油脂对泰和乌骨鸡生产性能和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

探讨了在日粮中添加不同油脂对泰和乌骨鸡肌肉中脂肪酸含量和组成、生产性能和常规肌肉品质的影响.80只8周龄的泰和乌骨鸡分成4组,分别饲喂基础日粮(CK)、4%鱼油、4%豆油、4%棕榈油3种试验日粮,为期3周.结果表明,在日粮中添加4%鱼油,与CK相比,鱼油能降低肌肉和血清的胆固醇含量(P<0.05).添加鱼油可以明显提高C22∶5(n-3)和C22∶6(n-3)多不饱和脂肪酸的量,与其它3组相比差异极显著(P<0.01);同时对于C18∶3(n-3)和C18∶4(n-3)多不饱和脂肪酸的量也有明显的改善作用(P<0.05和P<0.01).添加油脂可以提高肌肉中C14∶0和C16∶0(P<0.05)的含量,而对于总饱和脂肪酸的含量没有影响.而添加鱼油,还可以降低肌肉中C18∶2(n-6)脂肪酸的含量,提高C18∶3(n-6)、C22∶4(n-6)和C22∶5(n-6)不饱和脂肪酸的含量,与CK相比,差异都达到显著水平(P<0.05).与其它3组相比,添加鱼油可以降低肌肉中总(n-6)多不饱和脂肪酸的含量(P<0.05).同时,添加鱼油组的肌肉中的(n-3/n-6)的比例为0.246,能够满足人们的营养需要.     

奥利司他干预对高脂饮食大鼠肠道微生物的影响

将大鼠随机分为正常组(10只)与造模组(高脂饮食组,20只),连续喂养10周后造模成功;再将造模组随机分为模型组(10只)和奥利司他组(10只),正常组、模型组和奥利司他组分别给予正常饮食、高脂饮食、高脂饮食+奥利司他灌胃,再持续饲喂10周后采集样品进行血清生化指标检测、组织病理学观察和肠道菌群分析,以探究奥利司他对高脂饮食诱导肥胖大鼠的影响。结果表明：奥利司他干预可显著降低高脂饮食大鼠的体质量;降低长期高脂饮食所引起的肝脏脂质堆积,减少肝损伤及体内脂肪的堆积;降低高脂饮食大鼠的血清总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平,升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平,改善肥胖大鼠的血脂代谢异常问题;升高肥胖大鼠血清中脂联素水平,同时降低血清瘦素以及游离脂肪酸水平;奥利司他干预会造成大鼠小肠和盲肠菌群丰度和多样性的减少,增加大鼠结肠内微生物群落的物种多样性;奥利司他干预降低了高脂饮食大鼠结肠中厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门相对丰度的比值,在小肠和盲肠中则提高了该比值;高脂饮食后大鼠盲肠中螺旋体门和疣微菌门的相对丰度显著高于正常组的,但奥利司他治疗后螺旋体门的相对丰度较模型组有所降低;奥利司他促进高脂饮食大鼠小肠中的乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和罗姆布茨菌属(Romboutsia),盲肠中的阿克曼菌属(Akkermansia)和布劳特氏菌属(Blautia),结肠中的布劳特氏菌属、毛形杆菌属(Lachnobacterium)和罗斯伯里氏菌属(Roseburia)等肠道有益菌的生长,并抑制小肠中链球菌属(Streptococcus)等有害菌的繁殖。可见,奥利司他干预可有效地改善因高脂饮食引起的肥胖及其代谢紊乱,并可改善因高脂饮食造成的肠道菌群结构失调。     

Effects of dietary graded levels of cinnamon essential oil and its combination with bamboo leaf flavonoid on immune function,antioxidative ability and intestinal microbiota of broilers

