Genetic diversity and differentiation of fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury) populations

The molecular variation and genetic relationships among five populations of the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury) in China were assessed using microsatellite technology. Ten microsatellite primers, producing polymorphic bands, were used across 300 samples. The percentage of polymorphic loci (PPB) was 98.36%; the percentage of polymorphic loci in five populations ranged from high to low in the following order: Cangzhou population, Yantai population, Qinhuangdao population, Dandong population, and Shijiazhuang population. The results showed that 34.38% of the total genetic variation of the fall webworm (GST) occurs among populations, while most variation (65.62%) exists within populations. Nei’s genetic distances ranged from 0.1386 to 0.3224. Using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), Nei’s genetic distances were analyzed by a clustering technique and the dendrogram shows that population differentiation is closely related to the time and geographic origin of the invasion. The major factors impacting genetic diversity of fall webworm populations are longitude, the plain area ratio, annual precipitation, latitude and time of invasion. The formation of genetic structure is correlated with characteristics of the life history and invasion ecology of the species.     

中国东北林蛙（Rana dybowskii）遗传多样性与分化研究

本文利用11个微卫星多态位点检测东北林蛙(Rana dybowskii)的遗传多样性和种群遗传结构。6个东北林蛙种群的75个个体分布于中国的小兴安岭和长白山地区。11个位点在所有种群中得到的等位基因数为2～10个不等,平均5.6个;平均期望杂合度(HE)为0.572,属于中度多态。基因分化系数(FST)分析表明小兴安岭和长白山地区的种群间遗传分化显著(P<0.001),基于Nei's DA遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统树和AMOVA的结果进一步验证了结论的准确性。因此, 建议将分布于小兴安岭和长白山的东北林蛙划分为两个单独的管理单元加以保护和管理。图2表7参46。     

巨桉群体遗传结构分析

用20个l0bp随机引物对巨桉11个种源80个个体进行了群体遗传变异的比较分析。共检测到149个位点,其中89个为多态性标记位点,总的多态位点百分率为59．73％。其种源内多态位点百分率(P)、香农信息指数(SI)及遗传分化指数(DC)值均较高,巨桉各种源内遗传变异性丰富;种源间遗传分化指数百分比(PDC)显示,PDC值介于1．52％～10．42％之间,说明巨桉种源间遗传变异较小,即种源群体的变异主要存在于群体内部。8号、10号种源内具有较高的遗传变异,3号和6号种源内的变异水平较低。这些为巨桉种源的选择提供了有利的遗传基础。     

紫胶虫主要生产种的RAPD分子标记分析

用RAPD技术研究了紫胶虫7种主要生产种12个群体之间的亲缘关系,研究中每个群体使用了24个标本,共有288个个体用于研究.在试用的45种随机引物中,筛选出9种引物用于随机引物扩增,共得到121个清晰稳定的位点,其中118个为多态性位点,多态百分率为97.52%,每条引物检测到的位点数为11～16个,长度为150～3 000 bp.根据扩增结果,用UPGMA法对Nei's遗传距离进行聚类分析,构建分子系统树.7种紫胶虫聚类结果显示:紫胶虫各群体间的遗传距离为0.044 3～0.791 7,其中,种间的遗传平均距离为0.443 0,种内的遗传平均距离为0.170 7.根据聚类分析,讨论了紫胶虫主要生产种的亲缘关系.     

大花黄牡丹遗传多样性的SRAP分析

应用SRAP标记对西藏特有植物大花黄牡丹的遗传多样性进行研究。用16对引物从5个自然居群79个单株中共检测到396个有效位点,其中多态性位点357个。在物种水平上,多态位点百分率(Ppl)为90.15%,Shannon表型多样性指数(Ηsp)平均为0.2521;居群水平上的Ppl为31.82%,Shannon表型多样性指数(Ho)为0.0694～0.3428,平均值(Ηpop)为0.1307。上述遗传参数表明,大花黄牡丹具有丰富的物种遗传多样性,5个居群中自然居群C的遗传多样性最高(Ppl=82.32%,Ho=0.3428)。据AMOVA分析结果,总的变异中有41.58%的变异存在于居群间,58.42%的变异存在于居群内,居群分化较显著(ΦST=0.4158,P<0.001),由POPGENE1.32得到的居群间遗传分化系数GST(0.4309)和Shannon表型多样性指数计算的居群间遗传多样性所占比例(0.4816)也表明了类似的遗传结构。Mantel检测表明地理距离和Nei’s遗传距离间相关不显著(P>0.05)。利用NTSYSPC(2.1)软件构建大花黄牡丹5个居群79个个体的UPGMA聚类图,遗传相似系数变幅在0.47～0.99,大多数居群内的个体表现出较为密切的亲缘关系(如居群B,D,E),但也有一些居群的个体未聚在一起(如居群C)。依据大花黄牡丹居群遗传变异特点,初步探讨其保护和利用策略。     

