不同微生物处理对连栽木麻黄根际土壤的影响

为研究微生物对连栽木麻黄根际土壤的影响,用芽孢杆菌、伯克氏菌、尖孢镰刀菌处理不同连栽代数土壤种植的盆栽木麻黄幼苗,探究盆栽木麻黄幼苗根际土壤理化性质和土壤微生物数量和多样性的变化。结果表明:芽孢杆菌处理后,盆栽木麻黄土壤全效养分和pH值变化不明显,速效养分含量明显提高,特别是速效磷在3种土壤中含量分别提高87.34%、101.06%、248.00%,根际土壤微生物数量和群落多样性均明显提高;伯克氏菌处理后,盆栽木麻黄根际土壤碱解氮含量3个代次的变化分别为增加133.90%、降低8.33%、增加28.81%,速效磷含量3个代次分别提高145.86%、81.94%、248.00%,土壤理化性质有所改善,土壤微生物群落多样性提高;镰刀菌处理后,盆栽木麻黄3个代次全磷和全钾均有明显下降趋势,速效磷、速效钾含量呈上升趋势,根际土壤微生物数量和群落多样性也有所提高。综上所述,3种处理在一定时间内均能够初步改善木麻黄根际土壤微生态环境,缓解木麻黄的连栽障碍。     

木麻黄根瘤内生菌——弗兰克氏菌侵染特性的研究

对２５株木麻黄属和异木麻黄属的弗兰克氏菌进行侵染特性研究结果表明，从木麻黄属根瘤分离的弗兰克氏菌菌株在同属不同种木麻黄宿主之间可以交叉感染结瘤，显示其专一性在属的水平上。由异木麻黄属根瘤分离的弗兰克氏菌可以感染木麻黄属的根系结瘤，反映出其专一性在科的水平上。从木麻黄属和异木麻黄属分离的这些供试菌株均能侵染沙棘，结瘤率达４０％￣１００％，揭示出弗兰克氏菌具有跨越侵染不同科、属的能力。这些菌株全部不侵     

盐胁迫下植物根系特征及其微生物的互作关系

盐胁迫是一种常见的逆境胁迫,对植物的生长发育和土地环境都会产生一定的影响。植物与土壤中的微生物可以形成稳定的微生态系统,其中微生物可以促进植物获取养分,植物分泌物可以为微生物提供养分。结合近年来国内外根系-土壤-微生物之间相互作用的研究现状,为更好地了解并应用微生物,深入探究盐胁迫下植物根系形态特征和根系微生物的变化,有助于提高植物耐盐性,改善盐碱地土壤环境。文中就盐胁迫下植物根的各项形态和生理指标变化,植物不同种类及不同根系生态位对微生物的影响,以及耐盐菌种的筛选鉴定和开发进行总结分析,综述植物抗盐机制以及对土壤微生物的影响,并探讨盐碱环境下共生微生物在盐碱土壤改良及利用中的重要作用,以为盐碱地的开发利用提供参考。     

绿僵菌在木麻黄林间宿存动态的初步研究

通过测定木麻黄林间土壤中、菌条上的绿僵菌孢子的宿存数量及萌发率,研究绿僵菌在木麻黄林中的宿存动态。结果表明:绿僵菌孢子引入木麻黄林间土壤中,45d内孢子数量迅速下降;45d时土壤中的绿僵菌孢子数不足初始带菌量的30%,其后孢子数量呈持续缓慢下降或维持在一个相对稳定的水平。绿僵菌菌条绑缚在木麻黄树干上后,其上的孢子迅速下降,至30d时,菌条孢子量仅为初始值的30%左右,随后呈现持续缓慢下降的趋势。土壤中的孢子萌发率可始终保持在一个较高水平,而菌条上孢子的萌发率变化较为复杂。     