Cinnamon essential oil(CEO) and its combination with bamboo leaf flavonoid(BLF) have been shown to exhibit an additive antibacterial effect in vitro, but their functions in broilers were not clear. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary graded levels of CEO and its combination with BLF on the growth performance, immune responses, antioxidative ability, and intestinal morphology and microbiota of broilers fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet. A total of 576 1-d-old Arbor Acres commercial male broilers were randomly allotted to 9 treatments with 8 replicates of 8 birds each in a completely randomized design. Birds were fed on a basal corn-soybean meal diet(control, without plant extracts and antibiotics), or the basal diet supplemented with 50 mg of aureomycin kg~(-1), 50, 100, 200, 400, or 800 mg of CEO kg~(-1), a combination of 100 mg of CEO and 16.7 mg of BLF kg~(-1), or a combination of 200 mg of CEO kg~(-1) and 33.3 mg of BLF kg~(-1) for 42 d. Dietary treatment affected(P0.05) the serum immune globulin M(IgM) contents on d 42, liver malondialdehyde(MDA) contents on d 21, duodenal crypt depth on d 42, relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the cecal contents on d 21, and relative abundances of Escherichia coli and Bifidobacterium in the cecal contents on d 42, but had no effect(P0.16) on all other measured indices. The addition of 400 mg of CEO kg~(-1) or a combination of 200 mg CEO kg~(-1) and 33.3 mg BLF kg~(-1) increased(P0.02) serum IgM contents on d 42. Dietary supplementation with 100 or 200 mg CEO kg~(-1), or 50 mg aureomycin kg~(-1) decreased(P0.003) liver MDA contents on d 21. In addition, the supplement of 100 mg CEO kg~(-1) increased(P0.002) the Lactobacillus relative abundance in caecum on d 21 and Bifidobacterium relative abundance in caecum on d 42, and decreased(P0.0001) E. coli relative abundance in caecum on d 42. The results indicated that dietary supplementation with CEO, an alternative to aureomycin, improved the immune status, antioxidantative ability and cecal microbiota of broilers, and dietary supplementation with the combinations of CEO and BLF did not exhibit further effects. Dietary supplementation with 100 mg CEO kg~(-1) is beneficial for broilers fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet.     

益生菌在肥胖及其代谢综合症中的潜在作用

肥胖以及相关的代谢综合症已经成为全球性的公共健康问题.大量的研究表明,肥胖形成以及减肥过程均与肠道茵群密切相关且相互影响.肠道茵群以及弱炎症反应成为肥胖以及相关代谢综合症的两大重要影响因素.文章综述了近几年来,肠道菌群失调对宿主能量储存以及新陈代谢的影响,以及弱炎症反应对肥胖引起的代谢综合症的影响.大量的研究证明,益生...     

3种挥发油对肉牛体外瘤胃发酵、甲烷生成和微生物种群的影响

为研究不同挥发油对肉牛体外瘤胃发酵及微生物种群的影响,试验首先分析了不同水平的大蒜油、肉桂油和牛至油对瘤胃产气量及甲烷生成的影响,并筛选可降低甲烷生成量、但产气量变化不显著的挥发油添加水平(即大蒜油50 mg/L、肉桂油100 mg/L和牛至油200 mg/L)。进一步分析不同挥发油处理对瘤胃液p H值、VFA、NH_3-N和MCP浓度等发酵参数以及微生物种群数量的影响。结果显示:除了200 mg/L牛至油使VFA显著下降外(P0.05),其余的p H值、挥发性脂肪酸、NH_3-N和微生物粗蛋白浓度等发酵参数变化不显著(P0.05);上述剂量的3种挥发油对真菌和原虫影响不显著(P0.05),对古菌抑制极显著(P0.01)。所以,大蒜油、肉桂油和牛至油可以有效的降低瘤胃的甲烷产量而不影响其发酵,具有开发反刍动物瘤胃降甲烷微生态制剂的潜在应用价值。     

Germinated brown rice relieves hyperlipidemia by alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis

