欧美杨纤维含量构成因素的相关和通径分析

【目的】分析杨树超短轮伐林纤维含量构成因素及其贡献率,明确育种目标,为杨树超短轮伐林选育工作提供必要的依据。【方法】以5个3年生欧美杨无性系(库安托杨、凌丰1号、凌丰3号、凌丰4号和凌丰5号)为材料,利用Excel、SPSS 17.0软件对5个无性系各性状数据进行方差、标准差分析,计算变异系数和重复力,利用最小显著差异法(LSD)进行多重比较;对无性系各性状间进行相关性分析,采用回归分析方法分析并建立单株纤维含量与生长、材性性状间的关系模型;同时,对纤维含量主要构成因素进行偏相关分析和通径分析,计算贡献率,了解其作用模式。【结果】各生长性状(树高、胸径、单株材积)在5个无性系间变化幅度相对较大,无性系间存在显著差异且在无性系的遗传比重较大,而材性性状中,除单株纤维含量外,木质素、综纤维素、纤维素、基本密度、微纤丝角、纤维平均长度、纤维平均宽度、纤维长宽比、纤维粗度9个性状在无性系间变异较小;各生长性状间相关性显著,生长性状与材性性状间具有相对独立性;利用回归分析方法得到单株纤维含量与其他性状间的关系模型,经过逐步回归分析得到最终模型,结果表明单株材积、纤维素和基本密度对单株纤维含量的影响效果显著;通过偏相关分析得出单株材积、纤维素和基本密度均能很大程度地影响单株纤维含量,同时三因素间存在相互制约关系,与关系模型中表达的结果一致;通径分析表明提高单株材积对提高单株纤维含量作用最大,增加木材基本密度次之,提高纤维素作用最小,其贡献率分别为72.61%,13.55%和13.84%,与偏相关分析结果一致。【结论】欧美杨纤维含量的主要构成因素为单株材积、纤维素和基本密度;单株材积等生长性状具有很大的提升空间,且与材性性状间具有相对的独立性,应将生长性状(树高、胸径、单株材积)作为选育标准。     

杨树无性系生长与材性遗传变异及综合选择研究

以6年生18个杨树无性系为材料，研究其生长与材性性状的遗传变异及性状问的相关性，结果表明：除纤维含量、纤维长度外，树高、胸径、材积、纤维宽度、长宽比、木材基本密度6性状在无性系间均存在显著差异，各性状重复力在0．6109～0．9053之间，生长性状受高度遗传控制，纤维宽度、长宽比、木材基本密度受中等至强度遗传控制；生长与材性性状遗传具有相对独立性，就杨树纸浆材而言，材性改良应以生长性状的改良为前提；利用灰色关联度分析法评选出XL-90、XL-77、XL-101、XL-75、XL-92共5个综合性状优异的美洲黑杨杂交新无性系，其中XL-90、XL-77表现尤为突出，与I-69比较，其单株材积生长量分别提高60．71％、46．45％，单株纤维产量分别提高51．43％、44．13％。     

尾叶桉家系木材性状的变异研究

对75个月生32个尾叶桉家系的6个与木材相关的性状进行了研究.6个木材性状在家系间存在显著或极显著差异,说明通过家系选择可以获得性状优良的家系/无性系;木材基本密度、木材含水量、纤维宽、纤维长宽比与生长、形质性状间的相关关系不显著,表明该4个研究性状能各自遗传,可以分别独立选择;纤维长与树高、胸径及单株材积相关关系达到显著或极显著水平,说明纤维长度随树龄增长而增加,材性逐渐得到改善;所有木材性状间的遗传力均在0.5左右,说明各性状受到中等水平的遗传控制;水分含量、基本密度、树皮厚度、纤维长宽比性状的遗传变异系数较高,表明尾叶桉家系在4个性状上具有较丰富的遗传变异,进行性状遗传改良可获得较高遗传增益,按25%入选率,预期遗传增益可达5.68%～17.66%.     