关于植物根系在土壤抗侵蚀和抗剪切中的作用研究进展

本文综合比较了不同种类土壤、不同植被和不同土层的土壤抗冲性的大小;根系通过改善土壤的理化性质来提高土壤的抗蚀性.活细根产生的分泌物和死根分解产物使土壤有机质含量增加,同时促进了土壤团聚体的形成,并且增加了土壤的孔隙度和渗透率;根系通过自身及根-土的相互作用来增强土壤的抗剪切能力.根系自身可以抵抗一定强度的拉力。大量的细根增加了土壤的接触面积,同时也增加了相互之间的摩擦力,乔木根系的主根和侧根在抗剪切中的作用也有所不同。     

外源添加微生物对连栽木麻黄幼苗生长的影响

为缓解木麻黄连栽障碍问题,以木麻黄幼苗为研究对象,种植于木麻黄不同连栽代数盆栽土壤中,外源添加解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)、伯克氏菌(Burkholderia)和尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),测定木麻黄幼苗株高、叶绿素含量、植物酶活变化等生长指标。结果表明:解淀粉芽孢杆菌处理后,盆栽木麻黄生长量三个代次分别提高46.51%、19.10%、1.73%,叶绿素含量、植物酶活变化不明显;施加伯克氏菌后,盆栽木麻黄株高月增量三个代次分别提高42.63%、22.47%、3.90%;施加尖孢镰刀菌后,盆栽木麻黄株高月增量三个代次分别提高45.73%、8.99%和降低22.51%,叶绿素含量三个代次的变化分别为增加81.96%、增加66.50%、降低2.36%。研究表明,解淀粉芽孢杆菌和伯克氏菌处理能促进盆栽木麻黄幼苗的生长,但随着连栽代次的增加,促进作用减小。     

Frankia菌—细枝木麻黄共生体系对土壤Pb污染的响应研究

为探究Frankia菌—细枝木麻黄(Casuarina cunninghamiana)共生体对土壤Pb污染的响应,采用盆栽试验,本试验研究了一定铅(Pb)处理下施用Frankia湿菌体0(CK)、10、20?mg·株?1对细枝木麻黄结瘤量、地上部分Pb、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn的含量、逆境生理以及根系活力的影响;经本...     

菌根菌对木麻黄无性系苗生长的影响

利用木麻黄能形成内生和外生菌根菌和菌根菌能促进共生植物生长,提高植物抗性的特性,在木麻黄无性系水培苗上接种14个外生和内生菌根菌菌株,观察菌根菌对木麻黄无性系苗高的生长影响.结果表明14个外生和内生菌根菌都极显著地促进了木麻黄无性系小苗苗高的生长,最大的比对照苗高增加了68.5%,最小的也比对照增加了14.7%,各菌株对木麻黄无性系苗高的促进作用大小依次为ECTM(Pt)＞4602＞AM(混)＞ E439＞0207＞0201＞0005＞0204＞E4726＞9004＞9480＞9705＞AM91＞AM3004＞CK.     

基根菌对木麻黄无性系苗生长的影响

利用木麻黄能形成内生和外生菌根菌和菌根菌能促进共生植物生长 ,提高植物抗性的特性 ,在木麻黄无性系水培苗上接种14个外生和内生菌根菌菌株 ,观察菌根菌对木麻黄无性系苗高的生长影响。结果表明14个外生和内生菌根菌都极显著地促进了木麻黄无性系小苗苗高的生长 ,最大的比对照苗高增加了68.5% ,最小的也比对照增加了14.7 % ,各菌株对木麻黄无性系苗高的促进作用大小依次为ECTM(Pt)>4602>AM(混)>E439>0207>0201>0005>0204>E4726>9004>9480>9705>AM91>AM3004>CK。     

木麻黄连栽林地土壤肥力动态与地力维持

木麻黄连栽林地肥力和林木生长的测定结果表明,土壤有机质、全量与速效养分含量,多数微生物的数量、总菌数及土壤生化活性均较头栽林地下降,其结果导致连栽林分生长量减退。文中从生态系统管理角度,探讨了木麻黄林地力下降与林分养分循环的关系,并提出了有效的防治对策。     

