农户与政府气候变化认知及适应措施比较研究——以河南省为例

基于河南省314家麦农和30个基层政府部门55名工作人员的实地调研数据,对农户和政府的气候变化认知与适应措施进行比较研究。结果显示,麦农和基层政府对气候变化及其对农业生产的影响具有较高的认知度。其中,对于气候系统的变化,麦农的认知度高于基层政府;对于气候变化的具体表现和气候变化对农业生产的影响,麦农的认知度低于基层政府。研究还发现,麦农和基层政府对气候变化适应措施的选择偏好不同。超过80%的小麦种植户采取了气候变化适应措施,但主要是增加农药化肥投入和增加灌溉等被动性适应措施,基层政府倾向选择营造农田防护林和推广农作物新品种等主动性适应措施。对于气候变化适应的政策支持,加强气候变化相关的教育和培训、推荐农作物新品种、暴雨和干旱预警是麦农和基层政府的共同选择。     

Crop Diversification in Coping with Extreme Weather Events in China

Apart from the long-term effects of climate change, the frequency and severity of extreme weather events have been increasing. Given the risks posed by climate change, particularly the changes in extreme weather events, the question of how to adapt to these changes and mitigate their negative impacts has received great attention from policy makers. The overall goals of this study are to examine whether farmers adapt to extreme weather events through crop diversification and which factors influence farmers＇ decisions on crop diversification against extreme weather events in China. To limit the scope of this study, we focus on drought and flood events only. Based on a unique large-scale household survey in nine provinces, this study finds that farmers respond to extreme weather events by increasing crop diversification. Their decision to diversify crops is significantly influenced by their experiences of extreme weather events in the previous year. Such results are understandable because farmers＇ behaviors are normally based on their expectations. Moreover, household characteristics also affect farmers＇ decisions on crop diversification strategy, and their effects differ by farmers＇ age and gender. This paper concludes with several policy implications.     

气候变化下的农户适应性行为及其对粮食单产的影响

为探究农户适应性行为及其对农业产出的影响效应,基于河北、河南省等地粮食种植户的调查数据,采取处理效应模型,实证分析农户气候变化适应性行为对粮食单产的影响。研究表明:1)面对气候变化及其影响,近80%的农户会采取应对措施,而且农户倾向于采用成本较低的措施。2)农户是否采取适应性措施的行为决策受到内、外部因素的影响,气温、降水总量对农户适应性行为分别具有显著的正向和负向影响,种植面积对农户适应性行为具有积极影响。3)农户采取适应性措施对粮食单产具有显著正向影响,与不具有适应性行为的农户相比,采取措施农户的粮食单产更高。     

Household and Community Assets and Farmers＇ Adaptation to Extreme Weather Event： the Case of Drought in China

Under climate change, rising frequency and serious extreme weather events have challenged agricultural production. Designing appropriate adaptation measures to the extreme weather events require rigorous and empirical analysis. The overall goals of this study are to understand physical adaptation measures taken by farmers and the impacts of household and community assets on farmers＇ adaptation when they face drought. The analyses are based on a unique data set collected from a household survey in three provinces in China. The survey results show that though not common on annual basis, some farmers did use physical adaptation measures to fight drought. Regression analysis reveals that both household and community assets significantly affect farmers＇ adaptation behaviors. Improving households＇ social capital and wealth, communities＇ network and access to government＇s anti-drought service can facilitate farmers＇ adaptation to drought. Results indicate that community＇s irrigation infrastructure and physical adaptation taken by farmers can substitute each other. Further analysis shows that the households taking adaptation measures have higher crop yields than those without taking these measures. The paper concludes with several policy implications.     

