碳氮比对里氏木霉合成木聚糖酶的影响

以里氏木霉（Trichoderma reesei）Rut C-30为产酶菌，研究了不同碳氮比对木聚糖酶合成的影响。结果表明，低碳氮比有利于促进内切-β-木聚糖酶的合成，抑制外切-β-木糖苷酶的合成，有利于选择性合成低外切-β-木糖苷酶活的内切-β-木聚糖酶。高碳氮比使得木聚糖酶的合成滞后，能够有效地抑制纤维素酶的合成，提高木聚糖酶活与纤维素酶活的比值，有利于选择性合成低纤维素酶活的木聚糖酶。     

培养温度对里氏木霉合成木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的影响

以里氏木霉（Trichoderma reesei)Rut C-30为产酶菌，研究了不同培养温度对木聚糖酶和纤维素酶合成的影响。培养温度（25-26℃）较低时有利于木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的合成，但产酶时间较长；培养温度（35-36℃）较高时产酶时间缩短，但木聚糖酶的合成受到一定的影响，且严重抑制纤维素酶的合成。采用变温培养，前期（24h）培养温度为35-36℃，中后期培养温度为25-26℃，能有效地促进木聚糖酶的合成，而抑制纤维素酶的合成，致使木聚糖酶与纤维素酶活的比值提高，从而有利于选择性合成木聚糖酶，木聚糖酶活和纤维素酶活力在72h达到最高值，分别为161.69和0.359IU/mL。     

里氏木霉选择性合成木聚糖酶的研究(Ⅰ)

在一定条件下,里氏木霉可选择性地合成木聚糖酶,选择性合成程度与碳源种类、碳源浓度及碳氮比大小有关。以低纤维素污染的木聚糖为碳源,适当降低碳源的浓度,提高碳氮比可以提高木聚糖酶选择性合成的程度。以玉米芯粗木聚糖为碳源,采用添加碳源和氮源的方法控制发酵过程中的碳源浓度在５ｇ／Ｌ下,碳氮比在１１２以上时,产生的木聚糖酶和纤维素酶酶活分别为３５５Ｕ／ｍＬ、０．２Ｕ／ｍＬ,两种酶活的比值为１１７     

以酶解渣为碳源制备木聚糖酶的研究

以里氏木霉（Tichoderma reesei)Rut C-30为产酶菌，低聚木糖制备过程中酶解渣为碳源可透导产生含低纤维素酶活（0.106IU/mL)的木聚糖酶（154.67IU/mL)，两种酶活的比值达1459，与粗木聚糖为碳源产木聚糖酶相比，木聚糖酶活提高了1.67倍，而纤维素酶活没有增加。此酶在50℃条件下酶解粗木聚糖和酶解渣时，pH值5时酶解效率最高，酶解产物通过HPLC分析，主要是木糖。该酶系的组成主要是外切-β-木糖苷酶。     

纤维素和木聚糖复合诱导合成木聚糖酶的研究

以里氏木霉（Rrichoderma reesei)为产酶菌，分别对纤维素、纤维素和木聚糖诱导产酶的功能进行了研究。研究发现，纤维素具有诱导木聚糖酶合成的功能；纤维素和木聚糖混合对木聚糖酶合成具有促进作用，可大幅度提高木聚酶活力。与纯木聚糖（5g/L)产酶相比，纯木聚糖（4g/L)和纸浆（1g/L)混合产酶木聚糖酶活可以提高45％。研究成果为采用富含木聚糖的植物纤维料作碳源制备木聚糖酶提供了理论依据。     

木聚糖相对分子质量分布对里氏木霉合成木聚糖酶的影响

以里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)Rut C-30为产酶茵,研究了相对分子质量(Mw)分布不同的木聚糖对木聚糖酶合成的影响。通过SephadexG一100凝胶过滤色谱分级分离发现木聚糖A中低Mw组分较多,木聚糖B中低Mw组分较少,木聚糖C中低Mw组分最少。分别以这3种木聚糖为碳源合成木聚糖酶,最高木聚糖酶活力分别为153．64、120．84和110.84IU／mL,产酶时间分别为60、72和96h。用这3种碳源合成的木聚糖酶酶解粗木聚糖,酶解2h时,产物中低聚木糖分别占总糖的80．70％、68．56％和66．92％。这表明低Mw组分较多的木聚糖不仅有利于促进木聚糖酶的诱导合成,而且有利于促进内切-1,4-木聚糖酶的合成。     

侧耳菌GH196木质纤维素降解酶系的研究

以一株从腐朽竹子上分离得到的侧耳菌(Pleurotus sp.)GH196为产酶菌,研究了其在静置和振荡两种液体培养方式下的木质纤维素降解酶系的产生.结果表明在含有稻草和麦麸的液体培养基中生长,可以产生木聚糖酶、纤维素酶和依赖锰过氧化物酶-漆酶型(MnPLaccas型)木质素降解酶.振荡条件可以促进菌丝生长,有利于多糖水解酶的产生,其中以木聚糖酶的合成为主;150r/min振荡培养5 d,木聚糖酶酶活达到44.7 U/mL.     

侧耳菌GH196木质纤维素降解酶系的研究

以一株从腐朽竹子上分离得到的侧耳菌（Pleurotus sp．）GH196为产酶菌，研究了其在静置和振荡两种液体培养方式下的木质纤维素降解酶系的产生。结果表明：在含有稻草和麦麸的液体培养基中生长，可以产生木聚糖酶、纤维素酶和依赖锰过氧化物酶-漆酶型（MnPLaccas型）木质素降解酶。振荡条件可以促进菌丝生长，有利于多糖水解酶的产生，其中以木聚糖酶的合成为主；150r／min振荡培养5d，木聚糖酶酶活达到44．7U／mL。     

β-聚糖酶的诱导合成(Ⅰ)--碳源、氮源及碳氮比的影响

以绿色木霉Trichoderma viride LH-0ll为产酶菌株,利用自制复合碳源,就碳源浓度、氮源种类及碳氮比等因素对β-聚糖酶的诱导合成的影响进行了研究.结果表明:以15 g/L预处理玉米芯Ⅰ为碳源,利用复合氮源((NNH4)2SO4 尿素 蛋白胨).控制C/N为6.4,调节初始pH值4.8,温度为28～30℃,150 r/min摇瓶培养72 h,纤维素酶活力和木聚糖酶活力分别达到了3.34 U/mL和13.2 U/mL.     

里氏木霉选择性合成木聚糖醇的研究（Ⅰ）

在一定条件下,里氏木霉可选择性地合成木聚糖酶,选择性合成程度与碳源种类,碳源浓度及碳氮比大小有关。以低纤维素污染的木聚糖为碳源,适当降低碳源的浓度,提高碳氮比可以提高木糖糖酶选择性合成的程度。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.