竹材木质素降解菌的筛选与鉴定

竹材木质素的降解一直是制约竹材资源利用的重要影响因素。文章通过对49份腐烂的竹材样品进行平板划线分离纯化得到74株真菌,利用PDA-愈创木酚变色及PDA-苯胺蓝退色反应,初步筛选出具有木质素降解酶能力的4株木质素降解菌,通过酶活力测定对初筛得到的4株木质素降解菌进行复筛,发现FG-22菌株具有较好木质素降解能力,对FG-22降解菌株进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定,确定FG-22为杂色云芝(Trametes versicolor)。     

竹材木质素高效降解菌的分离筛选及鉴定

采用愈创木酚变色、苯胺蓝平板退色和酶活性测定筛选出高效降解竹材木质素的菌株。结果表明:通过腐烂的竹材等34份样品分离纯化出139株真菌;通过0.04%愈创木酚和0.1‰苯胺蓝平板初筛,从分离纯化的139株真菌中筛选出具有产木质素降解酶活性的7株降解菌;7株降解菌经液体产酶培养基复筛得到2株高效产降解木质素酶活的菌株:培养7 d,漆酶、木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶活性分别达72.558、23.769、55.044和34.611、38.781、82.646 U/mL;2株降解菌FG-35和FG-98分别鉴定为革耳菌Panus lecomtei和烟管菌Bjerkandera adustus。     

用于提取可纺性竹原纤维菌株的选育

从自然界腐朽的竹材或木材中,能分离和筛选高效降解木质素并只少量降解或者不降解竹纤维的优良菌株,通过GU-W A平板变色反应试验和菌株对竹材木质素、竹纤维降解试验,共获得了3株具有选择性降解竹木质素的优良菌株(15、18、21号菌株),经初步鉴定这3株菌为真菌菌株;测定了菌株在摇瓶培养时所产孢外酶的酶活.最后采用3株菌联合法进行降解竹材木质素试验.结果表明:3株菌联合降解木质素效果优于单一菌株,其降解率可达72.26%.     

用于提取可纺性竹原纤维菌株的驯化研究

为了给生产可纺性竹原纤维提供优良菌株,对筛选的具有选择性降解竹材木质素的18号菌株进行了驯化,结果获得了一株高效降解竹材木质素的优良菌株,其降解木质素的效率比驯化前提高了21.16%,对纤维的降解则有所降低,最低降解率仅有1.2%。     

竹伐桩促腐微生物的分离筛选

以不同腐朽程度的毛竹伐桩为样品,对其中的具有降解纤维素或木质素的竹腐微生物进行富集、分离、纯化.通过定性和定量筛选共得到16株具有较好纤维素降解能力或木质素降解能力的菌株,包括8株真菌,5株细菌和3株放线菌.采用固态竹屑培养基测定各菌株对毛竹纤维素和木质素的降解能力,真菌菌株F2和F10的降解效果最好,15 d对纤维素的降解率分别为23.96%和24.31%,优于参照菌株绿色木霉YJ-3的19.59%;对木质素的降解率分别为16.92%和19.15%,优于参照菌株黄孢原毛平革菌ME-446的16.53%.     

