紫椴花多糖的超声提取最佳条件和含量测定

设置7个萃取温度（25,35,45,55,65,75,85。C）和萃取时间（30,40,50,60,70,80,90min）来选择超声提取紫椴花中多糖的最佳提取温度和提取时间。利用分光光度法对紫椴花中的多糖含量进行了分离和测定。结果表明：最佳提取条件为提取温度为75℃,提取时间为52min。经蒽酮—硫酸显色,于580nm处测定,其多糖的含量为9．74％,RSD=0．47％（n=3）。此测定方法简便,样品溶液在4h内显色稳定,重现性较好,平均回收率为99．48％±1．01％,RSD=0．112％（n=3）。     

杜仲叶多糖、杜仲精粉、杜仲胶的提取分离及其性能分析

为实现杜仲叶中生物活性成分和杜仲胶的高效提取分离,采用连续热水浸提、碱提取、酶水解和石油醚提取杜仲叶,分别得到了杜仲精粉、杜仲多糖(水溶性多糖和碱提多糖)及杜仲胶。考察了料液比和温度对活性成分提取得率的影响,探讨了酶解时间和酶种类对杜仲叶残渣水解的影响,最后对杜仲精粉、水溶性多糖和碱提多糖的铁离子还原能力和DPPH自由基(DPPH·)清除活性进行了测定,并对杜仲胶相对分子质量进行了测定。研究结果表明:料液比为1∶10(g∶mL),温度为80℃时,总黄酮和绿原酸的提取得率最大分别为50.08和6.83 mg/g。杜仲水溶性多糖、碱提多糖、杜仲精粉均具有较好的抗氧化能力,其中杜仲精粉抗氧化活性最高, 5 g/L时杜仲精粉的铁离子还原能力为4.01 mmol/L, 300 mg/L时DPPH·的清除率为94.46%,与Vc相当。杜仲叶水提残渣酶解48 h时,葡聚糖和木聚糖水解率最大,分别为86.77%和15.62%。杜仲叶中水溶性多糖的得率为13.2%,杜仲胶得率为1.86%,碱提多糖得率为9.8%,杜仲精粉得率为8.0%。杜仲胶的M_w和M_n分别为330 398和84 526,远大于水溶性多糖和碱提多糖的相对分子质量,但相对分子质量分布指数为3.91,分散程度明显低于杜仲多糖。     

杜仲叶残渣酶预处理提取杜仲胶生产工艺

为了优化杜仲胶提取工艺,以酶解液中的总糖含量和酶解杜仲胶的提取率为试验考察指标,来确定纤维素复合酶预处理杜仲叶残渣的生产工艺条件。试验结果表明:纤维素复合酶预处理杜仲叶残渣的最佳工艺条件为pH值5.5,温度50℃,酶用量为1.6 mg/g,料液比为1∶15(g∶mL),酶解4 h。与非酶解原料相比,杜仲叶残渣经酶解预处理后胶提取率是未经酶解的1.49倍。表明纤维素复合酶可用于杜仲叶残渣提取杜仲胶的酶解预处理过程。     

蛹虫草固体培养菌质粗多糖提取与分离工艺研究

为探明蛹虫草固体发酵新型培养基茵质中多糖的含量及结构,并探明回流提取方法对此类培养基中多糖提取的条件。采用正交实验确定最佳提取条件,采用苯酚一硫酸法测定茵质中的多糖含量,并用阴离子交换柱进一步分离粗多糖。结果：回流提取的最佳条件为80℃下,料液比1：20回流提取2h,提取次数为3次。在此条件下多糖含量为6．93％。其DPPH清除率可达50％以上,粗多糖经阴离子柱分离得到3种不同的糖蛋白。结论：该实验方法操作简易,条件易控制,结果精准,适合此种培养基中蛹虫草多糖的测定及分离纯化。     

杜仲胶颗粒提取纯化及胶颗粒显微观察研究

[目的]建立快速、简便、重复性好、得率高的杜仲胶颗粒提取技术,为进一步分析胶颗粒膜蛋白、脂肪酸、糖脂等组成及杜仲橡胶分子量奠定基础。[方法]以杜仲叶片和翅果为材料,利用不同离心条件及研磨次数探究杜仲胶颗粒得率,并结合光镜与电镜观察结果,探讨适合从不同杜仲组织器官中提取胶颗粒的最优条件。[结果]杜仲组织(叶片或翅果)液氮经速冻、反复研磨捣碎6次过滤10次,在4℃条件下以5 000 g离心力,45度定角离心10 min,并反复漂洗8次得到的杜仲胶颗粒含量最高。在此条件下,以10月采摘的杜仲叶和翅果为材料,提取的杜仲胶颗粒含量可分别达3.70 g·kg~(-1)叶片、5.37 g·kg~(-1)翅果。进一步观察发现,不论是杜仲叶片或翅果随着其发育的成熟,组织中胶颗粒粒径大小和积累量均呈现先增加后稳定的变化趋势。杜仲胶颗粒在光镜和电镜下呈球形,胶颗粒间粒径大小差异较大。以10月杜仲叶、翅果及树皮为例,小胶颗粒(1■4μm)分别占39%,53%,98.38%,中等胶颗粒(4■7μm)分别占38%,34%,0.12%,大胶颗粒(7■11μm)分别占23%,13%,0.05%。[结论]本研究建立的杜仲胶颗粒提取技术较为快捷,得率高,可快速对不同时期不同组织器官的杜仲胶颗粒进行提取。     