杉木纸浆材无性系选择研究

经过16a对杉木无性系材积、单株干物质、单株纤维量、纤维长、纤维宽、纤维长宽比、纤维含量、木材密度的变异规律和各性状间的相关关系进行了研究。结果表明：无性系间各性状存在极显著差异,纤维长、宽不受立地影响。材积、纤维含量、木材密度对单株纤维量贡献率分别为61．7％、22．6％、15．7％。各性状遗传力0．51～0．68。选出了长纤维型造纸材优良无性系12个、中纤维型造纸材优良无性系4个、适合立地条件较差的造纸材优良无性系4个。     

杉木无性系生长和木材密度的遗传变异及选择

研究了８年生杉木无性系试验林的树高、胸径、材积和木材密度的遗传变异规律。结果表明：试验中各性状在无性系间存在显著差异,遗传变异系数树高为９．０％,胸径为１３．７％,材积为３０．０％,而木材密度只有６．７％,各性状均有较高的重复力,木材密度和胸径的重复力在９０．０％以上。树高、胸径、材积３个生长性状间有较高的遗传正相关,而胸径、材 与木材密度间表现出中度的遗传负相关,树高与木材密度间则表现出弱度的遗     

杉木无性系生长和材性变异及多性状指数选择

对19年生和17年生2块杉木无性系测定林开展生长和材性变异及多性状指数选择研究,其中,19年生测定林包括38个参试无性系,17年生测定林包括102个参试无性系。2块测定林数据分析结果均显示:无性系树高、胸径、单株材积、心材率和木材基本密度存在极显著的遗传差异,无性系重复力达中等偏上至较高水平,遗传变异系数各性状间差异较大;树高、胸径、材积生长性状间存在极显著的表型和遗传相关,与基本密度存在弱负相关。不同选择方法的结果表明,指数选择能整体提高单株材积、心材率和木材基本密度综合的遗传增益,达到比单性状选择更好的选择效果,是多性状改良较理想的选择方法。     

柳杉全同胞家系生长和材性的遗传变异及优良家系选择

研究林木家系间生长性状和材性性状遗传变异情况,并从中挑选优良家系,为林木生长及材性改良提供科学依据。以福建霞浦国有林场40个柳杉全同胞家系子代为研究对象,分析其生长性状(树高、胸径和材积)和材性性状(比重、心材率、偏心率、树皮率、管胞长度、管胞宽度和管胞长宽比)遗传变异特点。结果表明:1)柳杉不同家系间树高、胸径、树皮率、管胞长度、管胞宽度和管胞长宽比均达到了差异极显著水平,比重、材积性状达到显著差异水平,而木材心材率和偏心率则差异不显著;2)比重、材积、偏心率、树皮率、树高、胸径、管胞长度、管胞宽度、管胞长宽比均受到中等及中等以上遗传力控制;3)柳杉树高与胸径、材积存在极显著正相关;胸径与材积、管胞长度、管胞长宽比存在显著水平正相关,材积与管胞长度、管胞长宽比也存在极显著正相关;4)以胸径和比重作为简单指数选择法的选择性状,计算出各家系选择指数值I值,按10%入选率,选出I值最高的4个家系,分别是34#(7-3)、3#(6-2)、2#(7-5)和20#(20-10)。这些结论可为柳杉生长及材性改良提供科学参考。     

21年生杉木优良无性系生长与材质性状研究

对来源于湖南省的38个杉木无性系在江西省分宜县大岗山年珠林场21年生试验林各生长性状进行了调查与分析,选出4个杉木优良无性系43、68、88、300和大岗山杉木一般生产用种ck进行生长性状和材性性状对比研究。结果表明:4个优良无性系总体胸径与木材基本密度之间存在极显著负相关关系(r=-0.331),优良无性系43胸径生长量、单株材积生长量和木材基本密度均优于对照,可作为生长和材性性状联合选择的建筑材无性系;各优良无性系纤维长宽比均高于对照,优良无性系300长宽比最大且长纤维最多,最适宜用作纸桨材;各无性系不同林龄间纤维长度的差异较为明显,为杉木优良纸桨材无性系最佳采伐时间的确定提供了理论基础。     

