三灰碎石强度的正交试验及其冻融稳定性分析

为进一步明确东北地区季节性冻融条件下,三灰稳定碎石混合料的工程特性,本文在保留二灰稳定碎石优良性能的前提之下,通过正交试验设计确定三灰(石灰、粉煤灰、水泥)稳定碎石中各材料用量。以7d无侧限抗压强度为目标,进行了无侧限抗压强度试验,并在进行了方差与极差分析的条件下,应用MATLAB的BP模糊神经网络方法进行了强度预测,在强度满足要求的条件下,进行了配合比优选,确定了石灰:粉煤灰:碎石为6∶12∶82,同时外掺2%水泥的合理配合比,并按照正交配合比配制混合料,进行无侧限抗压强度和冻融循环等试验,试验证明合理配比的三灰稳定碎石对应用于东北季冻区路面基层具有优越的性能及重要的现实意义。     

硼灰稳定碎石路用性能分析

二灰（石灰、粉煤灰）稳定碎石是道路基层中常用的一种材料,基层作为路面结构的主要承重层,其力学强度及其路用性能是重要的指标。通过分析废旧材料硼灰的化学成分,利用其与粉煤灰的相似成分,研究硼灰代替粉煤灰做成石灰硼灰稳定碎石用作道路基层结构的可行性,首先从力学强度入手,通过在石灰粉煤灰碎石中掺加硼灰并改变硼灰的掺加比例,得出虽然掺加硼灰后无侧限强度有所下降,但仍能满足道路基层的需要;为进一步验证石灰硼灰碎石的路用性能,并防止路面反射裂缝的产生,又通过对劈裂强度、抗压回弹模量及冻融强度等各项指标的测试,最终得出硼灰代替部分粉煤灰用于道路基层中具有较好的效果。     

钢渣对水泥稳定碎石干缩性质的影响

本文探讨了水泥稳定碎石半刚性基层材料干缩变形特性与钢渣的掺量、颗粒大小的相关关系。试验结果表明,钢渣对水泥稳定碎石的干缩有一定的抑制作用,钢渣的颗粒越细其干缩越小,钢渣的掺量越多效果也越显著。     

油基岩屑在无机稳定基层中应用的路用性能研究

指出了在一定级配的碎石中,适当加入油基岩屑、水泥和水,并按照技术要求进行拌和、摊铺等工艺,在其最佳含水量时进行压实、成型并养护,用于钻前工程井场公路(简称钻前公路)的基层,此类油基岩屑可用于新建和改建钻前公路的半刚性路面结构。水泥稳定碎石基层的设计标准是强度值须达到设计要求,同时还要保证其在使用年限内不会产生过多的残余形变,不会发生较严重的裂缝破坏和冲刷破坏,并且具备一定的刚度和抗拉强度。故研究了油基岩屑的掺量、对砂的替代率以及水泥掺量对其无侧限抗压强度、抗拉强度和抗压回弹模量等力学性能指标的影响,并以此探究了掺入油基岩屑的水泥稳定碎石基层的路用性能,以实现提高道路使用年限,油基岩屑资源化利用等目标。     

橡胶集料水泥砂浆性能改良研究

采用添加聚合物的方法解决水泥砂浆掺加橡胶粉后强度下降的问题。通过正交试验，验证了在橡胶水泥砂浆混合料中添加聚合物能够提高强度，且随着聚合物掺量的增加，强度提高越明显，当聚合物掺量较多时，聚合物起作用需要一定的养护龄期。研究成果有助于优化水泥稳定碎石的配方设计，提高其力学性能。     

大掺量废旧沥青混合料水泥稳定基层收缩性能研究

为了改善半刚性基层收缩性能,文章提出了将废旧沥青混合料掺入到水泥稳定基层中,通过室内试验,对不同掺量废旧沥青混合料水泥稳定基层的干缩性能和温缩性能进行了分析研究。结果表明,与一般水泥稳定碎石相比,大掺量废旧沥青混合料水泥稳定基层能有效的改善其收缩性能。     

二灰钢渣土干缩性能的试验研究

本文采用马鞍山钢铁集团钢渣公司的钢渣取代部分土配制成石灰粉煤灰稳定钢渣土（简称二灰钢渣土）。通过试验,研究二灰钢渣土的干缩性能。结果表明,失水是引起二灰钢渣土干燥收缩的重要原因,二灰钢渣土的最佳含水率越大,其最大失水率也就越大。而钢渣中的游离氧化钙（f-CaO）和水发生反应后,能够使二灰钢渣土的体积发生微膨胀,随着钢渣掺量的增加,二灰钢渣土的最大干缩应变和平均干缩系数均呈下降趋势,同时利用钢渣配制路面底基层材料可以起到保护环境的作用。     

连续级配橡胶颗粒沥青混合料抗剥落性能研究

为了明确抗剥落剂对橡胶颗粒沥青混合料抗剥落性能的影响,本文选取3种道路工程中最常见的抗剥落剂．在试验室内通过浸水马歇尔试验和冻融劈裂试验研究连续型密级配橡胶颗粒沥青混合料的抗剥落性能。试验结果证明：聚酰胺和Modife300都能够提高橡胶颗粒沥青混合料的抗剥落性,且其掺量越多,橡胶颗粒沥青混合料的抗剥落性能越好。但Morlife300对橡胶颗粒沥青混合料的抗剥落性能的改善程度比聚酰胺要弱。橡胶颗粒沥青混合料的抗剥落性能随着石灰掺量的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,石灰的适宜掺量在0．4％左右。研究结果可为橡胶颗粒沥青混合料抗剥落性能的改进提供一定的理论依据。     

未燃煤矸石用于路面基层技术的研究

本文针对采煤区堆有大量废弃煤矸石的现状，进行了未燃煤矸石用于路面基层的技术研究。在分析了未燃煤矸石等主要材料的化学成分、物理力学性质的基础上，提出了用水泥和二友稳定未燃煤矸石作为路面基层这一新课题，确定出混合料的合理配合比，并对煤矸石混合料做了不同龄期的无侧限抗压强度试验，分析其强度增长规律。     

路面基层中粉煤灰SO3含量超标的危害及防治对策

石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石基层松散从而导致沥青路面结构开裂、起拱,经分析是由于基层中粉煤灰原材料SO3含量偏高,遇水后产生化学反应造成结构体积膨胀,最终导致基层和面层整体破坏。本文进一步分析粉煤灰原材料SO3含量偏高的原因,进而提出石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石结构原材料及施工过程的质量控制措施。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.