基于树高和树冠因子的立木材积模型研究

[目的]由于激光雷达技术已经能准确测定立木树高及相关树冠因子,应用该技术建立基于树高和树冠因子的立木材积模型,为激光技术在森林蓄积估计中提供技术支撑.[方法]利用云杉、冷杉、栎树、桦树4个树种组的3 010株实测样木数据,分析了立木材积与胸径、树高、树冠因子之间的相关关系;并通过对数回归方法构建了基于树高和树冠因子的立木材积模型,用确定系数R²和平均预估误差MPE等6项指标对模型进行评价.[结果]表明,立木材积与单一因子之间的相关,以胸径最为紧密,其次是树高,再次是冠长和冠幅.基于树高和树冠因子的立木材积模型中,以树高和冠幅作为解释变量的二元模型效果较好,再增加冠长因子的三元模型改进不大.云杉、冷杉、栎树、桦树4个树种组基于树高冠幅的立木材积模型,其R²分别为0.81、0.80、0.76和0.77,MPE分别为4.7%、5.3%、5.4%和5.3%,模型预估精度均能达到95%左右.[结论]本文对材积与林木因子之间相关关系的定量分析,建立了云杉、冷杉、栎树、桦树4个树种的立木材积模型,模型预估精度高.为激光雷达技术定量估测森林参数提供了依据.     

不同径级云南松各部位生物量及其分布规律

利用标准木法测定了不同径级云南松人工林生物量及生物量在垂直方向上的分布规律。结果表明:云南松生物量随径级的增大而增大,5~7.5 cm径级云南松生物量为(6.642±1.129)×10³ g·株^-1;7.6~12.5 cm径级为(2.533±0.387)×10⁴ g·株^-1;12.6~17.5 cm径级为(5.897±1.331)×10⁴ g·株^-1;17.6~22.5 cm径级为(1.063±0.211)×10⁵ g·株^-1;≥22.6 cm径级为(2.208±0.409)×10⁵ g·株^-1。在不同径级组成中云南松各器官生物量的分配比例存在一定的变化:随着径级的增大,主干和根部生物量呈现先下降后上升的趋势,枝和叶生物量占总生物量的比例为先升高后降低,而树皮的比例则一直下降。主干生物量在0~2 m高度层最大,占总生物量的27.62%。6~8 m高度层枝、叶生物量最大,分别占各自总生物量的35.85%、38.34%。云南松根系生物量主要分布在0~30 cm土层深度内,占总根系生物量的65.49%。     

马尾松与红椎等3种阔叶树种营造混交林的生长效果

对马尾松分别与红椎等3种阔叶树种及与杉木混交试验林的6年生和11年生林分生长数据进行了分析,结果表明:(1)6年生林分,混交小区及纯林小区中马尾松的平均树高为4.6 4.9 m,平均胸径为6.0 7.4 cm,不同混交组合间差异不显著,但在马尾松×米老排混交组合中马尾松生长不良;11年生林分,不同处理对马尾松平均胸径和蓄积量均有显著影响,其中,对照(马尾松纯林)的平均胸径和蓄积量最大,分别为12.6 cm和121.05 m³·hm^-2;马尾松×米老排混交组合中马尾松的平均胸径和蓄积量最小,分别为8.7 cm和43.18 m³·hm^-2。(2)11年生林分各树种平均树高顺次为:米老排(14.3 m)>红椎(10.2 m)>火力楠(9.9 m)>杉木(9.1 m)>马尾松(8.1 m);马尾松×米老排组合中的马尾松和马尾松×红椎组合中的红椎,因林木生长竞争剧烈,需要及时间伐。(3)适合培育阔叶树种大径材的松阔混交组合有2种,分别为马尾松×红椎和马尾松×火力楠,而米老排以人工纯林方式造林效果好,初植密度建议为1 000 1 600株·hm^-2。     