Selection of efficient VA mycorrhizal fungi for Casuarina equisetifolia—second screening

An investigation was carried out to screen and select efficient vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi for inoculating the forest tree species, Casuarina equisetifolia. The seedlings were inoculated with 10 different VAM fungi, obtained from various sources. Inoculated seedlings generally had greater plant height, stem girth, biomass and P content than uninoculated plants. They also had more mycorrhizal root colonization and spore numbers in root zone soil. C. equisetifolia seedlings responded best (in biomass) to inoculation with Glomus mosseae (Nicolson and Gerdemann) Gerdemann and Trappe, closely followed by Acaulospora laevis Gerdemann and Trappe and G. fasciculatum (Thaxter Sensu Gerdemann) Gerdemann and Trappe; all the three being statistically on par with each other.     

Evaluation of coastal sandy soils and their saline ground waters for afforestation: A case study from India

A study was conducted in coastal Andhra Pradesh to evaluate current practices and suitability of coastal sandy soils for raising tree plantations. Poor soil moisture retention characteristics of these soils make irrigation an essential, but costly silvicultural practice for obtaining desirable establishment and growth. Saline ground water is the only available source of irrigation. Its use seems safe and successful in such soils. The farmers have adopted a specialized manual splashing technique (Doruvu) of seepage pits for irrigating tree plantations in their establishment phase. This technique was observed to be well suited to the sandy soils. Casuarina equisetifolia and Eucalyptus tereticornis were the two most popular species being afforested. E. camaldulensis is also in an introduction phase. Comparison of growth performance and biomass accumulation by C. equisetifolia and E. tereticornis plantations at different growth stages showed the former to be significantly better than the latter. Build up of the soil organic carbon was also found to be markedly more in comparable C. equisetifolia plantations than those of E. tereticornis. Similarly, the blanketing influence of C. equisetifolia plantations was observed to modify soil temperature extremes considerably more than in the case of E. tereticornis. The findings, indicated a vast scope for utilization of coastal sandy soils for afforestation with the successful use of saline ground waters.     

林地土壤及其真菌对毛红椿种子发芽及幼苗保存的影响

[目的]通过不同群落毛红椿天然林林地土壤及其真菌对种子萌发和幼苗存活影响的研究,探讨影响毛红椿天然更新的障碍因素。[方法]在江西九连山国家级自然保护区内的3个毛红椿天然优势群落中,分别取距离毛红椿母树3个不同距离(2.5、5.0、7.5 m)处的根区土壤和远离毛红椿母树(25 m以外)的非根区土壤,以非林地土为对照开展室内模拟播种和以根区土壤真菌的水或根系分泌物悬液对毛红椿幼苗进行灌根接种,观察种子萌发、幼苗存活和幼苗感病情况。[结果]各群落土壤中种子发芽均呈先上升后下降规律,且基本在第8 10天达到高峰;林地土与非林地土种子发芽率差异不显著,但林地根区土幼苗的存活率极显著低于非林地土和林地非根区土;距母树3个不同距离根区土的幼苗存活率差异不显著。灌根接种不同处理间幼苗存活率差异极显著,具体表现为接种RS2、RS5根区真菌的幼苗感病率显著高于根系分泌物及无菌水空白对照,且RS2真菌的根系分泌物悬浮液幼苗感病率显著高于其无菌水悬浮液。[结论]毛红椿种子萌发不受土壤环境的影响,但幼苗建成受根区范围内土壤的影响,根系分泌物和致病菌的互作显著降低幼苗保存率。由此推断,毛红椿根区土壤内存在幼苗的潜在致病菌及根系分泌物可增强其致病性。     

