稻壳灰同时制备脱色剂和水玻璃的研究

基于稻壳灰(RHA)含有均匀分布的主要由SiO2组成的高含量矿物质的事实,研究了RHA综合利用的方法.RHA先经碱法处理后转化为水玻璃和脱硅RHA(DRHA),然后DRHA用硫酸活化制得应用于植物油精炼中的脱色剂纯RHA(PRHA).分别探讨了影响水玻璃模数和PRHA脱色能力的因素.结果表明,在2～3 mol/L范围内改变NaOH浓度或在2～3 h范围内改变溶煮时间,可获得2.3～3.6模数的水玻璃产品.高脱硅率有利于PRHA的多孔性形成.在NaOH溶液浓度2 mol/L和溶煮时间2 h条件下,RHA转化为模数3.3的水玻璃和DRHA,SiO2溶出率达到94.83%.活化DRHA制备PRHA的最佳工艺为硫酸质量分数5%、活化时间4 h、活化温度90℃.PRHA对中性大豆毛油的脱色能力是目前植物油工业中常用的活性凹凸棒石粘土的3倍.     

综合利用烟杆废料制取优质活性炭

研究了以烟杆废料为原料，在微波辐照和传统加热下氯化锌法制取活性炭的方法．经对比实验得出，用微波辐照９min即可完成传统工艺中预热、干燥、炭化和活化４个阶段，活性炭产品的亚甲基监脱色力为170mL/g，微波辐照工艺的加热时间仅为传统工艺的1/20；用传统加热方法，炭化温度680℃，炭化时间1h，活化温度800℃，活化时间2h，活性炭的亚甲基蓝脱色力为150mL/g。2种方法制得的活性炭的亚甲基蓝脱色力均超过国家标准一级产品的指标（120mL/g）。     

微波辐射处理竹节废料制备活性炭研究

研究了以竹节及其炭化料为原料，采用微波辐射氯化锌法和水蒸气法制备活性炭的可行性。探讨了微波功率、活化时间、活化剂浓度及水蒸气流量对活性炭性能的影响。得到了微波辐射竹节废料制备活性炭的最佳工艺条件：水蒸气法的最佳条件为微波功率700W、活化时间7min、水蒸气流量3．1mL／min。用此工艺条件制得的活性炭碘吸附值1012．2mg／g、亚甲基蓝脱色率165mL／g、得率52．3％。该工艺所需活化时间为传统方法的l／45左右，得率为传统方法的2倍左右。氯化锌法的最佳条件为微波功率350w、活化时间5min、氯化锌质量分数40％。用此工艺条件制得的活性炭碘吸附值l088．4mg／g、亚甲基蓝脱色率220mL／g、得率39．2％。该工艺所需活化时间为传统方法的l／36，产品活性炭亚甲基蓝脱色率为国家一级标准的1．83倍(GB／T 12496．10-1999)。     

磷酸活化法制备棉秆活性炭的研究

通过研究活化工艺条件对棉秆活性炭吸附性能的影响，探讨了磷酸活化棉秆原料制备活性炭的可行性。结果表明：磷酸活化棉秆原料能制备出糖液脱色用活性炭的优级品，其碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝以及焦糖脱色力分别达N920mg／g、200mL/g和130％。其最佳活化工艺务件为：磷酸浓度50％，浸渍比2．5：1，浸溃时间60min，活化温度500％，活化时间60min。其中浸渍比对棉秆活性炭的脱色能力影响最大。     

磁性固体酸催化剂的合成及其酯化催化活性的研究

研究了以磁性体为核、催化活性体为壳的固体酸催化剂制备过程的结构转化及其酯化催化活性变化.在ZrOCl2/FeCl2投料为10∶1(质量比),酸浓度为1 mol/L,浸泡时间2 h,400℃焙烧1 h的条件下,制得了具有优异的催化活性的纳米磁性催化剂ZrO2/SiO2-Fe3O4.采用IR、扫描电镜(SEM)和孔径分布等...     

