以103株固氮功能细菌为研究对象,以p H值及培养温度为考量指标,分别研究了8个温度梯度、10个p H值梯度对菌株生长的影响。[结果]表明:经检测,含有nif H基因的菌株有103株;菌株的最适生长条件为温度28℃、p H=7,各菌株的温度适宜生长区为20、28、37℃,大量菌株生长的适宜p H值为4、5、7、8;在低温、碱性土中的适用菌株为6003,在高温、碱性土中的适用菌株有09ul27、1010、2024、2029、7002、lk2-1c(2)和zk3-1,在酸性及碱性土中均适宜生长的菌株为1012和2025。根据菌群不同生长特性,对所有菌株进行非层次聚类,使用SSI算法得出最优分类为9类,其中,第5类和第7类全部属于伯克霍尔德属,第2类基本为芽孢杆菌属,其它类别中各菌属没有出现明显的聚类现象,且生长条件分类与菌种的初步鉴定分类没有明显的相关性。[结论]固氮功能菌株的适宜生长环境较一致,最适宜的生长条件为温度28℃、p H=7。筛选出适合在特殊环境生长的固氮功能细菌10株,各菌株初步鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、巨大芽胞杆菌、Chitinophaga pinensis、Burkholderia xenovorans、Burkholderia phymatum、Burkholderia bannensis。通过生长条件聚类分析及所有菌株的16S r DNA鉴定比对得出,菌株的生长特性与其生物学特征不完全相关。     

Distribution and partial characterization of seasonally expressed proteins in different aged shoots and roots of 'Loring' peach (Prunus persica)

During autumnal leaf senescence, leaf nitrogen in deciduous trees is translocated to storage sites, especially bark and xylem tissues. Proteins that accumulate in large amounts in bark and xylem in winter and are absent from these organs in summer are called storage proteins, and are believed to be vehicles for storing nitrogen reserves. These reserves are important for spring growth and help trees tolerate or recover from both abiotic and biotic stresses. Based on seasonal patterns of accumulation, we previously identified three storage proteins with molecular masses of 60, 19 and 16 kDa in bark tissues of 'Loring' peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). To characterize the distribution of these proteins in different-aged tissues and to determine if they have any function other than nitrogen storage, we examined their seasonal distribution in bark tissues of current-year and 1-year-old shoots, scaffold branches, main trunks and 4-5-year-old roots of 'Loring' peach. Verification of protein identity was based on molecular mass and reactions with antibodies directed against each specific protein. Protein distribution was variable. For all three proteins, the greatest amount was present in mid-winter in current-year and 1-year-old shoots. These tissues also showed the greatest seasonal variation in the amount of protein present. The 16 kDa protein was present only in the youngest shoots, whereas the 19 kDa protein was present in all tissues examined. The 60 kDa protein was absent in root tissue. The amino acid composition and sequence of each protein were determined. The 60 kDa protein was identified as a dehydrin, and the 19 kDa protein appeared to be related to a family of allergen proteins in Rosaceous plants, some members of which are associated with pathogenesis-related proteins. The amino acid sequence of the 16 kDa protein appeared to have no homology with any proteins in the SwissProt database. Therefore, it is likely that the 16 kDa protein, in a strict sense, is a bark storage protein. Defining storage proteins solely by their pattern of accumulation and the extent to which they accumulate may not be a good functional definition. It is possible that storage proteins have functional roles in addition to nitrogen storage.     

Analysis of needle proteins and N-terminal amino acid sequences of two photosystem II proteins of western white pine (Pinus monticola D. Don)

A method is described for extracting needle proteins from mature western white pine (Pinus monticola D. Don) trees. Extracted proteins were separated into 26 components by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The predominant protein component (32-39%) had a molecular weight of 57 kDa. The second most predominant protein component (14-25%) had a molecular weight of 16 kDa. The amino acid composition of the twenty-six protein components was determined and a few selected proteins were subjected to further amino acid sequence analysis. Of these, two proteins, designated as Pin m I and Pin m II, were identified by sequence homology with other Photosystem II proteins. The Pin m I and Pin m II proteins had molecular weights of 22.6 kDa and 23.4 kDa, respectively. Pin m I had a much higher proline content than Pin m II.     

