黑龙江林蛙半人工养殖放养技术

实践过程中针对养殖方法、产卵期、孵化期、变态期以及黑龙江林蛙日活动规律进行了对比分析。结论,在每年4月28日至5月12日期间出现产卵高峰;在5～7℃、10～12℃、14～15℃池水温度范围有较高孵化率;采用混合饲料喂养的蝌蚪变态率均在68%以上;黑龙江林蛙每天9～11时和15～17时活动频繁,是最佳喂食时间;冬季经过越冬池越冬后,选择春眠后放养的技术思路,来提高幼蛙成活率,起到冬眠后的缓冲作用。在放养场内散养期间,人工控制饵料投放量,促使黑龙江林蛙主动捕食场内野生昆虫,激发林蛙适应生态环境的潜在习性。     

辽东山区中国林蛙半人工养殖技术研究

在辽东山区历经4 a试验研究,通过野外封闭式网箱孵化、变态期覆盖增温和饲养密度控制,使中国林蛙卵孵化率、卵孵化成活率、变态率分别达到96.15%、91.45%和88.5%;孵化时间、完全变态时间达到7 d、48 d,分别比对照提前了5 d、18 d。研究结果表明:变态期饲养密度对中国林蛙蝌蚪变态及存活率影响显著,变态期饲养密度为1 000~1 250只·m-3,有利于蝌蚪的生长发育。     

松墨天牛室内人工饲养及其生物学特性观察

在室内人工气候箱中对松墨天牛(Monochamus alternatus)进行人工饲养及生物学特性观察.结果表明:人工饲养条件下其羽化期为6～10d,交配2～4 d后产卵,雌虫平均产卵量60.5个;卵期为5～7d,卵的孵化率为85.95%;幼虫共5龄,1龄幼虫死亡率为25.89%,其它龄期幼虫很少死亡,幼虫化蛹率89.74%,蛹期为8～14d,蛹的羽化率为89.58%.成功建立了稳定的实验种群,实现了室内常年人工饲养,保证了实验虫源的供应,人工饲养和自然界松墨天牛的龄级一致,但人工饲养的天牛幼虫期、蛹期、羽化期、成虫帮命都大大缩短,成虫体形也较小,雌虫产卵数大大减少.     

中国林蛙半人工饲养初报

中国林蛙是东北林区的重要经济动物,经1984～1989年在西丰县和隆林场进行半人工饲养试验,基本掌握了求偶、交配产卵、孵化、蝌蚪,变态、林中生活及越冬等7个阶段的生活习性及发育特点。其人工管理的主要技术措施:孵化池要选在水源充足、背风向阳处;蛙卵期要适时疏散卵团,严防低温危害;蝌蚪期的密度保持在2000只/m~2;蝌蚪变态期应补喂饲料,中期40g/万只·日,后期70～80g/万只·日,以切碎的野菜或蔬菜与玉米面和豆饼配制而成。经5年养殖,现有林蛙的价值相当于总投资的11.7倍。     

桓仁林蛙的生态观察

为了保护和发展桓仁林蛙(Rana huanrenensis )这一珍稀的物种资源,作者进行了野外实地观察,发现桓仁林蛙4月下旬配对产卵,有极强的产卵区域地.卵产在河卵石上,为林蛙属所独有,性行为也与其它林蛙有所不同.蝌蚪发育成幼蛙需要60d左右,活动范围较窄,适宜生存在水质无污染、清澈透底的河流中,河流周围多以灌木丛为主,9月下旬在产卵区域附近入蛰.     

临夏地区异色瓢虫生物学特性观察

异色瓢虫在临夏地区1年发生4代,幼虫共4龄,越冬成虫4月上旬始见,成虫交尾时长为80～160min,交尾后3～5 d开始产卵,在(20±2)℃的室温下饲喂表明:越冬雌虫产卵量(133.40±33.78)粒/头,孵化率98.91%±1.49%;第1代发育历期:卵期(3.03±0.04)d,1龄幼虫(2.06±0.94)d,2龄幼虫(3.27±0.78)d,3龄幼虫(1.82±0.84)d,4龄幼虫(6.50±7.10)d,蛹期(6.80±0.84)d,成虫平均寿命为(19.67±10.34)d,全世代历期43.15 d。10月下旬以成虫越冬。     

灭幼脲对萧氏松茎象成虫取食、繁殖和存活的影响

用1000,2000,3000倍灭幼脲水溶液处理的湿地松枝条饲养萧氏松茎象成虫,结果表明:灭幼脲对萧氏松茎象卵的孵化率影响有显著差异,1000倍液对卵的孵化抑制率最大,为81%;对成虫产卵量和取食量的影响差异不显著;用1000倍液处理的枝条分别饲养成虫5,15,30 d后改用无药枝条饲养,对成虫产卵前期、产卵量、历期和卵的孵化率的影响差异不显著.并初步推断,灭幼脲在成虫体内存留10～15 d.     

青杨天牛成虫交配刻槽产卵习性初步研究

采用室内养虫笼饲养法和林间套网袋饲养法观察青杨天牛Saperda populnea成虫的交配、刻槽、产卵等习性,发现雌雄交尾时间可持续10~240 min,平均约180 min;有重复交配现象,重复交配可达2~10次;每次交配持续时间为2~30 s。雌虫在寄主枝条上刻槽呈马蹄形,每次刻槽需2~3 min,环绕枝条一周以2个刻槽常见。雌虫刻槽后直接产卵,每刻槽产卵1粒。产卵期长短和产卵量大小取决于雌虫个体寿命长短,且雌成虫有较强的生殖能力。     

中国林蛙的人工驯养及开发利用研究

1999～2003年，用驯养标记回捕和室内测试，研究引种东北中国林蛙在山东济宁小北湖野外生长繁殖情况，结果表明中国林蛙适应性强，单雌产卵量1400～1500粒，孵化率90％，变态率86％，成活率78％，回收率20％，投入产出比1：13，3年为一个生长周期。     

竹裂爪螨天敌——余杭植绥螨的研究

余杭植绥螨是竹裂爪螨的重要天敌.室内20℃恒温饲养余杭植绥螨需21.2 d完成一个世代、28℃则10.4 d就可完成,30℃以上出现死亡.幼螨、第1若螨和雄成虫捕食量相对较少,雌成螨每天平均捕食竹裂爪螨5.5头,最多可捕食13头,雌成螨期最多可捕食165头.雌成螨捕食量大,发育即加快,产卵量增加,产卵期延长,卵粒个体也加大.一头雌成螨一生产卵量7～15粒,卵产于竹叶背面基部茸毛丛中或竹裂爪螨的丝网内.余杭植绥螨随竹裂爪螨种群数量的消长而消长,竹裂爪螨在浙江有二个明显的高峰期,其每个高峰期5～7 d后,余杭植绥螨也出现明显的高峰期;而余杭植绥螨每次高峰期后6～9 d,竹裂爪螨发生量就明显下降.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.