木质素降解真菌的筛选及其对森林地表可燃物的降解效果

【目的】筛选帽儿山人工林地表可燃物中的木质素降解真菌,探究木质素降解菌对不同森林地表可燃物的分解效果,以期找到能够有效降解森林可燃物的真菌菌种,为应用生物降解方法降低森林地表可燃物载量从而降低森林火灾发生概率与森林火险指数提供理论依据和基础数据。【方法】采集东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场尖砬沟森林培育实验站的落叶松、胡桃楸、水曲柳纯林与胡桃楸-落叶松、水曲柳-落叶松混交林内的凋落叶,采用添加抗生素的麦芽浸粉(MEA)培养基进行真菌的分离培养,之后采用愈创木酚平板显色法进行初筛,根据测定菌株的显色情况及菌落圈与显色圈比值筛选高活性木质素降解酶菌株,复筛利用苯胺蓝平板脱色法对菌株木质素氧化酶系进行定性测定,对2次筛选获得的菌株进行形态学及分子鉴定,然后以胡桃楸、水曲柳、落叶松3种可燃物样品作为分解基质,接入木质素降解菌单一及混合菌液,于28℃恒温培养7 d,分别测定经培养后基质中的木质素含量,分析木质素分解规律。【结果】由MEA培养基筛选出的9株真菌有5株在PDA-愈创木酚培养基上发生了显色反应,且菌株B6和Y3的R/r <1,即该2株菌能优先降解木质素;苯胺蓝平板脱色试验结果显示菌株B6和Y3均可使培养基蓝色褪去,即均具有LiP与MnP酶活性;经形态学及分子鉴定,菌株B6为白囊耙齿菌Irpex lacteus,菌株Y3为桦褶孔菌Lenzites betulinus;地表可燃物样品降解试验结果显示,经单一菌液与两者混合菌液培养后,样品中木质素含量均有下降,且经混合菌液处理后的3种可燃物基质表现出相对较好的降解效果;3种基质降解率从高到低依次为水曲柳>胡桃楸>落叶松;菌种Y3对木质素的降解效果较菌种B6好。【结论】混合菌液对可燃物中木质素的分解能力较单一菌液强;菌株B6和Y3之间无拮抗作用,混合后产生协同效应,使木质素降解酶系活力提高,从而可提高木质素降解率;菌种Y3降解能力强于B6;可燃物样品中木质素降解效果因基质不同而存在差异,阔叶可燃物比针叶可燃物易分解。经筛选出的木质素降解菌能有效降解可燃物中的木质素,可在一定程度上减少森林地表可燃物载量,从而降低森林火灾风险。     

自带介质血红密孔菌NFZH-1的鉴定及其木质素降解特性

菌株自带介质可提高其漆酶降解木质素能力,因此自带介质高产漆酶菌株的筛选、鉴定对漆酶的商业应用将起到促进作用。从南京山林地区分离出两株血红密孔菌NFZH-1和NFZH-2,并以杂色云芝为对照,研究了两株血红密孔菌发酵产漆酶和木质素降解特性。首先通过形态学特性鉴定了NFZH-1为自带介质血红密孔菌。其次以愈创木酚为反应底物,平板接种菌株,培养5天,NFZH-1颜色圈较菌丝圈大,且颜色最深;经10天固态发酵,NFZH-1所产漆酶酶活高达23600 U/g,且未检测出木质素过氧化物酶( LiP)和锰过氧化物酶( MnP)。平板显色和固态发酵产酶结果表明自带介质血红密孔菌NFZH-1为漆酶高产菌株。麦草粉经菌株 NFZH-130天降解,木质素降解率、综纤维素降解率分别达56.7%和36.6%,表明血红密孔菌NFZH-1为选择性高木质素降解活性菌株。     

自带介质血红密孔菌NFZH-1的鉴定及其木质素降解特性（英文）

菌株自带介质可提高其漆酶降解木质素能力,因此自带介质高产漆酶菌株的筛选、鉴定对漆酶的商业应用将起到促进作用。从南京山林地区分离出两株血红密孔菌NFZH-1和NFZH-2,并以杂色云芝为对照,研究了两株血红密孔菌发酵产漆酶和木质素降解特性。首先通过形态学特性鉴定了NFZH-1为自带介质血红密孔菌。其次以愈创木酚为反应底物,平板接种菌株,培养5天,NFZH-1颜色圈较菌丝圈大,且颜色最深;经10天固态发酵,NFZH-1所产漆酶酶活高达23 600 U/g,且未检测出木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)和锰过氧化物酶(MnP)。平板显色和固态发酵产酶结果表明自带介质血红密孔菌NFZH-1为漆酶高产菌株。麦草粉经菌株NFZH-1 30天降解,木质素降解率、综纤维素降解率分别达56.7%和36.6%,表明血红密孔菌NFZH-1为选择性高木质素降解活性菌株。     