通过胶乳转录组分析探析巴西橡胶树橡胶生物合成的研究

巴西橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis）是天然橡胶（顺式-聚异戊二烯）商业化生产中栽培最为广泛的一个物种。本研究中,为了深入分析并了解胶乳转录谱,尤其是橡胶生物合成相关基因的转录表达情况,我们从橡胶树的胶乳这种代表单一细胞类型的胞质成分中分离得到10 040个表达序列标签（ESTs）,经ESTs序列编辑组装之后共获得3 441个独立转录本（UTs）。基于标准基因词汇体系对这些UTs进行功能分类的结果显示,它们中的73.8%均与未知功能的基因相关。在高度表达的ESTs中,编码橡胶生物合成及应激或防御相关蛋白的ESTs占有相当大的比例,其中编码分属三个蛋白质家族的橡胶粒子膜蛋（RPMPs）的序列其所占ESTs的比例即高达12%。从这些ESTs中还鉴定出了九种RPMP异型体（7.9～27KDa）,其中包括14 Kda的REF（橡胶延伸因子）及22 Kda的SRPP（小橡胶粒子蛋白）。试验中利用抗REF及SRPP抗体也检测到了胶乳中多种RPMP异型体的表达。此外,EST及定量逆转录-多聚酶链式反（QRT-PCR）分析均证实REF和SRPP为胶乳中最丰富的转录产物。除橡胶生物合成之外,比较序列分析结果显示,RPMPs与植物界存在的应激相关蛋白序列具有高度相似性。最后,本文还根据转录本丰度及差异基因表达就RPMP在顺式-聚异戊二烯生物合成中的功能作了进一步的探讨和推测。     

Karyotype analysis of interspecific fusants of basidiomycetes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

The purpose of this research was to analyze the karyotype of the interspecific fusants of twoPleurotus species. Auxotrophic mutants derived from the cultivated strain ofP. ostreatus andP. cornucopiae were used. Protoplasts were fused electrically, and the fusants were selected under auxotrophic complementation. Esterase isozyme analysis showed that several fusants had isozyme bands originating from both parental strains, and others had unilateral isozyme bands. The fusant that had expressed isozyme bands of both parental strains showed chromosomal DNA bands of both of the parental strains in pulsedfield gel electrophoresis analysis. Despite the above results, the chromosomal composition of the fusants obtained by the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis did not exhibit all of the bands of both fusion parents.     

Defence reactions of developing somatic embryos of Algerian fir (Abies numidica)

Defence reactions of embryonal suspensor mass (ESM), precotyledonary, cotyledonary and desiccated cotyledonary somatic embryos of Abies numidica were tested by dual cultures with Phaeolus schweinitzii. Defence reactions were expressed at a very early stage of somatic embryo development. Both ESM and early somatic embryos inhibited mycelial growth, but the strongest defence was shown by the precotyledonary somatic embryos. The cotyledonary and desiccated cotyledonary embryos also showed defence reactions but with less intensity. Eight major components of soluble proteins, already present in the ESM, increased in concentration during subsequent developmental stages. Synthesis of two low‐molecular components of 6 and 3 kDa appeared in desiccated embryos. Probable regulation of defence reactions by auxins in early somatic embryos, as well as by abscisic acid content and storage proteins in subsequent developmental stages, is discussed.     

竹伐桩促腐微生物的分离筛选

以不同腐朽程度的毛竹伐桩为样品,对其中的具有降解纤维素或木质素的竹腐微生物进行富集、分离、纯化.通过定性和定量筛选共得到16株具有较好纤维素降解能力或木质素降解能力的菌株,包括8株真菌,5株细菌和3株放线菌.采用固态竹屑培养基测定各菌株对毛竹纤维素和木质素的降解能力,真菌菌株F2和F10的降解效果最好,15 d对纤维素的降解率分别为23.96%和24.31%,优于参照菌株绿色木霉YJ-3的19.59%;对木质素的降解率分别为16.92%和19.15%,优于参照菌株黄孢原毛平革菌ME-446的16.53%.     

华南红树林溶磷菌16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析及其溶磷能力

红树林是自然分布于热带、亚热带海岸的潮间带的木本植物群落,通常生长在港湾河口的淤泥质滩涂上,是海滩上特有的森林类型(Lin,1999),具有独特的生态地位,是宝贵的生物资源.磷是植物生长不可或缺的营养元素,由于红树林周期性生长在海水中,间隙水富含Mg2+,Ca2+,Fe2+等阳离子,磷酸盐通常沉淀在底泥中,导致大量的磷元素不能被红树植物所利用(Bashan,et al.,2002).     

Two Burkholderia strains from nodules of Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen in Hainan Island, southern China

Two Burkholderia strains 8111 and 8201 were isolated from root nodules of Dalbergia odorifera, an endemic woody legume in southern China. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene and 16S-23S gene intergenic spacer (ITS) showed that these two bacterial strains were closely related to Burkholderia cepacia and they were also similar in carbon source utilization using Biolog GN2 plate tests. The DNA G+C content of strains 8111 and 8201 were 65.8 and 65.5?mol%. Inoculation tests demonstrated that both strains 8111 and 8201 formed functional root nodules in their original host D. odorifera, and significantly enhanced plant growth (as measured by plant biomass and nitrogen content), compared to the no-inoculated control plants. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene in nodules of D. odorifera seedlings inoculated with strains 8111 and 8201 confirmed their identity. However, these two strains did not induce root nodulation in Acacia auriculiformis and Erythrophleum fordii. This implies that the nodulation capacity between Burkholderia strains 8111 or 8201 and their legume hosts may be specific. Our results show that both Burkholderia strains 8111 and 8201 are able to form functional nodules on D. odorifera and are potentially beneficial inoculants for seedling propagation to be used in large scale D. odorifera plantations.