白桦种群间木材纤维性状的表型变异与分子标记的遗传多态性

以东北地区的5个白桦天然种群为研究材料,在木材纤维形态性状测定的基础上,采用ISSR、RAPD分子标记研究了5个种群的遗传变异以及种群间纤维形态性状与DNA分子标记的相关性.结果表明:白桦天然林成熟材(18～31年生)的木材纤维长度在种群间差异不显著,纤维宽度和长宽比差异显著,帽儿山种群的木材纤维形态性状最好,汪清最差;利用ISSR和RAPD 2种标记检测5个白桦种群的遗传多样性,所得的研究结果基本一致,多态位点比率最高的为辽宁新宾种群,其次是帽儿山和汪清,而塔河和金山屯最低;ISSR标记的AMOVA分析表明白桦种群间的遗传变异占总遗传变异的10.82%;RAPD标记的AMOVA分析表明白桦种群间的遗传变异占总遗传变异的12.94%,研究结果均显示白桦的遗传变异主要发生在种群内部.利用2种标记技术的种群聚类结果基本一致,这一结果与基于木材纤维性状的表型聚类基本一致, 而且种群间遗传距离和地理距离之间存在一定的相关性.     

岛屿地理隔离对山茶种群遗传结构的影响

利用简单重复序列间扩增(ISSR)分子标记对分布于我国浙江和山东的8个山茶种群共240个个体进行了遗传结构分析。结果表明:筛选出的20条引物扩增得到210条清晰条带,其中184条为多态性条带,多态位点百分率(PPB)为87.62%。经POPGENE1.32软件分析,山茶种群平均多态位点百分率(PPB)为68.99%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(HE)为0.256 9,Shannon信息指数(H)为0.377 9,种群遗传多样性较高。基因分化系数Gst=0.182 9,表明遗传变异主要存在于种群内个体间。地理距离与遗传距离具有显著相关性(r=0.856 7,P<0.05),岛屿地理隔离对山茶种群的遗传分化具有重要影响。UPGMA聚类表明:浙江5个山茶种群间的遗传相似度较高,山东青岛的植物园种群和五四广场种群可能移植自长门岩岛。我国野生山茶资源受人为破坏严重,建议在加强现有岛屿自然种群就地保护力度的同时,建立山茶种质资源库,促进基因交流。     

地理隔离对西南藏区山杨居群遗传结构影响的SRAP分析

采用SRAP分子标记技术,对分布于我国西南3个藏族地区山杨9个居群130个个体进行了遗传结构分析。结果表明,筛选出的7对引物组合共检测到多态性条带(AP)99条,多态性条带百分比(PPB)为59.28%。采用POPGENE软件分析,山杨9个居群平均多态位点百分率(PPB)为33.80%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon’s信息指数(I)分别为0.130 9和0.213 7,较东北地区山杨具有偏低的遗传多样性。遗传分化系数Gst=0.325 5,表明遗传变异主要存在于居群内个体间。地理距离与遗传距离之间具有弱相关关系(r=0.349,P=94.5%),山脉阻隔效应是导致西南藏族地区山杨居群间遗传分化的主要因素。UPGMA聚类表明,甘孜地区4个居群与迪庆地区的维西居群具有较近的亲缘关系,迪庆地区的德钦、香格里拉居群和昌都地区2个居群的遗传相似度较高。基于西南藏族地区山杨遗传结构分析,建议实施就地保护的同时,建立山杨种质资源库,促进不同居群间的基因交流。     

Development and evaluation of microsatellite loci for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gynochthodes boninensis</Emphasis> (Rubiaceae), a woody climbing plant endemic to the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands,Japan