缓释肥加载对3种珍贵树种大规格容器苗生长和N、P库构建的影响

容器苗作为高效的育苗措施,可以显著地提高造林成活率。相对于1年生容器苗生长较弱、造林效果差的状况,2年生容器苗可改善造林效果。因此,针对南方红豆杉、浙江楠和浙江樟3种珍贵树种2年生大规格优质容器苗的培育需求,系统研究了缓释肥加载量对其生长、根系发育、生物量积累和分配以及N、P养分积累的影响。结果表明:(1)缓释肥加载量为1.5 kg·m^-3时南方红豆杉地径达到最大值,2.5 kg·m^-3缓释肥加载量能有效促进浙江樟苗高增长。缓释肥加载对南方红豆杉根、叶和总生物量积累具有显著影响;(2)南方红豆杉和浙江樟总根长、根体积和根系表面积均在3.5 kg·m^-3缓释肥加载量下达到最大,而2.5 kg·m^-3缓释肥加载量则可满足浙江楠根体积和根表面积的增长;(3)3.5 kg·m^-3缓释肥加载量有助于3个树种2年生容器苗养分库中N素的积累,但较低缓释肥加载量(1.5 kg·m^-3)利于浙江楠P素养分库的构建。养分含量的提高在一定范围内可促进容器苗生长和养分库中养分的积累,而养分含量过高不仅抑制容器苗生长,还会引起养分在苗木体内的再分配。综合考虑,建议对南方红豆杉和浙江樟2年生容器苗采用1.67 g·株^-1 N素和0.74 g·株^-1 P素的施肥水平进行培育,而培育浙江楠2年生容器苗宜采用1.67 g·株^-1 N素和0.32 g·株^-1 P素施肥水平。     

Seed source and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiont affects growth of Juglans nigra seedlings

Seedlings of Juglans nigra from three seed sources were grown in fumigated soil without vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi or inoculated with Gigaspora margarita, Glomus deserticola or Glomus etunicatum. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal development varied significantly between fungal symbionts within a black walnut source. Glomus deserticola and G. etunicatum produced the highest levels of root colonization in all sources. Significant differences in seedling shoot and root growth were attributed to root colonization by specific VAM fungi in each black walnut source. Glomus deserticola stimulated seedling leaf area and root weight 26 and 52%, respectively, in one seed source. Seedling leaf N, P and K concentrations were significantly improved by VAM in two seed sources. Juglans nigra seedlings respond favorably to VAM colonization. However, differences between seed sources suggest a strong host-symbiont interaction.     

Growth and Mycorrhizal Dependency of Acacia mangium Willd. Inoculated with Three Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Lateritic Soil

Three VA-mycorrhizal fungi; Glomus occultum, Glomus aggregatum (local isolates) and G. mosseae (strain from Bangalore, India) were inoculated to assess their effect on growth of Acacia mangium in lateritic soil. All inoculations enhanced growth with respect to shoot height, root diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll content and biomass of A. mangium significantly compared to uninoculated control seedlings. G. occultum proved most efficient among the three. The mycorrhizal dependency factor indicated that the growth of A. mangium was 57% dependent on G. occultum, 47% on G. mosseae and 46% on Glomus aggregatum.     

Root diseases in bareroot and container nurseries of the Pacific Northwest: epidemiology, management, and effects on outplanting performance

In forest and conservation nurseries in the Pacific Northwest USA, seedling production can be limited by root diseases caused by fungi in the genera Fusarium Link:Fr., Cylindrocarpon Wollenw., Phytophthora de Barry, and Pythium Pringsh. Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon, and Pythium are the most ubiquitous, whereas incidence of Phytophthora is mostly associated with coastal bareroot nurseries. All of these root pathogens are encouraged by water saturated soils or media. Seedlings infected with Fusarium, Phytophthora, or Pythium often appear chlorotic or necrotic with extensive root decay. Cylindrocarpon often causes serious root decay without shoot symptoms. The best approach to mitigate losses from these diseases is to use a holistic integrated pest management program. This program should combine chemical controls with cultural practices, particularly those that increase soil permeability and drainage and reduce potential sources of inoculum, especially by disinfesting seeds and containers reused for crops. In general, we found that seedlings meeting nursery specifications for outplanting on forest soil (proper height, root collar diameter, healthy shoot color, lack of disease symptoms) but having these disease organisms on their root systems perform as well as non-infected seedlings.     