磷酸活化法制备木质活性炭研究

在不同操作条件下制备得到各种活性炭，实验测定了相应的活性炭得率及活性炭的亚甲基蓝脱色力和苯酚吸附值。并分别研究了它们与活化实验的浸渍比、活化时间和活化温度之间的关系。实验结果表明，浸渍比是磷酸活化法制备活性炭的最重要的影响因素。综合考虑活性炭的得率和吸附性能受活化操作参数的影响规律，探讨了磷酸活化法生产木质活性炭的最优操作参数。在实验范围内，选择磷酸活化法生产木质活性炭的浸渍比100％～150％，活化温度500℃左右，活化时间60～90min比较适宜。在相对最优实验条件下制备所得到的活性炭的比表面积达到1536m^2／g，微孔孔容和中孔孔容分别为0．581和0.267cm^3／g。     

马尾松硫酸盐浆两段氧脱木质素最佳工艺条件的研究

研究了马尾松硫酸浆两段氧脱木质素的最佳工艺条件。结果表明，第一段氧脱木质素的条件为：氧压0．6MPa，温度100℃，时间80min,NaOH 量5％，MgSO4用量0．5％，浆浓10％；第二段氧脱木质素的条件为：氧压0．4MPa，温度90℃，时间60min，NaOH用量3％，MgSO4用量0．5％，浆浓10％。在此条件下，OIOⅡ木质素脱除率达到72．5％，粘度775．2cm^3/g,得率90．5％。经过氧脱木质素后浆的裂断长5．8km，耐破指数5．3kPa.m^2/g，撕裂指数12．7mN.m^2/g。     

碱浸提法制备稻壳多孔质炭试验

采用碱浸提法制备了稻壳多孔质炭,探讨了碱煮稻壳炭化物制备多孔质炭的可行性,以及稻壳的炭化温度、碱液浓度、碱煮时间和浸提次数等因素对多孔质炭的碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值等吸附性能的影响.结果表明:使用2 mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液溶对600℃下炭化得到的稻壳炭化物1次碱煮2 h后,能够制备出碘吸附值达600mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为45.4 mL/g的多孔质炭.用碱液直接浸提稻壳炭化物制备多孔质炭的方法是可行的.     

固化过程中木质碳纤维原丝微细结构的生成演化

将杉木木粉经苯酚液化、熔融纺丝后,在甲醛、盐酸和蒸馏水组成的固化液中固化,得到木质碳纤维原丝。讨论了木质碳纤维原丝在固化过程中的表面形貌、官能团变化、微晶结构和热稳定性。得到的结论如下：①固化过程中,原丝表面保持平滑,未发生明显变化,固化升温时间达到4h后固化比较完全,原丝内部结构致密。②固化条件为3h＋2h时,苯环上的H原子开始被取代,原丝进入固化交联初阶段。升温时间达到4h后生成的亚甲基键和苯环上的羟基发生脱水缩合反应,生成C—O—C和少量C—C=O结构,交联反应加强。③不同固化阶段原丝的片层间距（d002）均稳定在0．448～0．479范围内,同时,沿c轴上的堆积高度（Lc）在1h＋2h时最小,2h＋2h时最大,2h后略微下降,随着固化时间增加,维持在0．805—0．833范围内。④固化初期原丝的热稳定性较差,在900℃失重率达99．3％;升温时间从2h到5h时,失重率从63．9％逐渐降到52．8％,原丝稳定性提高。⑤原丝中微孔的比例随固化时间的增加呈增大趋势,固化过程中有部分非微孔的孔隙向微孔转化。     

餐厨废油壳聚糖脱酸初探

指出了游离脂肪酸含量过高会对餐厨废油后续碱性酯化处理产生不利影响，通过碱液对壳聚糖进行（活化）改性，并对不同活化条件下的壳聚糖吸附餐厨废油中游离脂肪酸的效果进行了评价。研究发现：壳聚糖在40℃，0．9mol／L NaO H －乙醇溶液中活化6h后，吸附效率得到极大提升，再与餐厨废油发生吸附，当吸附时间为6h ，吸附温度为65℃时，吸附量最大，为131．1mgKO H／g。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

qPCR quantification of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from infected butternut trees under different release treatments

