4份桃种质挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

为了分析桃果实中共有的挥发性成分及初步探讨果皮毛和果肉颜色性状对挥发性成分的影响情况,以此2对性状均存在差异的4份桃种质为试材,采用顶空固相微萃取方法提取其成熟果肉中的挥发性成分,并用气相-质谱联用仪对其进行了测定。结果表明:4份桃种质中共鉴定出116种挥发性成分,其主要为酯、醛、醇和烷烃等类物质。从挥发性成分的种类数量上看,白肉桃‘大久保’和‘华光’中检出的挥发性成分种类较多,分别有68和52种;而2份黄肉桃种质中检出的挥发性成分种类均较少。从挥发性成分的种类上看,2份普通桃与2份油桃中的差异挥发性成分总共仅有3种,其分别为反式-2,4-庚二烯醛、戊酸-2,2,4-三甲基-3-异丙酸-异丁酯和脱氧精胍菌素,远低于2份白肉桃与2份黄肉桃种质中差异挥发性成分的数量(13种)。此外,从挥发性成分的类群上看,2份白肉桃含有较多的"青香型"的C6类化合物,而2份黄肉桃含有较多的"果香型"的酯和内酯类化合物。文中综合分析认为,果皮毛的有无和果肉的颜色性状均可能影响果实中挥发性成分的数量和种类,但后者的影响较为明显。     

鹿角杜鹃的扦插试验

采用不同的生根剂、扦插环境及扦插时间对鹿角杜鹃进行扦插繁殖对比试验,结果表明：鹿角杜鹃生根较慢,扦插80 d后才能生根;在不同的季节和以不同的生根剂处理穗条以及不同的生境,其成活率差异明显。7月份扦插的鹿角杜鹃平均成活率达85%,最高达90%;3种不同的生根剂处理,浓度150 mg/L的双吉尔（GGR）处理的插穗扦插成活率明显高于其他几种,其平均成活率达85%,最高达90%。95%的遮阳网下鹿角杜鹃扦插成活率明显高于森林郁闭度达80%的林下,其平均成活率达85%,最高达90%。     

安徽杜鹃

在东西宽450公里、南北长590公里、总面积13．94万平方公里的江淮大地上，天然分布有五颜六色的杜鹃：黄花杜鹃、满山红、映山红、白花杜鹃、马缨花、多枝杜鹃、安徽杜鹃（亚种）、鹿角杜鹃、云锦杜鹃，其中以安徽杜鹃和多枝杜鹃最为出类拔萃，被誉为“杜鹃双娇”。     

贵州百里杜鹃保护区的杜鹃属植物种类及其观赏特性研究

贵州西部百里杜鹃保护区的杜鹃属植物种类关系到其保护区的价值。经过调查研究,该保护区计有杜鹃属植物33种(含变种),分属于5个亚属,占贵州现有杜鹃属植物种类111种的29.73%;并发现了西昌杜鹃和白花杜鹃两个贵州的新分布种;进而从园林的角度,论述了这些杜鹃属植物种类花的颜色、大小及花期等的观赏特性。     

鼓槌石斛不同花期香气成分及盛花期香气日变化规律研究

[目的]本研究明确鼓槌石斛花朵挥发性成分及其释放量变化,阐明其花香气形成的物质基础,为石斛属植物花香研究提供理论基础。[方法]以鼓槌石斛原生种为材料,运用固相微萃取(SPME)结合GC-MS技术测定鼓槌石斛不同花期及盛花期时一天中不同时段花朵挥发性成分及其释放量变化。[结果]从鼓槌石斛花朵释放的花香中共鉴定出花香成分33种,其中,萜烯类15种,酯类7种,醇类6种,芳香族化合物2种,酮类2种,醛类1种;鼓槌石斛花香成分主要为酯类和萜烯类,其释放量占总香气成分的80%以上。鼓槌石斛盛花期花朵随一天中开放时段的不同,香气成分种类和释放量皆呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中,香气种类和释放量均在14:00时达到最高。鼓槌石斛不同花期挥发性成分中的酯类、萜烯类、醛类、醇类、酮类和芳香族化合物的种类和释放量皆呈先上升后下降的趋势,在盛花期达到最高。[结论]本研究明确鼓槌石斛花朵不同花期及盛花期一天中的不同时段挥发性成分及释放量差异明显,乙酸辛酯、β-罗勒烯、α-蒎烯和苯乙醛是影响鼓槌石斛香气的主要物质,为探讨石斛兰香气形成机制和香花型石斛兰育种提供参考。     