毛竹伐蔸根系养分含量、抗氧化能力与伐后年数的关系

【目的】揭示毛竹伐蔸根系养分含量和抗氧化能力的年际变化规律,为毛竹林伐蔸促腐技术研究提供理论参考。【方法】以6年生活立竹的蔸根为对照,分析比较了笋材两用毛竹林伐后2 a、4 a、6 a的伐蔸根系C、N、P、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白质含量和根系活力、抗氧化酶活性。【结果】表明随着毛竹立竹伐后年限的增加,伐蔸根系的细胞膜脂过氧化程度提高,渗透调节能力降低,根系活力明显降低,抗氧化能力逐渐下降。但毛竹立竹伐后,甚至伐后6 a时,伐蔸根系仍有较强的生理活性和生长更新能力,具有较高的C、N、P含量,尤其是C含量明显提高,主要养分化学计量比产生适应性调节,N/P相对稳定,C/N、C/P趋于升高。【结论】毛竹伐后6 a,蔸根仍具有较强的养分吸收能力,也能通过与竹鞭的联系从活立竹转运利用有机C,这是毛竹伐蔸难以腐解的重要机制。     

短枝木麻黄无性系鉴定及其指纹图谱构建

[目的]构建木麻黄无性系的DNA指纹图谱鉴定体系,为今后短枝木麻黄的品种鉴定、品种权保护、新品种的选育提供依据。[方法]从71对EST-SSR引物中筛选出扩增条带清晰、多态性好、扩增稳定的12对引物,采用降落PCR和毛细管电泳的基因分型方法,以采集的9个短枝木麻黄标准无性系的基因分型结果为参照,对华南沿海地区采集的109个短枝木麻黄无性系单株进行鉴定,并结合引物组合法构建基于EST-SSR分子标记的短枝木麻黄无性系鉴定体系。[结果]12对EST-SSR引物对109个短枝木麻黄无性系单株进行PCR扩增,共检测到50个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数为3～6个,平均为4.2个,每对引物可区分2～5个短枝木麻黄无性系。根据鉴定结果,最终所有样品被划分为22个无性系,除已知的9个标准无性系外,另有13个无性系为不知名无性系,说明不同地区的无性系存在重复命名现象;利用引物组合法进一步优化后,发现只需7对引物就可将22个短枝木麻黄无性系完全区分,并依此建立了基于7对EST-SSR引物的22个短枝木麻黄无性系的指纹图谱,每个无性系都获得了一个7位数的指纹图谱编码。[结论]利用7对EST-SSR引物构建的22个短枝木麻黄无性系的DNA指纹图谱可用于短枝木麻黄无性系的鉴别,研究表明,华南沿海地区部分短枝木麻黄无性系存在命名混乱、同物异名、无性系数量少的现象,新品种选育工作亟待开展和加强。     

杉木林地土壤微生物研究进展

杉木是我国主要造林树种之一,具有生长快、产量高、材质好的优点。土壤微生物与杉木林地土壤理化性质、土壤肥力以及植物根系之间有密切的关联。文中概述了不同林分条件下杉木林地土壤微生物的群落特征及其与土壤质量之间的响应机制,尤其是与植物根系共生关系方面的研究进展,以期为实现杉木林质量的精准提升提供理论参考。天然林和阔叶林较杉木人工林有更丰富的微生物群落,在杉木林生长发育过程中,中龄阶段各微生物指标最低。杉木林土壤微生物群落组成、生物量和活性等均与土壤酸碱性、通气状况、养分含量等存在密切的响应关系。杉木林菌根真菌主要属于球囊霉属,国内对杉木林下菌根真菌的研究仍处于初级阶段。未来土壤微生物的研究热点包括土壤微生物的时空演变规律、土壤微生物在提升土壤肥力上的机理和途径、菌根真菌在土壤养分高效利用中的机制等。