竹林结构对粗放经营毛竹林新竹产量的影响

为了解竹林结构对粗放经营毛竹林新竹产量的影响,在桃江县武潭镇经营粗放的毛竹林中,对随机选取的21块标准地进行样地调查和数据分析。结果表明:桃江粗放经营毛竹林的立竹密度与单位面积新竹数量及地上部分生物量均符合二次曲线关系;随着立竹密度的增加,单位面积新竹数量呈先下降后上升的趋势;立竹胸径与新竹胸径、新竹整齐度、新竹地上部分生物量均有显著或极显著的线性正相关关系;新竹的立竹胸径和单位面积数量受现存立竹年龄的影响明显,特别是Ⅱ～Ⅲ度母竹对新竹产量影响较大。     

贵州赤水河流域毛竹林不同径级类型林分结构指标变化

为研究不同径级毛竹林分结构指标变化规律,在贵州省赤水河流域建立了86个调查样地。调查结果表明,在毛竹林部分径级类型的乔木层、灌木层与草本层内,植物形态指标、多样性指数和生物量指标差异显著。随着毛竹林径级增大,毛竹和杂木平均高度增加、密度下降,竹木株数比降低;毛竹和杂木生物量增大,灌木层植物生物量减小,草本层植物和枯落物及总生物量增大,灌木、草本与枯落物生物量比率降低;毛竹林分整齐度和均匀度升高。相对于中、高径级毛竹林,提高低径级毛竹林平均胸径、高度、生物量和降低密度是高产培育的主要目标;伐除老竹、留大笋、砍小竹、蓄竹均匀分布是具体措施。贵州高原山地毛竹林丰产培育适宜竹-木混交,乔-灌-草层植物立体经营。     

蓝山县毛竹林生物量及碳储量分布特征

根据蓝山县十二五森林资源规划设计调查,结果显示:全县毛竹林面积16 369.1 hm2,毛竹总株数521 148.27百株,立竹密度3 184株/hm2。毛竹林总生物量为1.234×106t,总碳储量为6.22×105t,单位面积生物量为75.4 t/hm2,碳储量为38 t/hm2。从海拔高度看,蓝山县毛竹林总生物量及碳储量的80.5%分布在海拔50~450 m处;从坡度看,蓝山县毛竹林总生物量及碳储量的83.9%分布于16~35°处。这与毛竹林资源在海拔和坡度上的分布情况相一致。     

浙江毛竹林分非空间结构特征及其动态变化

利用2004与2009年浙江省两期森林连续清查毛竹样地数据,应用因子分析、聚类分析、相关分析、多元方差分析及核密度估计方法,采用7个指标(样地生物量,样地株数,林分平均胸径,1,2,3和≥4度竹所占比例)描述毛竹林分非空间结构特征。结果表明:毛竹林分非空间结构特征的主导因素依次为年龄结构因子、样地生物量因子、林分平均胸径因子;浙江现有毛竹林老龄化问题较突出,林分中各龄级所占比极不合理,现有经营措施存在较大缺陷,从而使林分生产力衰退;样地株数较少时,林分平均胸径与样地株数几乎没有相关性,但随着样地毛竹株数的增加,表现出一定的负指数关系;影响毛竹林分生物量的主要因素依次是样地株数与林分平均胸径;7个指标中除3度竹所占比例没有显著差异外,其他指标都存在显著差异,使得毛竹林分非空间结构(由7个指标构成)在2004年与2009年存在显著性差异;平均胸径小于8.7 cm的林分随着毛竹的生长所占比重在减少,而平均胸径大于8.7 cm的林分在增加,这也说明2009年林分平均胸径比2004年显著增大,样地株数和林分生物量与林分平均胸径有类似的趋势。研究结果对毛竹林的可持续经营与固碳功能的提高有一定的参考价值。     