群改杨无性系材性性状遗传分析

对22个群改杨无性系的材性和生长性状进行综合评定，分别采用六项指标（纤维长度、壁腔比、纤维长宽比、密度、树高、胸径）评分法和三项指标（纤维性状、木材密度、材积）评分法，探讨了无性系评定方法。     

群众杨改良无性系材性的遗传及性状相关的研究

以群众杨改良无性系研究了木材材性性状的遗传及性状之间的相关，９个性状纤维长、纤维宽，长宽比，纤维壁厚，木材密度，年轮度，树高、胸径，材积在无性系间存在显著或极显著的差异。纤维长，长宽比和木材密度具有较高的重复力，较大的遗传变异系数和遗传增益，三性状同性状３－４年与５－６年之间的相关达显著或极显著水平。简单相关，典型相关、通径分析均表明木材密度与纤维性状、生长性状是独立的。通径分析表明纤维长，树高，     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Boron in forest trees and forest ecosystems

This review critically examines the role of boron (B) in forests in view of recent findings on B nutrition and the continuing occurrence of B deficiency. Many perceptions about the role of B in plants and its uptake and mobility have been altered since the last review on B in forest trees in 1990. Now there is evidence for a fundamental role of B in the formation of the pectic structure in primary cell walls in plants, and further roles in membrane function are being explored. In plants, channel-mediated B uptake, active B uptake and B uptake by mycorrhizas have been shown, B transporters have been identified, and B retranslocation has been shown. We explore these findings and their consequences on forest trees and on ecosystems that they dominate. Particular emphasis is placed on B retranslocation and B in mycorrhizal symbiosis, given their importance in trees.     

Survival and Growth of Picea abies Regeneration after Shelterwood Removal with Single- and Double-grip Harvester Systems

Three stands in Sweden were followed for 7 yrs to study the survival and growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] regeneration after shelterwood removal with single- and double-grip harvester systems. The height of all seedlings within circular plots was recorded before and after final cutting. The tallest seedling and one randomly selected seedling on each circular plot were permanently marked and their annual height growth was measured each year during the period 1993-1999. No significant differences between single- and double-grip harvester systems were found with respect to their effects on regeneration density, survival or annual height growth. The annual height growth of the individual seedlings after shelterwood removal was significantly correlated with seedling height before shelterwood removal. Significant differences were found in annual height growth between seedlings with high and low vitality. Logging damage did not affect the annual height growth. Several practical conclusions were drawn. First, the choice of harvester system does not affect seedling height growth or survival after shelterwood removal. Secondly, the removal of a 200 m³ shelterwood with 200 stems ha^-1 does not seem to constitute a serious problem for seedling survival and growth. Finally, estimated vitality and seedling height both seem to be fairly good predictors of postrelease survival and growth.     

Development of Pinus sylvestris Main Stems Following Three Different Precommercial Thinning Methods in a Mixed Stand

Reducing competition by point cleaning may be an attractive alternative to conventional precommercial thinning in forestry. In this study, survival and development of main stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) following point cleaning were examined in a mixed stand of mainly Scots pine and birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Sweden. Treatments studied were: no precommercial thinning, conventional precommercial thinning, point cleaning of all secondary stems, and point cleaning of only the secondary stems that were higher than the main stem, within a radius of 0.8 m from the main stem, respectively. A randomised complete block design with three replicates was used. Measurements taken 13 growing seasons after these treatments showed that conventional precommercial thinning was the best treatment for retaining Scots pines as main stems. However, conventional precommercial thinning resulted in the poorest timber quality of the remaining Scots pines in terms of stem taper, thickest branch diameter and relative live crown height. In conclusion, point cleaning has to be followed by a complementary cleaning operation if the objective is to retain Scots pines as main stems in such mixed stands.