Box-Behnken响应面法优化富硒平菇柄多糖提取工艺研究

为给林下栽培平菇资源的综合利用提供参考依据,采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化了以超声辅助酶法提取富硒平菇柄多糖的工艺条件,并测定了多糖硒含量。结果表明,最佳提取条件为:复合酶液(纤维素酶∶果胶酶=2∶3)用量为2.5倍样品量,酶解温度47℃,超声提取时间46 min。在此工艺条件下,富硒平菇柄多糖的提取得率为14.53%,其硒含量为10.12μg/g。验证实验结果表明,此提取工艺简单可行,且按此工艺条件制得的富硒平菇柄多糖中有机硒的含量丰富,具有较高营养价值。     

纤维素酶解预处理法提取杜仲胶的工艺研究

以蒽酮比色法测定的酶解液中的总糖含量和酶解杜仲胶的提取率为考察指标,优化纤维素酶解预处理杜仲粕壳的工艺条件。结果表明,纤维素酶预处理杜仲粕壳的最佳工艺条件:温度50℃,pH值3.8,酶的用量为0.30 g,料液比为1∶15(g∶mL),酶解2次,每次3 h。经最佳酶解工艺条件预处理后的杜仲粕壳,第一次提取酶解物中杜仲胶得率达到57.7%,是非酶解物中的1.3倍。采用薄层层析法检测,结果表明经酶解预处理后所提取的胶与非酶解而提取的胶成分基本相同。     

不同栽培模式对杜仲叶及枝皮中多种活性成分含量的影响

为了探寻不同栽培模式对杜仲叶及枝皮中多种活性成分含量的影响规律,以不同月份采集的吉首大学张家界校区校园内的杜仲矮林与乔林叶片与枝皮为试材,采用高效液相色谱法测定了其绿原酸、京尼平苷酸和松脂醇二葡萄糖苷的含量,采用硝酸铝-亚硝酸钠比色法测定了其总黄酮含量,还用对二甲氨基苯甲醛显色法测定了其桃叶珊瑚苷的含量。测定结果表明:7、9、10月采集的杜仲矮林叶中绿原酸的含量分别为2.416%、2.463%和2.934%,分别是同期采集的杜仲乔林的2.094、1.027和1.968倍;其总黄酮含量分别为1.224%、11.664%和14.564%,分别是杜仲乔林的0.159、0.759和1.146倍;其京尼平苷酸的含量分别为1.404%、1.012%和0.359%,分别是杜仲乔林的0.476、3.819和2.017倍;其桃叶珊瑚苷的含量分别为6.655%、6.543%和6.508%,分别是杜仲乔林的1.623、1.377和1.909倍。11月份采集的杜仲矮林枝皮中京尼平苷酸、桃叶珊瑚苷和松脂醇二葡萄糖苷的含量分别为6.711%、3.494%和0.467%,分别是杜仲乔林的1.035、2.024和1.052倍。测定结果还表明,杜仲矮林叶及枝皮中有多种活性成分的含量高于杜仲乔林,故矮林作业具有推广应用价值。     

麻栎多糖的提取、纯化及其性质分析

为了开发利用麻栎多糖资源,探讨了热水浸提法提取麻栎多糖的工艺参数并对其纯多糖进行了初步分析。以麻栎多糖的得率为指标,通过单因素试验对提取时间、温度、液料比和提取次数进行考察,进一步通过响应面分析法进行优化,得到提取多糖的最佳条件为:提取时间3 h,提取温度90℃,液料比25∶1(mL∶g),提取次数2次,在此条件下多糖得率为2.65%。麻栎粗多糖经DEAE-52离子交换柱和Sephadex G-200凝胶柱两步分离纯化后,得到2种纯多糖OP-1和OP-2。紫外和红外光谱分析结果表明:OP-1和OP-2的纯度较高,具有多糖的特征吸收峰;经柱前衍生高效液相色谱法测定结果表明:OP-1是由木糖和葡萄糖组成的中性杂多糖,其物质的量之比为0.86∶0.7;OP-2是由核糖、葡萄糖醛酸和阿拉伯糖组成的酸性杂多糖,其物质的量之比为0.42∶0.21∶0.56;采用高效凝胶渗透色谱(HPGPC-ELSD)法测得OP-1的重均分子质量为444.8 ku,OP-2的重均分子质量为121.2 ku。     

碱提法提取地鳖虫多糖正交试验研究

采用碱提法对地鳖虫多糖进行提取试验,以碱液浓度、提取温度、提取时间等因素做正交试验,用苯酚-硫酸进行多糖含量测定,最佳的提取工艺条件为最佳的提取工艺条件为A3B2C1,即碱液浓度为0.03mol/L,提取时间1h,提取温度为60℃。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.