季铵铜防腐木中有效成分总流失率的动力学分析

以季铵铜防腐剂处理的南方松为试材,参照美国AWPA E11-06标准,分析10、30和50℃3种温度条件下防腐木中有效成分的总流失率,并基于时间-温度叠加原理,运用阿伦尼乌斯方程,进行总流失率的动力学分析.结果表明:3种温度条件下铜和DDAC的流失趋势是一致的.根据铜和DDAC总流失率,得出防腐木表面的活化能为Ea=54.59 kJ/moL,相关系数R2达到0.98以上,拟合性较好,由此证明可以用动力学分析方法预测ACQ防腐材中铜和DDAC在10～50℃温度范围内总流失率变化.     

后干燥处理对防腐木材性能的影响初步研究

试验初步研究了后干燥处理对加铬砷酸铜(CCA-C)、季铵铜(ACQ-C和ACQ-D)三种防腐处理木材中铜的流失影响。结果表明:随着流失次数的增加,CCA-C、ACQ-C、ACQ-D三种防腐处理木材的铜流失量都呈降低趋势,最终降至非常低。随着处理温度的升高,3种防腐材的铜流失量都有所增大。CCA-C型木材防腐剂的抗流失性优于ACQ型木材防腐剂。在同等条件下,ACQ-D防腐材的铜流失率高于ACQ-C防腐材。     

防腐后处理工艺对竹集成材耐久性的影响

以两种水载铜基防腐剂季铵铜和铜唑对竹集成材进行防腐处理,分析了不同药剂和载药量对竹集成材耐腐性能的影响,以及不同干燥温度对处理材抗流失性能的影响,以筛选适宜的竹集成材防腐后处理工艺,显著提高处理材的耐久性.结果表明,经防腐处理后,竹集成材的耐腐性能大幅度提高,当季铵铜载药量≥2.6 kg/m3或铜唑载药量≥1.3 kg/m3时,竹集成材可以达到强耐腐等级;处理材的铜固着率随着载药量的增加而提高,不同干燥温度对铜的抗流失性能影响不显著.总体上看,防腐后处理工艺能够满足提高竹集成材耐久性能的要求,但其防腐剂的抗流失性能有待提高.     

黄波罗离体生长与部分培养因子的关系

观察黄波罗离体生长在不同浓度的外源生长调节物质、光照强度、光照时间、温度、pH值和培养时间下的表现,用数字的形式分别说明各因素的影响,从控制环境的角度改善黄波罗离体培养方式。结果表明:NAA+BA组合的芽分化率和变异率均好于NAA+KT组合;在生长环境的试验中,经极差分析发现:光照强度对温度和pH值的影响最大,生物量和光照时间有最显著的关系;相同外植体的瓶苗在接种初期对温度比较敏感,当温度达到23℃时是瓶苗生长关键期,到26℃时已经发现有56.24%玻璃化苗。     

折断木用防腐剂处理后的雨水模拟试验

用硫酸铜与二癸基二甲基氯化铵（DDAC）复配,对折断木进行顶端施药,模拟1～3年降雨量雨水对药剂主要活性成分流失的影响,检测木材中主要活性成份的载药量。结果表明：随取样深度增大,试样总载药量、DDAC与铜的含量都呈下降趋势;降雨量对试样中铜含量、DDAC含量、总载药量变化影响不显著。经5%浓度的防腐剂施药使腐朽菌不能在木材顶端1 cm内生长,并在2～3 cm范围内减缓生长,在木材顶端形成防护层,可在3年以上时间内避免和减缓腐朽的发生,有效减少林农损失。5%药剂总成本约1元/株。     

雨水冲刷对防腐处理折断杉木的防腐剂流失性能影响

用硫酸铜与二癸基二甲基氯化铵(DDAC)复配,对折断木进行顶端施药,模拟1～3年降雨量雨水对药剂主要活性成分流失的影响,检测木材中主要活性成份的载药量.结果表明:随取样深度增大,试样总载药量、DDAC与铜的含量都呈下降趋势;降雨量对试样中铜含量、DDAC含量、总载药量变化影响不显著.经5%浓度的防腐剂施药使腐朽菌不能在木材顶端1 cm内生长,并在2～3 cm 范围内减缓生长,在木材顶端形成防护层,可在3年以上时间内避免和减缓腐朽的发生,有效减少林农损失.5%药剂总成本约1元/株.     

乙酸酐对大豆基木材胶粘剂的改性研究

用乙酸酐改性大豆基木材胶粘剂,研究了乙酸酐为不同浓度时,双因素(pH值和温度)对耐水胶合强度的影响。试验结果得到4个不同浓度下pH值和温度的最佳组合值为:乙酸酐体积分数为1.2%、1.8%、2.4%、3.0%时对应的pH值/温度是8/55℃、8/55℃、7/70℃、7/70℃,最佳耐水胶合强度可提高到0.72 MPa。以乙酸酐体积分数为1.8%为例,采用茚三酮法测得大豆蛋白质的酰化程度,分析不同温度下pH值对酰化程度的影响,结果显示:耐水胶合强度与酰化程度不成正相关。由红外光谱分析可知,乙酸酐与大豆蛋白的游离氨基发生了交联反应,从而提高了大豆基木材胶粘剂的耐水胶合强度。     

冬枣果实三种主要病原细菌对温度和pH值的耐受力研究

摘要：研究了冬枣采后烂果上分离的3种主要病原细菌假单胞杆菌(Pesudomonas sp．)、黄单胞杆菌(Xanthomonas sp．)和欧氏杆菌(Erwinia sp．)对温度和pH值的耐受力。结果表明,假单胞杆菌的低温和高温耐受力分别为0℃和57．5℃;黄单胞杆菌的低温和高温耐受力分别为-2℃和55℃;欧氏杆菌的低温和高温耐受力分别为0℃和57．5℃。3种病原细菌对偏碱性环境耐受力较强,假单胞杆菌在pH值10时才停止生长,黄单胞杆菌和欧氏杆菌在pH值12时仍能生长;在酸性范围内,当pH值2～4时生长均受到抑制。pH、温度和时间复合处理的试验中,在pH值3～4,处理时间6～10min,假单胞杆菌处理温度在45℃,黄单胞杆菌在55℃,欧氏杆菌在50℃时,生长受到显著抑制.     

纳米SiO_2改性ACQ防腐处理材的制备及抗流失性研究

利用纳米SiO_2改性ACQ防腐剂,以提高ACQ处理材的抗流失性。利用单因素法考察纳米SiO_2在ACQ溶液中的最佳分散条件,并考察改性ACQ处理材的抗流失性及其化学结构变化。结果表明:纳米SiO_2改性理想的工艺条件为:ACQ浓度为1.0%,纳米SiO_2质量为0.01 g,六偏磷酸钠/纳米SiO_2比例为15:1,超声时间为30 min,超声温度为20℃。经纳米SiO_2改性的ACQ处理材,其流失率明显下降,且从FTIR谱图中可见,纳米SiO_2改性处理是提高ACQ处理材中有效成分铜抗流失性的最主要原因。     

马尾松防腐处理材的干燥工艺

为了探索干燥质量优良、防腐荆流失率低的防腐木材干燥工艺,在70、80、90℃三种温度下,对速生马尾松防腐木进行干燥,并进行7和14 d的流失试验,分析干燥工艺与防腐剂流失率的关系.结果表明:随着干燥温度的升高,防腐剂的流失率增大;马尾松防腐木的最佳干燥温度为70℃.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.