4种高山杜鹃容器苗对持续干旱胁迫和复水的生理响应研究

为评价高山杜鹃品种的耐旱性及对干旱胁迫的生理响应,以乡土树种云锦杜鹃为参照,系统测定了莱姆、弗吉尼亚、惠特尼3个常绿高山杜鹃品种在持续干旱胁迫和复水条件下的光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数、渗透调节物质等生理生化指标.结果表明,随干旱胁迫加剧,4种高山杜鹃的光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数均呈下降趋势;4种高山杜鹃的叶片水势均呈下降趋势,云锦杜鹃叶片水势下降幅度最小;4种高山杜鹃的相对电导率、渗透调节物质含量及H2 O2含量均有所增加,在严重干旱时达到最大值.重度干旱下弗吉尼亚受到不可逆转的损伤,复水10 d后,除弗吉尼亚全部枯死无法恢复外,云锦杜鹃、莱姆和惠特尼的各项指标均恢复并接近对照水平.经主成分分析,将14个生理生化指标简化为累计贡献率为88.67％的2个综合指标,综合评价得到耐旱性排序为云锦杜鹃>莱姆>惠特尼>弗吉尼亚.     

珍稀园林植物鹿角杜鹃新品种选育

"西施杜鹃"是由湖南省森林植物园杜鹃研究所从鹿角杜鹃中选育出的新品种,于2010年通过湖南省林木品种审定委员会审定。经无性繁殖和多年观测,该品种花大,颜色为淡紫色,芳淡香,花期长达30 d,抗性和适应性强,具有较高的园林观赏价值,适宜在我国长江中下游地区种植。     

黄金香柳叶片挥发性有机物的季节动态变化和日变化规律研究

于2012年不同季节,在深圳采集黄金香柳Melaleuca bracteata‘Revolution Gold’叶片,采用顶空-固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其释放的挥发性有机物成分进行测定,分析其主要成分及其变化规律。结果表明,黄金香柳叶片一年中不同季节释放的挥发性有机物共32种,包括萜烯类、酯类、醚类、酚类、醇类和酸类等化合物,其中萜烯类18种,为挥发性有机物的主要成分;其中,6月份释放的挥发性有机物种类最多,为24种,3月份最少,为9种。同年6月采集不同时间段样叶进行挥发性有机物日变化的检测,共检测到50种,其中萜烯类23种,酸类6种、醛类4种、酯类和醇类各3种,还有少量的醚类、酚类和其他化合物;叶片释放的挥发性有机物种类在14:00和20:00最多。试验显示,黄金香柳叶片不同时期释放的挥发性有机物种类及相对含量差异明显,其主要成分肉桂酸甲酯、萜品油烯、α-水芹烯和石竹烯等均具有药用保健功效。因此,黄金香柳是营造生态型、保健型和芳香型彩色园林景观的理想树种。     

箬竹叶挥发性成分的GC—MS分析

采用水蒸汽蒸馏，GC-MS联用技术，对知竹叶挥发性成分进行提取、分离和鉴定，共分出了47个色谱峰，鉴定了其中的43种成分，占挥发性成分总量的96.45%，含量最高的为4-乙烯基苯酚，含量为15.26%，其次为3-已烯酸，含量为10.06%。在43种成分中醛类化合物共有在2种，其含量占挥发性成分总量的27.49%，羧酸类化合物8种，其含量占挥发性成分总量的23.54%。     

胡椒木释放挥发性有机物成分及变化规律

采用顶空-固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对胡椒木叶片不同时期释放的挥发性有机成分及变化规律进行研究。结果表明,1 a中不同季节胡椒木释放的挥发性有机物共鉴定出37种,包括萜烯类、酯类、酸类和醇类等化合物,其中萜烯类化合物12种,酯类化合物10种,为胡椒木挥发性有机物的主要成分。胡椒木不同季节释放的挥发性有机物成分的种类和相对含量存在差异,胡椒木挥发性有机成分种类在3月份最多,24种,主要为酯类、萜烯类和酸类物质;9月份最少,8种,主要为萜烯类。1 a中,萜烯类物质的相对含量呈现先下降后上升的趋势,酯类呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势,而烷类、酸类和醇类物质只在3月和6月出现,醛类仅在3月份出现。在6月份的日变化检测中,挥发性有机物种类呈现先减少后增多再减少的趋势,在14:00达到高峰,以萜烯类化合物为主。胡椒木不同时期释放的挥发性有机物的主要成分为肉桂酸甲酯、α-石竹烯、β-月桂烯和石竹烯等,这些有机物均具有一定的药用保健功效。因此,胡椒木是营造保健型园林景观的理想材料。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.