米槠人促更新林皆伐火烧后初期土壤CO2通量动态

[目的]为科学评价皆伐、火烧对中亚热带常绿阔叶林不同深度土壤有机碳吸存的影响,[方法]以福建省中亚热带36年生米槠人促更新林为研究对象,采用非散射红外CO₂浓度探测仪和Licor-8100土壤碳通量系统,并结合Fick扩散法计算并分析0~80 cm不同深度土层CO₂通量的日动态特征。[结果]表明:(1)火烧地(RB)和皆伐地(RR)不同土层CO₂浓度均出现明显下降,其中,对照(CK)地土壤CO₂浓度值(0~80 cm)分别是RB和RR的1.9、1.3倍;(2)各试验地土壤CO₂通量(0~80 cm)表现为RB(1.99 μmol·m²·s^-1)>RR(0.99 μmol·m²·s^-1)>CK(0.96 μmol·m²·s^-1),除2040 cm土层外,RB土壤各层CO₂通量均显著高于RR和CK(P<0.05);(3)试验地不同土层CO₂通量(0~80 cm)日变化幅度表现为RB>RR>CK,其中,RB土壤各层的变化幅度均显著大于RR和CK(P<0.05),而RR与CK间的差异表现在0~5、10~20、20~40 cm土层(P<0.05);(4)拟合分析表明,各试验地不同深度土壤CO₂通量与土壤温度呈显著相关,且 RB的决定系数(R²)显著高于RR和CK;不同试验地各土层温度、含水量的双因素模型拟合效果均优于单因素模型;Q₁₀值显示,皆伐、火烧后初期土壤各层的温度敏感性得到明显提高。     

2种云南松天然次生林林分生长模型构建方法的比较

为更有效地经营管理云南松天然次生林,在云南省云南松主要分布区的昆明市、楚雄州设置55块云南松天然次生林标准地,从中随机抽取33块作为建模数据,剩余22块作为模型校验数据,采用逐步回归剔除法和BP神经网络建模法,建立林分生长模型。结果表明,使用逐步回归剔除法建立的平均胸径生长模型、平均树高生长模型、蓄积量生长模型总体拟合精度在89.22%~95.52%之间,校验精度在81.09%~94.15%之间;使用BP神经网络建立的各林分生长模型总体拟合精度在90.01%~98.62%之间,校验精度在92.63%~95.68%之间。可见BP神经网络所建立的林分生长模型精度较高,可为同类森林的经营管理提供参考。     

Photosynthetic responses to lightflecks ofFagus crenata seedlings grown in a gap and understory of a deciduous forest

Photosynthetic responses to a series of 1-min lightflecks (1,000μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) superimposed on a background with different duration (1, 5, and 10 min) and intensity (25 and 50μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) of low background photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) were measured in the leaves ofFagus crenata grown in a gap and understory of aFagus crenata forest in the Naeba Mountains. The two background PPFD intensities most frequently occurred in understory and gap sites respectively. The maximum net photosynthetic rate (P _Nmax) and maximum stomatal conductance (g _smax) were higher in the gap seedlings than in the understory seedlings. However, when the background PPFD was 25μmol m⁻²s⁻¹, the net photosynthetic rate (P ₂₅) and stomatal conductance (g _s25) were almost the same between the gap and understory. When the background PPFD duration was 1-min, the net photosynthetic rate (P _N ) at the end of each lightfleck increased progressively. When the background PPFD duration was 5- and 10-min, the increase inP _N at the end of each lightfleck was less. This indicates that background PPFD duration is important to photosynthetic responses to lightflecks. The higher ratios ofP ₂₅/P _Nmax andg _s25/g _smax in the understory seedlings indicate that the understory seedlings can maintain relatively lower levels of biochemical and stomatal limitations than the gap seedlings under low light conditions. The ratios ofP _N /P _Nmax at the end of each lightfleck (IS) and light utilization efficiency of single lightflecks (LUE _s) that showed the influence of lightflecks on carbon gain were higher in the understory seedlings than in the gap seedlings when the background PPFD was 25μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. This means that understory seedling are capable of utilizing fluctuating light more efficiently under low light conditions than the gap seedlings although the net carbon gain of single lightflecks (CG _s) in the understory seedlings was not higher than that in the gap seedlings. There were no significant differences inIS andLUE _s between understory seedlings at a background PPFD of 25μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and gap seedlings at a background PPFD of 50μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. However,CG _s in gap seedlings was higher than in understory seedlings. These results provide more evidence thatF. crenata acclimate to a natural light environment in respect to relative induction state at low background PPFD and can capture the fluctuating light at the same efficiency in both the gap and understory seedlings under natural light environments. This study was funded by the research project, Evaluation of Total CO₂ Budget in Forest Ecosystems, coordinated by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan.     