The use of a molecular assay for quantifying conidia of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, the fungal pathogen responsible of butternut canker, was investigated. Purified DNA from conidia collected on glass fibre filters of a passive rain collectors was quantified using a TaqMan real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The qPCR assay could specifically discriminate the target species from all other North American known species of Ophiognomonia, and it was sensitive enough to repeatedly detect one conidium. A linear relationship between numbers of conidia and qPCR C_t values was determined, and used to assess the sporulation of the pathogen under trees that were released to promote their vigour. In total, 977 samples of field‐captured conidia from 49 trees, at two locations, and from two successive growing seasons were analysed. No significant difference of sporulation was observed under control and release treatments. However, our results demonstrated that qPCR assay was reliable for detecting and quantifying O. clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from environmental samples, which will be useful to assess further control methods for this disease.     

The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia I. Chitemene and Fundikila

Three trials investigating the potential of alley cropping to improve the traditional systems of cultivation, chitemene and fundikila, in the Northern Province of Zambia are described. Flemingia congesta, Tephrosia vogelii, and Sesbania sesban, were grown in association with finger millet, groundnut, cowpea, and maize in various traditional cropping sequences. The indigenous species Tephrosia vogelii and Sesbania sesban were not able to withstand repeated pruning and the long following dry season, and were replaced with Calliandra calothyrsus, and Cassia spectabilis.Over a four year period, there was no benefit by alley cropping with any of the tree species on crop yields, and yields in alley crop treatments even dropped significantly below the control treatments in the fourth year, casting doubt on the potential of alley cropping for sustainable production. There was also no consistent effect on soil chemical characteristics in any of the trials. It was suggested that this lack of beneficial response to alley cropping was due to low tree biomass production low quality of prunings, and an inappropriate cropping sequence. There was no evidence that alley cropping contributed to enhanced nutrient recycling, despite substantial localised pools of soil nutrients, particularly in the chitemene, with which recycling could potentially occur.     

Toxicity of biocide GCSC-BtA on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions

The present research dealt with the toxicity of GCSC-BtA (Germany–China Scientific Cooperation-Bacillus thuringiensis-Abamectin), a new type biocide developed by conjugating a toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) with Abamectin from Streptomyces avermitilis, on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions. The results showed that GCSC-BtA possessed higher toxicity than B.t. crystal, Abamectin or Cypermethrin, with pest mortalities of 97.9, 93.7, 96.4, 82.3 and 96.7% for Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari, Tetranychidae), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thys., Thripidae), Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hom., Aphididae), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić (Lep., Gracillariidae), respectively. Toxicities of GCSC-BtA to T. cinnabarinus and P. xylostella decreased significantly at the older developmental stage with an exception that egg stage had the highest tolerance, in which LC₅₀s of GCSC-BtA were 0.0001, 0.0019 and 0.0708 mg/ml for nymph, adult and egg of T. cinnabarinus, and that 0.0399, 0.2035 and 0.9033 mg/ml for the 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and egg of P. xylostella, respectively. Also, the biocide was more effective to the lower stage of A. fabae than the higher one with LC₅₀s of 0.0023, 0.0086 and 0.0171 mg/ml against 1st instar nymph, 3rd instar nymph and adult, respectively. In general, toxicity of the new type of biocide was positively related to temperature against all the tested pests, except against T. cinnabarinus, where it was almost similar at the three temperature conditions. GCSC-BtA displayed significantly lower toxicities at 15/20°C than 20/25°C or 25/30°C against F. occidentalis, A. fabae, P. xylostella and C. ohridella. However, no significant difference was found in the toxicities against F. occidentalis, A. fabae and C. ohridella above 20°C, whereas toxicity against P. xylostella increased as temperature raised. Therefore, to achieve higher efficacy in the field, application rate and time should be devised according to these factors.