Hyperlipidemia is a frequent metabolic disorder that is closely associated with diet.  It is believed that brown rice, containing the outer bran layer and germ, is beneficial for the remission of hyperlipidemia.  This study established a rat model of hyperlipidemia by feeding a high-fat diet.  The hypolipidemic potential of germinated brown rice (Gbrown) and germinated black rice (a germinated black-pigmented brown rice, Gblack) were explored in the model rats, mainly in the aspects of blood lipids, lipases, apolipoproteins, and inflammation.  The gut microbiota in hyperlipidemic rats receiving diverse dietary interventions was determined by 16S rDNA sequencing.  The results showed that the intervention of Gbrown/Gblack alleviated the hyperlipidemia in rats, evidenced by decreased TC, TG, LDL-C, and apolipoprotein B, and increased HDL-C, HL, LPL, LCAT, and apolipoprotein A1.  Gbrown/Gblack also weakened the inflammation in hyperlipidemia rats, evidenced by decreased TNF-α, IL-6, and ET-1.  In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the diet of Gbrown/Gblack elevated the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota in hyperlipidemia rats.  At the phylum level, Gbrown/Gblack decreased Firmicutes, increased Bacteroidetes, and decreased the F/B ratio in hyperlipidemia rats.  At the genus level, Gbrown/Gblack decreased Streptococcus and increased Ruminococcus and Allobaculum in hyperlipidemia rats.  Some differential microbial genera relating to lipid metabolism were also determined, such as the Lachnospira and Ruminococcus in the Gblack group, and the Phascolarctobacterium, Dorea, Turicibacter, and Escherichia-Shigella in the Gbrown group.  Notably, the beneficial effect of Gblack was stronger than Gbrown.  To sum up, the dietary interventions of Gbrown/Gblack contributed to the remission of hyperlipidemia by alleviating the dysbiosis of gut microbiota.     

鱼油在鲤饲料中的适宜用量

在高蛋白半纯化饲料中分别添加0，30，50，70，90g/kg的未加抗氧化剂的新鲜鱼油，投喂58g左右2龄鲤（Cyprinus carpio)鱼种46d , 结果表明，添加新鲜鱼油量为30g/kg时，鲤生产性能最佳，鲤肝体比（HSI），肝胰脏脂肪含量，肌肉营养不良症和肌肉渗出性损失随着钎油添加量的增加而持续上升，而肌肉和肾脏氧化稳定性则随着鱼油添加量的增中而持续下降，当添加鱼油量升至30，70，70，50，70，70g/kg时，上述6项指标与对照组差异显著（P＜0．05），综合各项指标，未添加抗氧化剂的新鲜鱼油在高蛋白质鲤饲料中适宜用量以不超过30g/kg为宜。     

植物油脂合成调控与遗传改良研究进展

植物种子油脂储存的主要形式是三酰甘油。在植物生长发育中,脂肪酸和三酰甘油具有重要功能。分析了植物种子油脂合成代谢过程调控研究进展,总结了改良植物种子油脂策略：①调节碳源分配,抑制碳源流入蛋白质合成路径的关键酶编码基因的表达、增强碳源流入脂肪酸合成路径的关键酶编码基因的表达;②干预油脂合成,促进脂肪酸生物合成,提高三酰甘油组装过程的关键酶编码基因的表达水平;③提高种子油脂的品质：改变植物脂肪酸组成,调节脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的表达,引入外源超长链多不饱和脂肪酸合成途径;④调控油脂合成代谢途径的转录因子表达,提高种子油脂含量。还讨论了植物油脂合成的三酰甘油前体转运机制及合成途径多基因共同调节合成途径等。     

鱼油或共轭亚油酸对小鼠卵母细胞体外发育能力和线粒体功能的影响

为研究富含n-3或n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)日粮对小鼠卵母细胞体外发育和线粒体功能的影响,把90只14g左右昆明雌鼠随机分为3组,分别饲喂40g/kg豆油日粮,40g/kg鱼油日粮或40g/kg共轭亚油酸(conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)日粮30d;注射雌激素诱导小鼠超数排卵后,检测卵母细胞活性线粒体分布、线粒体钙浓度、膜电位以及脂肪滴分布;利用体外受精技术,评价卵母细胞体外发育能力。结果表明:相对于每个活性线粒体的分布,饲喂鱼油日粮的小鼠卵母细胞内层钙的分布比豆油日粮组有所升高(P<0.05),但是各组卵母细胞的活性线粒体比例和膜电位均没有显著性改变。另外,鱼油日粮组小鼠卵母细胞内脂滴密集,而CLA日粮组小鼠卵母细胞脂肪滴分布不均匀,每个卵母细胞所含脂肪较少。各日粮组卵母细胞受精率(2-细胞)没有显著性差异,但是CLA日粮组受精卵发育至桑葚胚和囊胚的比率分别比豆油组降低51.80%(P<0.05)和62.19%(P<0.05),比鱼油组降低52.97%(P<0.05)和60.89%(P<0.05)。因此,小鼠饲喂鱼油日粮可扰乱卵母细胞内钙平衡,但未改变其体外发育能力;CLA日粮可能通过促进卵母细胞内脂肪的降解从而降低受精卵体外发育率。     