Do farmers care about climate change? Evidence from five major grain producing areas of China

Using a logistic model, this paper empirically investigated farmers' perception of climate change and its determinants based on a field survey of 1 350 rural households across five major grain producing provinces in China. The results show: i) There is an apparent difference in perception levels for long-term temperature and precipitation changes. Specifically, 57.4% of farmers perceived the long-term temperature change correctly, but only 29.7% of farmers perceived the long-term precipitation change correctly; ii) The factors influencing the farmers' perceptions are almost completely different between precipitation and temperature, the former are mostly agriculture related, while latter are mostly non-agriculture related, except for farm size; and iii) Farmers are not expected to pay more attention to long-term precipitation changes over the crop growing seasons, because less than 30% of farmers can correctly perceive long-term precipitation change. Therefore, to improve the accuracy of farmers' perceptions of climate change, the government is recommended to: i) enhance education and training programs; ii) speed up land transfer and expand household land farm size; iii) develop farmer cooperative organizations; iv) invest more in agricultural infrastructure, specifically in major grain producing regions; and v) improve the agricultural environment and increase farming income.     

Factors influencing hybrid maize farmers' risk attitudes and their perceptions in Punjab Province,Pakistan

Hybrid maize farmers have to face diverse kinds of climate, biological, price and financial risks. Farmers' risk perceptions and risk attitudes are essential elements influencing farm operations and management decisions. However, this important issue has been overlooked in the contemporary studies and therefore there is a dearth of literature on this important issue. The present research is therefore, an attempt to fill this gap. This study aims to quantify hybrid maize farmers' perceptions of disastrous risks, their attitudes towards risk and to explore the impacts of various farm and farm household factors on farmers' risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The present study is conducted in four hybrid maize growing districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan, using cross-sectional data of 400 hybrid maize farmers. Risk matrix and equally likely certainty equivalent (ELCE) method are used to rank farmers' perceptions of four catastrophic risk sources including climate, biological, price and financial risks and to investigate farmers' risk aversion attitudes, respectively. Furthermore, probit regression is used to analyze the determinants affecting farmers' risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The results of the study showed that majority of farmers are risk averse in nature and perceive price, biological and climate to be potential sources of risks to their farm enterprise. In addition, analysis divulges that distance from farm to main market, off-farm income, location dummies for Sahiwal and Okara, age, maize farming experience, access to extension agent, significantly (either negatively or positively) influence farmers' risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The study delivers valuable insights for farmers, agricultural insurance sector, extension services researchers and agricultural policy makers about the local understanding of risks to hybrid maize crop in developing countries, like Pakistan, and have implications for research on farmers' adaptation to exposed risks.     

自然环境因素对农户选择种植作物的影响机制——以黑龙江省宾县为例

【目的】探讨自然环境因素对农户农作物选择的影响机制,为农户的适应行为提供决策支持。【方法】本研究以黑龙江省宾县为研究区域,通过当面访谈方式,获取384个农户问卷调查数据;采用频率分析方法,从气象要素和自然灾害两个方面,分析自然环境变化对农户作物选择的影响及农户种植行为的适应机制。【结果】通过分析农户认知和选择行为发现,气象要素、自然灾害及作物产量对农户作物选择有影响,农户在作物类型变更时首先考虑产量因素,其次是气候因素,再次是自然灾害因素,但在对自然环境要求高的作物类型变化中,如水稻改玉米,自然环境因素受重视程度显著增加。更换作物类型与品种、调整农时是农户适应自然环境因素变化中采用较多的行为。农户对自然环境变化的感知与实际趋势是否一致,会影响农户是否主动改变作物类型。【结论】为提高农户适应自然环境因素变化的影响,今后宜从提高农户主动适应行为入手,引导农户改善应对气候变化与自然灾害能力,在应对行为上需有更为高层次的区域布局和政策引导。     