木腐菌木质素分解酶活力的初步研究

本文对８种木腐菌，１３株菌株的木质素分解酶活力进行了初步研究，结果表明：１３株木腐菌菌株都具有程度不同的木质素分解酶活力，其中白腐菌的木质素分解酶活力高于褐腐菌，酶活力增长速度较快，高酶活力维持时间长。这些结果对于木材防腐研究及白腐菌综合利用的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

园林废弃物木质素降解真菌的筛选、鉴别及其能力研究

[目的]为获得能够高效降解园林废弃物的真菌并研究其降解能力,从经过堆肥处理的园林废弃物中分离和筛选出1株木质素降解能力较强的真菌。[方法]经过形态分析、ITS分子序列分析,构建系统发育树,鉴定出该株木质素降解真菌种属,并利用该菌株进行固态发酵实验,研究其在固态发酵过程中漆酶、锰过氧化物酶的酶活力变化及其对不同园林废弃物中木质素的降解能力。[结果]从经过堆肥处理的园林废弃物中共挑选出真菌18株,筛选出1株高效的木质素降解真菌,编号为菌株No.11,经鉴定该菌株为构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans(Eidam) G.Winter)。以冬青卫矛叶、冬青卫矛枝、圆柏叶、圆柏枝、连翘枝叶为底物的模拟固态发酵的漆酶酶活力峰值分别为388.7、326.3、461.4、342.7、588.5 U·L~(-1),锰过氧化物酶酶活力峰值分别为138.3、121.1、104.6、128.6、73.3 U·L~(-1)。添加菌株No.11使冬青卫矛叶、冬青卫矛枝、圆柏叶、圆柏枝、连翘枝叶40 d后木质素降解率分别提高了20.40%、22.44%、29.90%、25.28%、15.77%。[结论]筛选出的构巢曲霉对北京地区常见园林废弃物冬青卫矛、圆柏和连翘枝叶中的木质素具有较好的降解能力,在降解园林废弃物方面可能更具有优势。     

Lignin-degrading activity of edible mushroom <Emphasis Type="Italic">Strobilurus ohshimae</Emphasis> that forms fruiting bodies on buried sugi (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis>) twigs

Strobilurus ohshimae is an edible mushroom, and it specifically forms its fruiting bodies on buried sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) twigs. In this research, we studied lignindegrading activity of S. ohshimae. We isolated 18 strains of S. ohshimae from various regions of Japan, and determined their lignin degradation rates on sugi wood meal medium. All the strains of S. ohshimae degraded approximately 6%–12% of sugi lignin in 30 days, and these lignin degradation rates were 1.5–3 times higher than those of Trametes versicolor, which is a typical lignin-degrading fungus. Among the three main lignin-degrading enzymes, activity of lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase was not observed, while 4340U/g of laccase was produced in 30 days. To investigate the effect of wood species on lignin degradation by S. ohshimae, the lignin degradation rate and laccase productivity on sugi wood meal medium were compared with those on beech (Fagus crenata). In T. versicolor, both lignin degradation rate and laccase productivity were higher on beech than on sugi. Conversely, in S. ohshimae, lignin degradation rate and laccase productivity were higher on sugi than on beech. Therefore, it was suggested that coniferous lignin is not always difficult to degrade for the fungi that inhabit softwood. Part of this article presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Sapporo, August 2004     

Polyethylene degradation by lignin-degrading fungi and manganese peroxidase

Degradation of high-molecular-weight polyethylene membrane by lignin-degrading fungi, IZU-154, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Trametes versicolor, was investigated under various nutritional conditions. IZU-154 showed the most significant polyethylene degradation among the three lignin-degrading fungi under nitrogen- or carbon-limited culture conditions. Furthermore, for T. versicolor and P. chrysosporium, the addition of Mn(II) into nitrogen- or carbon-limited culture medium enhanced polyethylene degradation. These results suggest that polyethylene degradation is related to ligninolytic activity of lignin-degrading fungi. Treatment of polyethylene membrane with partially purified manganese peroxidase (MnP) caused significant degradation in the presence of Tween 80, Mn(II), and Mn(III) chelator. This result demonstrates that MnP is the key enzyme in polyethylene degradation by lignin-degrading fungi.This study was presented in part at the 9th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Montreal, Canada, June 9–12, 1997     