安吉县毛竹资源及其生物量研究

利用最新高分辨率DOM/DLG融合图,采用现地勾绘调查的方法对安吉县毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.Pubescens)林资源进行调查,结果显示:全县有毛竹林面积55287.6hm2,毛竹总立株数17084.3×104株,为全省平均的1.2倍,毛竹生物量563.2×104t,单位面积生物量为101.9t/hm2,并推算出毛竹林乔木层年碳固定量为47.3×104t。从海拔高度看,毛竹林主要分于海拔250～650m,占全县毛竹林总面积的82.0%;从坡度看,主要分布于16～35°,占全县毛竹林总面积的87.2%。     

基于非空间结构的浙江省毛竹林固碳潜力

在毛竹单株生物量模型及其林分特征的基础上,构建基于非空间结构的毛竹林固碳潜力模型,并阐述模型的生物学意义;应用Matlab提供的Linprog函数与Solve函数,对所建模型在满足约束条件下进行优化求解,结果表明,当1度竹、2度竹、3度竹和≥4度竹占毛竹样地总株数的百分比均为0.25,毛竹林分立竹度为4363株·hm-2,平均胸径为12.1691cm时,毛竹林碳储量达到最大,其值为42220.2149kg·hm-2;根据优化结果与2004年浙江省毛竹林结构现状,提出增加毛竹林固碳量的一些措施。     

毛竹林生态系统生物量动态变化规律研究

毛竹林生态系统的稳定性是影响竹林可持续经营的重要方面,竹林立竹密度、径级等生态构件及林下植被是系统生物量形成的关键因子.作者应用生态分室原理并进行试验处理,调查不同立竹密度和经营方式等对毛竹林生物量的影响,结果表明立竹各器官以竹秆生物量为最大,竹根最小,差异显著,并随立竹径级的增大而增加;随着林分立竹密度增大,林分的生物量显著增加,增加幅度可达2.28倍;林下植被生物量具季节性变化规律,竹阔混交林林下植被丰富,生物量大,自肥功能强.为此,建议采用竹阔混交林经营模式,增加现行毛竹林经营中的立竹密度.     

角规测树在竹林调查中的应用

通过标准地的调查,研究出毛竹胸高断面积与竹全高、竹枝下高、经济材长、经济材重、枝叶重及地上部分总重关系的经验公式,从而为角规测竹提供了基本条件。本文探讨了角规测树法在测算毛竹林分蓄积量、标准株数、林分重量及单位面积株数中的应用。     

密度对毛竹生长的影响

本文以崇阳县毛竹为研究对象,在4种密度(1 300±100株·hm~(-2)(D1)、1 900±100株·hm~(-2)(D2)、2 500±100株·hm~(-2)(D3)及3 100±100株·hm~(-2)(D4))毛竹林分内对其主要生长因子进行了实地调查以研究毛竹林分密度效应。结果表明,虽然密度对退笋率影响不显著,但对毛竹的出笋率和成竹率有显著影响,二者都呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。毛竹林叶面积指数随林分密度的增大而增大(3.18~7.10),不同密度毛竹叶面积指数之间的差异极显著。毛竹林分平均胸径在10.75~11.75 cm,不同密度毛竹胸径之间的差异极显著。毛竹林分平均竹高在12.96~13.33 m,不同密度毛竹竹高之间的差异不显著。株数按径级分布与株数按树高级分布均符合正态分布。     

基于Voronoi图的落叶松人工林空间结构研究

文章选取金沟岭林场6块落叶松人工林选调查样地,利用基于Voronoi图确定的空间结构单元计算林分和林木的空间结构因子:聚集指数(R)、混交度(M)、大小比数(U)、开敞度(K)和竞争指数(CI),构造空间结构综合指数(P)模型;采用灰色关联法,分析5个结构因子与空间结构综合指数的关联系数和关联度。结果:①空间结构单位多以1株对象木和5～7株最近邻木构成。②样地以聚集分布为主,混交度较低,林木之间的分化不明显,平均竞争指数基本趋势为林龄越大,竞争越小。③落叶松树种的混交度低,生长空间较为不足,竞争指数相对偏小,在林分中处在较为优势的地位。④空间结构因子对林分空间结构综合指数的关联度大小为M K U R CI。结论:落叶松人工林空间结构综合指数偏低,树种混交度不高、树木生长空间不足,林木之间存在较大的竞争。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.