Microsatellite loci were developed for Gynochthodes boninensis, an endemic climbing plant in the Bonin Islands. Using a Roche 454 GS Junior next-generation sequencer, 158 microsatellite loci were designed. Of the 48 microsatellite loci tested, 37 were successfully amplified and 25 were polymorphic in two populations of G. boninensis. For the 25 polymorphic loci, the mean expected heterozygosities per locus were 0.303 in the Chichijima Island population and 0.310 in the Hahajima Island population, respectively. There was no evidence of linkage disequilibrium in either population, but one locus showed significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in one population. The microsatellite loci developed in this study will be useful for future studies of population genetics of G. boninensis. In particular, because this species is androdioecious (males and hermaphrodites coexist), characterizing the species gene flow is crucial to understanding the evolution and maintenance of this rare sexual system.     

Allozymes Genetic Diversity of Quercus mongolica Fisch in China

INTRODUCTION Analysis of the amount and distribution of genetic variation within and among populations of a species can increase the understanding of the historical processes underlying the genetic diversity (Dumolin- Lapegue et al. 1997) and can also provide important basic information for breeding programmes and for the establishment of programmes to conserve genetic resources. Moreover, information on the genetic structure allows for a more representative sample of the species’ gene p…     

Genetic diversity of natural Hepatacodium miconioides populations in Zhejiang Province

Hepatacodium miconioides is the Class II protected plant species in China. This paper studies the genetic diversity and differentiation of its nine natural populations in Zhejiang Province by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Twelve random primers were selected in the amplification, and 164 repetitive loci were produced. The percentage of polymorphic loci in each H. miconioides population ranged from 14.60% to 27.44%, with an average of 20.73%. Among the test populations, Kuochangshan had the highest percentage of polymorphic loci, Simingshan took the second place, and Guanyinping had the lowest percentage. As estimated by Shannon index, the genetic diversity within H. miconioides populations accounted for 27.28% of the total genetic diversity, while that among H. miconioides populations accounted for 72.72%. The genetic differentiation among H. miconioides populations as estimated by Nei index was 0.715,7. This figure was generally consistent with that estimated by Shannon index, i.e., the genetic differentiation among populations was relatively high, but that within populations was relatively low. The gene flow among H. miconioides populations was relatively low (0.198,7), and the genetic similarity ranged from 0.655,7 to 0.811,9, with an average of 0.730,6. The highest genetic distance among populations was 0.422,9, while the lowest was 0.208,3. All the results showed that there was a distinct genetic differentiation among H. miconioides populations. The genetic distance matrix of nine test populations was calculated using this method, and the clustering analysis was made using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). The cluster analysis suggested that the nine populations of H. miconioides in Zhejiang Province could be divided into two groups, the eastern Zhejiang group and the western Zhejiang group. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(5): 795–800 [译自: 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(5): 795–800]     

Genetic diversity of Lithocarpus harlandii populations in three forest communities with different succession stages

By using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique, this paper studied the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of Lithocarpus harlandii populations in three forest communities (coniferous forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and evergreen broad-leaved forest) with different succession stages in Tiantai Mountain in Zhejiang Province. The results showed that a total of 173 repetitive loci were produced in 60 individuals of L. harlandii by 12 random primers, among which, 152 loci were polymorphic, and the total percentage of polymorphic loci was 87.86%. The average percentage of polymorphic loci of the populations was 65.32%, and their total genetic diversity estimated by Shannon information index was 0.4529, with an average of 0.3458, while that judged from Nei’s index was 0.3004, with an average of 0.2320. The percentage of polymorphic loci, Shannon information index, and Nei’s index of the populations were in the sequence of coniferous forest community > coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest community > evergreen broad-leaved forest community. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 72.85% of genetic variance was found within the populations, and 27.15% of genetic variance resided among the populations. The coefficient of gene diferentiation was 0.2277, and the gene flow was 1.6949. The genetic structure of L. harlandii was influenced not only by the biological characteristics of this species, but also by the microenvironment of different communities. The mean of genetic identity among three populations of L. harlandii was 0.8662, and the mean of their genetic distance was 0.1442. The genetic similarity between coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest community and evergreen broad-leaved forest community was the highest, while that between evergreen broad-leaved forest community and coniferous forest community was the lowest. The unweighted pair group method with arithmeticmean (UPGMA) cluster analysis based on Nei’s genetic distance showed that conierous and broad-leaved mixed forest community first gathered with evergreen broad-leaved forest community, and then with coniferous forest community. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2007, 26(4): 509–514 [译自: 生态学杂志]     