云南松天然林的种内和种间竞争

[目的]通过对云南松天然林内云南松种内和种间竞争强度的测定,分析揭示竞争强度在云南松群落内的动态变化规律及云南松种群的生态适应机制.[方法]在云龙天池自然保护区云南松天然林设置样方进行群落学调查的基础上,采用Hegyi单木竞争指数模型,以云南松为对象木,定量分析林分、对象木、竞争木的竞争强度,采用回归分析方法建立对象木胸径与林分、种内、种间竞争强度的函数模型.[结果]天池自然保护区云南松天然林的种内和种间竞争强度分别为80.16%和19.84%;云南松种内与主要伴生树种种间竞争强度大小顺序为:云南松种内> 水红木> 华山松> 米饭花> 大白花杜鹃> 槲栎> 马缨花> 旱冬瓜;云南松与整个林分、伴生树种以及种内的竞争强度与对象木胸径之间存在显著负相关关系,对象木胸径越大,其竞争能力越强.[结论]云南松天然林内云南松的竞争压力主要来自种内竞争;林分种内及种间竞争强度与对象木胸径间存在CI=AD^-B形式的幂函数关系;胸径20 cm以上云南松的竞争压力变化趋于平缓,胸径20 cm以下的云南松中、幼林是抚育管理的重点林分.     

基于遥感技术的宜良县云南松蓄积量反演

以云南省宜良森林二类调查数据为样本,基于Google Earth Engine云平台Landsat 8 OLI影像,结合植被因子、纹理特征以及K-T变化为自变量,构建了多元线性回归和随机森林的建模方法,建立了森林蓄积量反演模型。以宜良县云南松为研究对象,运用Landsat8 OLI遥感影像数据结合地面角规控制样地调查数据,建立了多元线性回归和随机森林估测模型。结果表明:多元线性回归模型精度一般,其R²和RMSE分别为0.259、34.5579,随机森林模型精度极高,其R²和RMSE分别为0.887、1.1954。运用Landsat 8 OLI影像数据进行森林地上蓄积量估测的不确定因素较多,随机森林估测模型可作为云南松及其他树种地上蓄积量遥感估测的一种对比方法,为今后森林蓄积量估测提供参考。     

基于ALOS数据的云南松林蓄积量遥感估测方法

基于ALOS数据和样地实测数据为数据源,云南省宜良县为研究区,以提高森林蓄积量遥感估测模型精度为目的,从遥感、GIS、郁闭度等方面选取与森林蓄积量相关性较高的因子作为自变量。采用逐步回归法、主成分分析法、偏最小二乘法3种模型估测宜良县的云南松林蓄积量。从3种模型的拟合效果和估测精度比较结果表明:偏最小二乘法精度最高,调整决定系数为0.754,预测精度为82.77%,与主成分分析等传统线性估测模型相比精度有较大改善。     

山东省森林碳储量经验预测方程的研究

利用山东省各树种生物量调查资料,对原蓄积量与生物量之间的拟合方程参数进行了校正,提高了估测精度,并利用GM(1,1)模型对未来20a的山东省森林碳储量进行了预测,预测精度达到98%左右,2032年的碳水平可比2012年提高1.07倍;针对森林碳储量增速趋缓的态势,提出了6项技术对策,并提出灰色预测的适应范围和注意事项。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.