不同基本培养基对油棕苗生长的影响

通过调查叶片生长量和茎段生长量研究7种不同基本培养基(MS、1/2MS、White、Nitsh、Y3、N6、MS大量+Nitsch微量+Morel&Wetmore维生素)对3种不同株高(15、25、35 cm)油棕苗生长的影响,结果表明,N6和1/2MS培养基能够较好地促进油棕快速、健康生长。建议在规模化培养时采用N6和1/2MS两种培养基,以缩短培养时间、降低生产成本。     

以可消化氨基酸为基础配制日粮对蛋鸡粪便理化特性的影响

试验研究了以可消化赖氨酸(Lys)、蛋氨酸(Met)、苏氨酸(Thr)和色氨酸(Trp)为基础配制的5种日粮(玉米-豆粕型对照、玉米-豆粕型低蛋白、玉米-棉粕型、玉米-菜籽粕型和玉米-棉-菜粕型)对蛋鸡粪便理化特性的影响。结果表明:氨基酸平衡的低蛋白玉米-豆粕日粮与玉米-豆粕高蛋白日粮相比,显著降低鸡粪中水分、含氮量和挥发性盐基氮(P<0.05)。在等蛋白和等可消化氨基酸基础上,日粮蛋白质原料类型影响鸡粪理化性状。与豆粕日粮相比,菜籽粕日粮显著降低粪中含氮量(P<0.05),棉-菜籽粕日粮则提高粪中挥发性盐基氮含量(P<0.05),二者均提高粪中有机酸含量(P<0.05)。棉-菜籽粕日粮有降低粪中挥发酸含量的趋势,菜籽粕则有提高粪中挥发酸含量的趋势。     

日粮添加亚油酸和二十二碳六烯酸对奶牛瘤胃原虫奇数碳链脂肪酸和支链脂肪酸的影响

试验选取4头安装有永久性瘤胃、十二指肠和回肠瘘管的荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,研究日粮中添加亚油酸(LA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)对瘤胃原虫中奇数碳链脂肪酸和支链脂肪酸的影响.试验结果表明:奇数碳链脂肪酸和支链脂肪酸(OBCFA)是原虫脂肪酸的重要组成部分,与对照组相比,日粮中单独添加LA或DHA对瘤胃原虫中主要OBCFA的含量无显著影响,而当LA和DHA协同添加时C15∶0和C17∶0的含量显著降低(P0.05),但对异构酸和反异构酸的含量无显著影响.     

牛心朴子挥发油成分分析

采用气相色谱—质谱联用技术对牛心朴子的挥发油成分进行了研究 ,分离鉴定出 4 5种化合物 ,检出成分占挥发油总质量的 87.80 %。其中主要成分为烷烃 (33.5 9% ) ,不饱和脂肪酸 (19.4 7% ) ,酯 (18.5 5 % )和烯烃(9.6 8% ) ,9,12 -十八碳二烯酸相对含量最高 ,为 18.6 5 %。     

氧化鱼油对鲤肝胰脏抗氧化机能

在半纯化饲料中添加质量分数为３％的新鲜鱼油（过氧化物值ＰＯＶ为０．６４ｍｍｏｌ／ｋｇ）和ＰＯＶ分别为２９．６４、５９．４０和９４．６９ｍｍｏｌ／ｋｇ（以Ｏ２计）的氧化鱼油,投喂１００ｇ左右２龄鲤（Ｃｙｐｒｉｎｕｓ ｃａｒｐｉｏ）鱼种１５周,结果表明：鲤摄食氧化鱼油后,肝胰脏维生素Ｅ含量下降（Ｐ〈０．０５）,抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）活性减弱（Ｐ〉０．０５）,微粒体氧化稳定性降低（Ｐ〈０．０５）,鱼渔氧化程度升高,上述变化加强;肝胰脏脂肪含量增加（Ｐ〉０．０５）;肾脏和脾脏增生（Ｐ〉０．０５）;肝胰脏肝细胞纤维化、线粒体嵴降解和融合。上述系列变化表明氧化钱油可以破坏鲤肝胰脏抗氧化机能及其正常的组织结构。     