气候要素、品种及管理措施变化对河南省冬小麦和夏玉米生育期的影响

为揭示气候要素和品种及管理措施变化对冬小麦和夏玉米生育期的影响,利用1980—2014年河南省30个冬小麦站点和18个夏玉米站点的物候观测资料和逐日气象资料,通过一阶差分结合逐步回归的方法分析生长季温度、降水和辐射3个气候要素变化以及品种及管理措施变化对冬小麦、夏玉米全生育期和各生育阶段长度的影响。结果表明:1)河南省冬小麦返青期推迟,拔节、抽穗和成熟期提前;返青-拔节期、拔节-抽穗期分别缩短了4.8±1.9和3.3±0.9 d/10年,抽穗-成熟期延长了2.3±0.8 d/10年,全生育期长度无显著变化趋势。夏玉米大部分站点物候期变化趋势不显著;44%的站点全生育期延长,主要表现在抽雄-成熟期延长2.5±1.4 d/10年。2)冬小麦生长季温度升高,33%的站点降水减少,总辐射无显著变化趋势;气候要素变化主要发生在返青-拔节期。夏玉米生长季温度升高的站点占39%,降水量无显著变化趋势,39%的站点日均总辐射减少;温度升高主要发生在出苗-拔节期,日均总辐射减少主要发生在出苗-拔节期和抽雄-成熟期。3)冬小麦全生育期长度对温度、降水和辐射变化均较敏感,夏玉米全生育期长度对温度和辐射变化敏感。温度、降水和日均总辐射变化使河南省冬小麦全生育期平均缩短了6.3±4.2 d/10年,使夏玉米全生育期平均缩短了0.8±0.9 d/10年;而品种等其他因素使冬小麦和夏玉米全生育期分别延长了5.2±5.4和2.6±2.6 d/10年。气候要素变化缩短了河南省冬小麦和夏玉米的生育期,品种及管理措施等因素改变减缓了气候的负作用。但是各要素变化对河南省冬小麦、夏玉米全生育期、各生育阶段长度的影响仍存在较大的不确定性。     

辽宁中部农作物生长季干旱风险度研究

掌握辽宁中部农作物生长季降水量变化与干旱风险度,为辽宁中部农业产业结构调整、规避干旱风险和农业生产管理提供参考。利用沈阳区域气象中心1961—2020年的降水和气温数据,采用气候诊断分析方法,选用积分湿润指数及其干湿指数研究降水量对农作物生长季的满足程度、干旱变化特征及干旱风险程度。结果表明：1961—2020年辽宁中部农作物生长季降水量呈减少趋势,线性减少40.5 mm;降水满足度和干湿指数呈下降趋势,分别线性下降14.5%和0.13;干旱风险度呈显著上升趋势,最大干旱风险度上升17.3%,2000—2020年平均上升11.0个百分点。播种苗期中旱+大旱约3 a一次;旺长期中旱+大旱概率约20 a一次;成熟期中旱+大旱约4 a一次。研究结果为掌握降水变化状态,干旱变化特征,认知干旱的严重程度,规避干旱风险,为“三农”及粮食生产安全以及农业结构调整和防旱减灾提供参考。     

辽宁建昌作物生长季降水变化对农业干旱程度的影响

[目的]分析降水变化掌握干旱程度为农业生产提供气候依据。[方法]采用数理统计方法,进行对比、趋势分析降水变化对干旱程度的影响。[结果]建昌地区作物生长季降水量近50年减少108mm,并以夏季减少为主体。春秋两季干旱最严重频率为80%。与全国第2次农业资源普查时相比,作物生长季干旱频率增加26.6%,播种出苗阶段干旱频率减少13.6%,作物旺盛生长阶段干旱频率增加7.7%,成熟收获阶段干旱频率增加19.2%。[结论]目前建昌地区的气候朝着偏旱至半湿润半干旱方向发展。     

Overview of Impacts of Climate Change and Adaptation in China's Agriculture

The purpose of this paper is to document the likely impacts of climate change on China’s agriculture and the current adaptation efforts made by government and farmers.The review of literature shows that climate change will have a significant impact on agriculture,primarily through its effect on crop yields.The extent of predicted impacts highly depends on the crop,the CO2 fertilization effect assumption and adaptation abilities.Market response to the production shocks resulting from climate change will lessen the impacts on agricultural production predicted by natural scientists.On adaptation,the government’s major efforts have been in the developing new technologies,reforming extension system and enhancing institutional capacity.Farmers do adapt to climate change,but their adaptation measures cannot fully offset the negative impacts of climate change.The paper concludes and makes implications for future studies.     