七子花种群遗传多样性的RAPD分析

按胸径将浙江省天台山天然七子花划分为大树、中树、小树和幼树 4个大小级种群 ,利用RAPD分子标记技术对 4个大小级种群共 4 5株个体的遗传多样性及遗传分化进行了比较分析 ,结果表明 :通过 12种随机引物扩增共检测到 6 4个可重复的位点 ,4个大小级种群的多态位点百分率高低为大树 >中树 >小树 >幼树。Shannon信息指数估计七子花 4个大小级种群的遗传多样性高低为大树 >中树 >小树 >幼树 ,大小级种群内的遗传变异占总变异的 5 4 4 1% ,大小级种群间的遗传变异占总变异的 4 5 5 9% ,表明不同大小级种群内、大小级种群间个体均存在一定的遗传分化 ,但大小级种群内的遗传分化比大小级种群间高。Nei指数估计的七子花不同大小级种群的基因多样性的高低与Shannon指数估计的一致 ,大小级种群内的遗传分化高于大小级种群间 ,大小级种群间的基因分化系数为 0 3939。不同大小级种群间的遗传相似度以大树与中树最高 ,大树与幼树最低。聚类分析显示大树与中树先聚成一组 ,小树与幼树再聚成一组 ,最后 2组聚在一起     

栎属天然林的遗传结构和遗传多样性研究

利用聚苯酰烯胺凝胶电泳技术检验了栎属6个群体在7个同工酶位点(Got-1、Got-2、Shdh、Aap-1、Aap-2、Pgi、6Pgd)上的遗传变异(多态位点百分率为93.3%,等位基因平均数2.806,平均预期杂合率为0.346)。基因分化系数为0.394,表明居群变异的39.4%出现在居群间,60.6%出现在居群内,各居群间的遗传距离为0.0206～0.6411。初步的研究表明:其丰富的遗传变异可能与其生境的多样性、风媒异交等因素造成的长距离的基因漂变有关。     

美国山核桃群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

运用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）标记技术，采用Operon公司的10种随机引物，以采自美国东南部、北部、西部和我国江苏、浙江、湖北、湖南、云南等地的9个美国山核桃栽培群体45个单株的种子为材料，检测出多态位点42个。以这些多态位点为依据，计算了估测了多态性位点百分比、Shannon表型多样度指数、Virk群体内遗传距离和Nei氏群体间遗传距离，并用它们作为参数进行群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析。结果表明，参试的美国山核桃品种群体遗传变异明显，且群体间差异大于群体内差异，我国引种的群体遗传差异大于原产地美国的群体遗传差异。     

基于微卫星DNA标记分析刺槐叶瘿蚊遗传多样性指数与样本量的相关性

[目的]探讨基于微卫星标记分析刺槐叶瘿蚊遗传多样性指数与样本量的相关关系。[方法]设置了12个样本量梯度,选取11对微卫星引物分析了我国刺槐叶瘿蚊5个种群的遗传多样性指数。[结果]表明,样本量的大小与平均等位基因数(Na)呈显著正相关,与有效等位基因数(Ne)呈中度正相关,与观测杂合度(Ho)呈负相关,而与期望杂合度(He)、Nei’s遗传多样性指数(H)和多态信息含量(PIC)没有明显相关性。此外,当样本量小于25时,随着样本量的增加,有效等位基因数增幅明显,观测杂合度起伏变化较大,但当样本量大于30时,随着样本量的增加,上述两个指数增(降)幅度平缓。[结论]在利用微卫星DNA标记对我国刺槐叶瘿蚊种群的遗传多样性研究中,选取的最适样本量应为25～30,分析的最适遗传多样性指数应为期望杂合度、Nei’s遗传多样性指数和多态信息含量。该研究结果将为我们后续研究提供科学数据,并有助于分析其他入侵昆虫种群遗传结构的研究,同时可为其他双翅目昆虫的遗传多样性研究提供样本量参考。     

Genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Python bivittatus in China

The Burmese python(Python bivittatus) has recently suffered large population declines in the wild in China due to illegal capture, overexploitation, deforestation and the loss of its natural habitat. Greater knowledge of the genetic diversity and structure of wild P. bivittatus populations is needed to help ensure its effective management.In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of wild P. bivittatus in China in detail. 109 P. bivittatus individuals from five distribution areas in Guangdong(GD), Guangxi(GX), Hainan(HN),Fujian(FJ) and Yunnan(YN) province of China were collected, and their genetic structure and diversity were analyzed. Eight highly polymorphic microsatellite loci were utilized to reveal high levels of genetic diversity in the P. bivittatus population. Genetic diversity was highest in GX, and lowest in GD. All geographic populations demonstrated a bottleneck effect indicating recent population decline. Fstand AMOVA analyses revealed that there was moderate genetic differentiation among the five populations, and that only 10.59 % of total genetic diversity occurred among populations. Fstvalues between populations were positively correlated with their geographical distances. Genetic structure analyses revealed that the HN,GX and GD populations, which were geographically closest, were assigned to a genetic cluster, while the YN and FJ populations constituted a single cluster,respectively.     

香榧天然群体遗传多样性的AFLP分析

利用AFLP分子标记技术,采用8对引物对6个香榧天然群体的92个个体进行了总基因组DNA水平上的多态性检测,共检测出364个位点,其中多态性位点63个.方差分析表明:基因谱带频率在群体间差异不明显,方差分量贡献率在群体间占11.14%,群体内占88.86%.6个群体均具有丰富的遗传多样性,多态位点百分率为79.73%～98.41%,其中绍兴>东白湖>磐安>钟家岭>嵊州>黄山,且群体内遗传多样性大于群体间遗传多样性.等位基因数为1.7939～1.9841,有效等位基因数为1.5416～1.6759,Shannon信息指数为0.4548～0.5471.群体分化系数为0.1136,群体内遗传多样性为0.3512,基因流为3.8997.遗传一致度平均值为0.9174,遗传距离平均值为0.0797.根据遗传一致度进行了UPGMA聚类分析.     

Genetic diversity of Quercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolata populations in three forest communities with different succession stages

In order to understand the relationship between population succession and its genetic behavior, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to analyze the genetic diversity of Quercu glandulifera var. brevipetiolata populations in three forest communities with different succession stages (coniferous forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest). The results showed that 145 repetitive loci were produced in 60 individuals of Q. glandulifera using 11 primers, among which 120 loci were polymorphic, and the total percentage of polymorphic loci was 82.76% with an average of 64.14%. Estimated by the Shannon information index, the total genetic diversity of the three populations was 0.4747, with an average of 0.3642, while it was 0.3234, with an average of 0.2484, judged from the Nei index. Judged from percentage of polymorphic loci, Shannon inform at ion index and Nei index, the genetic diversity followed a decreasing order: coniferous forest > broad-leaved mixed forest > evergreen broad-leaved forest. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 69.73% of the genetic variance existed within populations and 30.27% of the genetic variance existed among populations. The coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) was 0.2319 and the gene flow (N _m) was 1.6539. The mean of genetic identity among populations of Q. glandulifera was 0.8501 and the mean of genetic distance was 0.1626. The genetic identity between the Q. glandulifera population in the coniferous forest and that in the coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest was the highest. UPGMA cluster analysis based on Nei’s genetic distance showed that the population in the coniferous forest gathered with that in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest firstly, then with that in the evergreen broad-leaved forest. The genetic structure of Q. glandulifera was not only characteristic of the biological characteristics of this species, but was also influenced by the microenvironment in different communities. __________ Translated from Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2008, 23(1): 18–22 [译自: 西北林学院学报]     

中国鹅掌楸遗传多样性研究

鹅掌楸属(Liriodendron)为古老残遗双种属植物,该属植物在第三纪曾广布于北半球.由于第四纪冰川的压力,现存于中国的鹅掌楸(L.chinense)处于濒危状态,急需保护.中国鹅掌楸星散分布于长江流域以南海拔450～1 800 m的阔叶林中(方炎明,1994;郝明日等,1995),是优质速生的工业用材树种和园林绿化树种,是我国二级重点保护的濒危树种.