鱿鱼肝脏鱼油的制备及其脂肪酸组成分析

系统地研究了从鱿鱼肝脏中提取油脂与精炼鱼油的方法,并对其理化性质及脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明:精炼后的鱿鱼油澄清透明,略显淡黄色,并有淡淡的鱼腥味,其各项指标均符合SC/T3502-2000鱼油一级标准;应用气相色谱/质谱法分析了鱿鱼油的脂肪酸组成,精炼鱿鱼油中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的含量较高(36.5%),其中C20∶5(EPA)和C22∶6(DHA)的含量分别为13.1%和20.3%。     

沙棘种子油中脂肪酸组成的微量分析

以3个沙棘品种(亚历山大12号、实优1号和丘伊斯克×中国无刺雄)的果实为材料,通过气-质联用法建立了沙棘种子油中脂肪酸组成的微量分析技术.脂肪酸用标准品结合质谱进行定性确证分析,脂肪酸组成用峰面积归一法计算.结果表明,沙棘种子油中富含不饱和脂肪酸(71.2％～76.0％),其中亚油酸(C18:2n-6)含量最高(35.6％～39.0％),α-亚麻酸(C18:3n-3)含量次之(27.8％～33.4％).     

甜樱桃叶片中挥发油成分分析

利用 GC- MS对甜樱桃叶片的挥发油进行分离鉴定 ,从甜樱桃叶片的精油中共检出 35个成分 ,确定了 2 9个成分的化学结构。其主要成分是沉香醇 (8.5 1% )、萜品烯 (12 .36 % )和 4 -丁烷基 (2 ,6 ,6 -三甲基 -二环 [4 ,1,0 ]- 1-庚基酮 ) - 2 -酮 (11.13% )。甜樱桃叶片精油的回收率为 10～ 2 0 m g/ g干叶片重     

Quercetin Increased Protein Utilization and Decreased Nitrogen Excretion in Broilers by Activating TOR Signaling Pathway

The study was conducted to investigate the effect and mechanism of dietary quercetin supplementation on protein utilization of Arbor Acres (AA) broilers.A total of 240 1-day-old AA broilers were randomly allocated to four treatments with six replicates,comprising 10 broilers each replicate (60 broilers per treatment).Birds were fed either a corn-soybean meal basal diet without quercetin (control) or a basal diet supplemented with 0.2,0.4 or 0.6 g of quercetin per kg feed,and the trial lasted 42 days.Dietary quercetin supplementation tended to increase the apparent metabolic rate of protein (p=0.076) and the content of serum albumin (p=0.062) in AA broilers.Compared with the control,dietary quercetin supplementation increased the contents of protein in breast muscle (p0.05) and in thigh muscle (p=0.053).In addition,quercetin up-regulated mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1),phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K),target of rapamycin (TOR),ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1),eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E),eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G),eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (eIF4B) genes and down-regulated mRNA expression of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein1 (4E-BP1) genes in breast muscle,thigh muscle and liver of AA broilers (p0.05).The present results suggested that dietary quercetin supplementation enhanced protein utilization in broilers by activating TOR signaling pathway.     

饲料中添加鱼油对肥育猪脂肪酸组成的影响

在肥育猪饲料中添加鱼油生产富含DHA(docosahexaenoic acid),EPA(eicosapentaenoic acid)的猪肉.结果表明:在肥育猪饲料中添加2.5鱼油,可以极显著提高脂肪、肌肉中的DHA,EPA含量.100 g肌肉中EPA对照组为4.7 mg,鱼油组为30.4 mg,是对照组的6.5倍;DHA对照组为13.5 mg,鱼油组为53.8 mg,是对照组的4倍,证明在饲料中添加鱼油生产富含DHA,EPA的猪肉可行.在肥育猪饲料中添加鱼油对猪生产性能、肉质均没有影响.