Climate change and Chinese farmers: Perceptions and determinants of adaptive strategies

Farmers' perceptions, beliefs, adaptive strategies, and barriers regarding climate change are critical to promoting sustainable ecosystems and societal stability. This paper is based on an extensive survey of 1 500 farmers and their households in Henan Province in China during 2013–2014. Henan is the largest agricultural province in China with over 51 million farmers. The survey results showed that approximately 57% of the respondents perceived the direct impact of climate change during the past 10 years, with 70.3% believing that climate change posed a risk to their livelihood. Not surprisingly, most farmers reported that they have adopted new measures to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change. The main barriers hindering farmers' adopting adaptation measures were lack of funds and timely information. A multinomial logit model revealed that land ownership, knowledge of crop variety and the causes of climate change, as well as the belief of climate change, were all positively related to the likelihood of employing adaptive strategies. Moreover, the percentage of households engaging in agriculture activity, and years of engaging in farming were both negatively correlated with famer's likelihood of adopting adaptation strategies. More importantly, farmers with high incomes were less likely to adopt adaptive strategies and more willing to engage in other business activities. In conclusion, it is important to communicate climate change related information and government policies in rural areas, promote farmer associations and other educational outreach efforts to assist Chinese farmers to deal with climate change.     

Climate change and agriculture: Impacts and adaptive responses in Iran

The impacts of climate change on agriculture are still shadowed with uncertainty. However, climate change is expected to adversely affect Iran's agricultural practices through changes in precipitation, temperature and carbon dioxide fertilization. Therefore, adaptation of this sector to the increasing weather events is imperative. This study is aimed to document the likely impacts of climate change on Iran's agriculture and the current adaptation efforts made by government and farmers. The review of literature shows that changes in rainfall and water endowments will have significant impacts on crop yield, crops' water requirements and income and welfare of farm families. The extent of the changes in yield depends on the crop type, assumptions related to the CO₂ fertilization effect, climate scenarios and adaptation abilities. On adaptation, the government's efforts have been distinguished in the improving agricultural productivity and irrigation development based on current technology, developing new technologies and policy reforms. Farmers' adaptive responses have also been identified. Some conclusions and recommendations are offered to increase the adaptive capacity of farmers and reduce negative impacts of climate change.     

农户对水稻低碳生产技术的采纳意愿研究

全球气候变暖引发了各界的关注,由于农业生产对气候变化的高度依赖性和敏感性,气候变化对农业生产的影响已逐步成为农业领域研究的热点问题.低碳农业生产技术可以从根源上减少碳排放,具有较好的发展前景.研究农户采纳水稻低碳生产技术的影响因素和干预路径,对有效推动低碳农业生产技术和中国低碳农业生产具有重要的现实意义.该文基于湖北省水稻产地1 115户农户的调查数据,对农户采纳水稻低碳生产技术的因素进行了分析,并基于改进的UTAUT(技术采纳与利用整合理论)模型构建农户水稻低碳生产技术采纳的概念模型,采用PLS-SEM(基于偏最小二乘法的方差分析法)对农户采纳水稻低碳生产技术的关键影响因素和干预路径进行分析.研究结果表明:(1)提高农户的气候变化认知有助于提高农户采纳低碳生产技术的意愿;(2)低碳农业生产技术的实施成本对农户采纳意愿具有显著的负向影响;(3)农户对低碳农业生产技术的采纳受周围人群的影响较为显著;(4)技术门槛和实施条件等表征便利条件对农户采纳低碳生产技术具有显著的促进作用.     

东北地区主要作物生长季降水量的时空变化特征研究

[目的]了解降水资源变化特征,为农业灌溉措施的制定提供理论指导。[方法]以东北三省（黑龙江、吉林、辽宁）177个站1971～2008年主要作物生育期（4～9月）的降水为研究资料,运用小网格插值和气候倾向率方法,分析了生长季降水年际变化和空间分布的特征。[结果]东北地区生长季降水量总体上呈减少趋势（降水倾向率为-8.6mm/10a）,1971～1980年是少雨期,1981～1990年是相对多雨期,1991～2008年降水呈明显减少趋势。但这种减少趋势在空间分布上表现并不一致,总体表现在降水量相对少的地区稍有增加趋势,而降水量相对大的地区则呈现明显的减少趋势。[结论]由于生长季降水量减少趋势明显的地区为东北的主要产粮带,因此,由此引发的粮食生产安全问题应引起足够的重视。     