Micromorphological characteristics of bamboo (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllostachys pubescens</Emphasis>) fibers degraded by a brown rot fungus (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gloeophyllum trabeum</Emphasis>)

The decay pattern in bamboo fibers caused by a brown rot fungus, Gloeophyllum trabeum, was examined by microscopy. The inner part of the polylaminate secondary wall was degraded, while the outer part of the secondary wall remained essentially intact. Degradation in bamboo fiber walls without direct contact with the fungal hyphae was similar to wood decay caused by brown rot fungi. Degradation in polylaminate walls was almost confined to the broad layers whereas the narrow layers appeared resistant. The p-hydroxylphenyl unit lignin in middle lamella, particularly in the cell corner regions, was also degraded. The degradation of lignin in bamboo fibers was evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectra. The present work suggests that the decay of bamboo fiber walls by G. trabeum was influenced by lignin distribution in the fiber walls as well as the polylaminate structures.     

用紫外分光光度法测定木腐菌本素分解酶活力的研究

利用木素特有的紫外吸收波长,通过定量测定含木素溶液中酶作用前后木素物质(底物)的变化量,测定本腐菌本素分解酶的活力,具有操作步骤简单、测定速度快等优点,为高木素代谢能力菌株的筛选研究,提供了一个较好的测试方法。     

13种食用菌对稻草生物降解能力的研究

通过对13种食用菌对稻草生物降解能力的研究,结果表明除蒙古白蘑(Tricholamamongolicum)外,其他12菌株对稻草中的木素及纤维素均有一定的降解能力。其中侧耳(Pleurotus.ostreatus)表现出了很强的木素降解能力及较低的综纤维素降解能力,其木素降解率为17.86%,综纤维素降解率为2.44%,SF指数为7.97,为理想的木素降解菌。其他菌株木素降解率为2.30%~16.54%,综纤维素降解率为5.60%~17.32%,而SF指数均较低,介于0.14~2.24。通过线性回归得出菌落直径与变色圈直径比值(d1/d2)和选择性指数(SF)为负相关,其相关系数r=-0.1476,相关性不大。表5参9。     

Studies on hypersaline-tolerant white-rot fungi L: screening of lignin-degrading fungi in hypersaline conditions

To search for marine fungi that have significant lignin-degrading ability in a hypersaline environment, eight strains of marine fungi were selected from 28 strains isolated from mushrooms and driftwood sampled from mangrove stands in Okinawa, Japan. We evaluated the decolorization ability, delignification ability, and biobleaching properties of the strains; then strain MG-60 was screened as a hypersaline-tolerant lignin-degrading fungus. We have summarized its growth, decolorization ability, and biobleaching properties at various sea salt concentrations. The strain has been estimated to belong to thePhlebia family.Part of this paper was presented at the 44th Lignin Symposium. Gifu, Japan, October 1999     

Micromorphological characteristics of decayed wood and laccase produced by the brown-rot fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coniophora puteana</Emphasis>

Microscopic examination showed the cell wall decay pattern produced by the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana to be different from the degradation pattern known to be typical for brown-rot fungi. Erosion and thinning of cell walls in patterns considered to be characteristic of white-rot decay were observed. In particular, the fungal strain COP 20242 degraded secondary cell wall layers extensively, and also degraded lignin-rich middle lamellae. Some strains of C. puteana produced soft-rot type cavities in the S2 layer. All strains of C. puteana employed in the present work showed a positive reaction to tannic acid in the Bavendamm test, indicating the production of laccase. Microscopic and enzymatic studies provided evidence to suggest that the wood decay by C. puteana is unique both in terms of micromorphological and enzymatic patterns of cell wall degradation. This is because brown-rot fungi are not generally known to form cavities in the cell walls or to produce lignin-degrading enzymes. These observations suggest that lignin degradation capacity of brown-rot fungi may be greater than previously considered.