气候变化感知对农户生计策略的影响——基于云南省农村居民调查数据

为理清气候变化感知影响农户生计的基本路径和内在逻辑,本研究基于云南省昭通市大山包镇农户调查数据,应用偏最小二乘结构方程模型分析气候变化感知对其生计策略的影响。结果表明：1)气候变化感知对农业生计策略具有显著负面影响,但对非农业策略呈现显著正向影响;2)气候变化感知同时通过适应性行为这一中介变量间接影响生计策略,进一步推动农业生计策略向非农化方向发展;3)气候变化感知对生计策略的影响路径表现出明显的农户个人因素差异和农业生产环境差异,风险喜好型和信息获取能力较强的农户群体更倾向于调整和转变生计策略,存在农业补贴和农业基础设施较完备时农户倾向于坚持农业生计策略。本研究能够为政府制定针对性更强的气候变化政策、提升农户可持续生计能力提供一定参考。     

Farmer's Adoption of Improved Nitrogen Management Strategies in Maize Production in China: an Experimental Knowledge Training

Chemical fertilizer plays an important role in increasing food production in China. Nevertheless, excessive nitrogen fertilizer use in China has resulted in severe environmental problems. The goal of this paper is to examine the impacts of an improved nitrogen management (INM) training experiment on farmers' chemical nitrogen (N) use behaviors in maize production in China. Based on household data collected from 813 maize farmers in Shandong, China, this study finds that while INM training can significantly reduce farmers' N fertilizer use, an INM training is not sufficient to change farmer's practices significantly, and farmers only partially adopted the recommended INM. This study reveals that China faces challenges to transform its agriculture to a low-carbon one. The research also sheds light on China's extension system and future technologies in meeting the objectives of reducing the excessive nitrogen fertilizer use in agricultural production.     

气候变暖对建昌地区农业气候资源的影响

根据建昌1960~2009年气象三大要素,采用常规统计方法,分析了年、作物生长季时间尺度热量、光照、降水资源的变化特征。结果表明,热量资源（平均气温、≥0℃、≥10℃活动积温）呈明显的升高和增加趋势;光照资源、降水资源呈不同程度的下降减少趋势。光、热、水等气候条件的改变,使得气候资源从新整合,对建昌农业生产的影响利弊共存。一方面,气候变化使建昌地区热量资源增加,将使作物生育期延长,提高复种指数,增加单位面积产量;另一方面,光照资源和降水资源的趋势减少,造成了农业生产的不稳定性增加。纵观气候变暖的利弊关系,应该是弊大于利,因此,提高对气候变暖的认知和应对能力,非常必要。     

NEPER: a multiple strategy wheat expert system

This paper presents a methodology for developing a strategic Expert System for wheat crop production, which has been developed using a Multiple Design approach. This Expert System consists of six subsystems; namely, variety selection, land preparation, sowing, irrigation, fertilization, and harvest. These subsystems exchange data between them through a common database. Each subsystem advises wheat growers on the corresponding plan(s), comprising a set of agricultural/chemical operations before or during the growing season. Applying an appropriate plan reduces risk to farmers from having a problem during the growing season. The system was verified, validated, and, tested in the field. Beneficial economic and environmental impacts have been demonstrated.     

中国农业社会人口密度对气候梯度的响应

为了解现代农业社会的人口对气候条件如何进行选择,基于公元2000年的中国人口调查数据,利用空间统计模型分析了农业社会人口密度对年均气温和年降水量梯度的响应曲线.结果表明,从事农业活动的人口在地势平坦区域较为稠密,呈现东多西少、南北单峰的格局.现代农业社会的人口密度与年均气温、年降水量之间存在正态分布关系,人口倾向聚集于气温、降雨均适中的地区.笔者认为虽然人类自身存在对气候的选择,但在农业社会,人类与气候的关系主要取决于农作物与气候的关系,气候利于农作物高产的区域易于形成人口的聚集.未来气候变化可能引发农业社会的人口流动,随之而来的潜在社会机遇和问题需要政府管理与决策部门预先做好相应的对策.