Climate change and agriculture: Impacts and adaptive responses in Iran

The impacts of climate change on agriculture are still shadowed with uncertainty. However, climate change is expected to adversely affect Iran's agricultural practices through changes in precipitation, temperature and carbon dioxide fertilization. Therefore, adaptation of this sector to the increasing weather events is imperative. This study is aimed to document the likely impacts of climate change on Iran's agriculture and the current adaptation efforts made by government and farmers. The review of literature shows that changes in rainfall and water endowments will have significant impacts on crop yield, crops' water requirements and income and welfare of farm families. The extent of the changes in yield depends on the crop type, assumptions related to the CO₂ fertilization effect, climate scenarios and adaptation abilities. On adaptation, the government's efforts have been distinguished in the improving agricultural productivity and irrigation development based on current technology, developing new technologies and policy reforms. Farmers' adaptive responses have also been identified. Some conclusions and recommendations are offered to increase the adaptive capacity of farmers and reduce negative impacts of climate change.     

农户与政府气候变化认知及适应措施比较研究——以河南省为例

基于河南省314家麦农和30个基层政府部门55名工作人员的实地调研数据,对农户和政府的气候变化认知与适应措施进行比较研究。结果显示,麦农和基层政府对气候变化及其对农业生产的影响具有较高的认知度。其中,对于气候系统的变化,麦农的认知度高于基层政府;对于气候变化的具体表现和气候变化对农业生产的影响,麦农的认知度低于基层政府。研究还发现,麦农和基层政府对气候变化适应措施的选择偏好不同。超过80%的小麦种植户采取了气候变化适应措施,但主要是增加农药化肥投入和增加灌溉等被动性适应措施,基层政府倾向选择营造农田防护林和推广农作物新品种等主动性适应措施。对于气候变化适应的政策支持,加强气候变化相关的教育和培训、推荐农作物新品种、暴雨和干旱预警是麦农和基层政府的共同选择。     

气候变化对中国农业的影响研究进展

农业是气候变化的主要敏感部门之一,气候变化对中国农业的影响利弊并存,但以负面影响为主。为明确气候变化对中国农业的影响程度,根据以往的相关研究,对中国农业对气候变化的敏感性进行了综述。分析表明,由于受到气候变化的影响,未来中国的种植制度格局会发生改变,一熟制种植区面积会减少而三熟制种植区会增加,以现有生产方式经营的主要粮食作物和经济作物会不同程度减产,牧业和渔业也会受到气候变化的负面影响。     

非洲农业产量对气候变化响应与适应研究进展

非洲是全世界气候变化最脆弱的地区,而非洲农业受气候变化的影响最为敏感。气候变化已经并将继续对非洲农业和粮食安全产生较大的负面影响。提高气候变化对非洲作物产量影响的理解,揭示非洲农业对气候变化的响应规律,是及时、正确和有效适应气候变化的关键。本文综述了非洲农业对气候变化的响应与适应的研究进展,总结了作物机理模型、统计模型和经济模型目前研究这一问题的三大主要方法,系统阐述了非洲农业对过去和未来气候变化的响应程度及适应措施。未来气候变化对非洲农业的可能影响,不同的研究在不同时间尺度和空间尺度上,随着气候情景、研究方法和作物种类的不同,影响程度的结论差异性较大：作物机理模型方法显示的影响范围是-84%-62%;统计方法评价的影响范围则是-57%-30%;而用计量经济学方法研究显示的影响范围是-100%-168%。随着气候变化对非洲农业的影响得到公认,非洲农业对气候变化的适应问题得到了越来越多的研究。选育抗旱品种、发展保护性农业、完善灌溉设施、调整技术管理等适应措施将有可能对粮食安全带来更大的益处。另外,加强极端气候事件的监测和预警、增强气候预报、有效结合气候变化制定农业生产种植和管理措施、调整作物布局、发挥区域和国际组织（世界气象组织WMO、联合国粮农组织FAO等）在非洲应对气候变化影响方面的合作和对非洲的援助等措施均可提高非洲农业对气候变化的适应能力。本文进一步讨论了研究中存在的不确定性因素,包括数据、方法、结果的不确定性以及气候变化的间接影响、缺乏综合研究等问题,并指出了未来的发展趋势。本文有助于更好地理解非洲农业产量对气候变化的响应与适应,为解决非洲粮食安全问题和消除非洲贫困提供科技支撑,同时也为中国农业应对气候变化提供借鉴。     

气候变化对中国东北地区生态与环境的影响

【研究目的】综述了气候变化对东北地区的影响,以期在区域发展中能利用气候变化的有利方面,降低其不利的影响;【方法】根据近年来发表的相关论文,文章综述了东北地区已经发生的气候变化影响及未来可能受到的影响;【结果】结果表明,过去100年东北地区的温度升高明显且降水普遍减少,干旱化趋势严峻。温度的升高改善了东北的热量资源,部分农业生产从中受益。但由于气候变化,目前特殊的生态系统如湿地,冻土退化或消失。未来的气候变化,会改变农业生产布局,降低主要作物的产量,生态系统结构发生改变,农牧带沙漠化的风险增加;【结论】东北地区必须客观认识气候变化的利弊影响,采取相应的适应和应对措施,促进区域发展。     

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CROP PRODUCTION,PESTS AND PATHOGENS OF WHEAT AND RICE

● An overview of impacts of climate change on wheat and rice crops. ● A review on impacts of climate change on insect pests and fungal pathogens of wheat and rice. ● A selection of adaptation strategies to mitigate impacts of climate change on crop production and pest and disease management. Ongoing climate change is expected to have impacts on crops, insect pests, and plant pathogens and poses considerable threats to sustainable food security. Existing reviews have summarized impacts of a changing climate on agriculture, but the majority of these are presented from an ecological point of view, and scant information is available on specific species in agricultural applications. This paper provides an overview of impacts of climate change on two staple crops, wheat and rice. First, the direct effects of climate change on crop growth, yield formation, and geographic distribution of wheat and rice are reviewed. Then, the effects of climate change on pests and pathogens related with wheat and rice, and their interactions with the crops are summarized. Finally, potential management strategies to mitigate the direct impacts of climate change on crops, and the indirect impacts on crops through pests and pathogens are outlined. The present overview aims to aid agriculture practitioners and researchers who are interested in wheat and rice to better understand climate change related impacts on the target species.     

应对气候变化对未来中国农业生产影响的问题和挑战

通过整合农业科学界从不同行业产业角度和不同的影响方面对气候变化可能带来农业生产影响的分析资料,梳理和辨析了气候变化对农业生产影响的途径和机理,提出了气候变化对中国国家尺度农业影响的发酵效应假设:气候变化因子间相互作用与交错叠加,产业的传递和反馈,可能带来不利效应的严重放大;未来气候变化下中国农业面临的基本问题将是:农业技术进步的迟滞性和农业生产能力的波动性,稳定农业生产水平和粮食供应能力将愈来愈困难。讨论和建议了应对气候变化的若干国家战略,这些战略应基于气候变化对中国农业生产的影响的敏感性行业和地区,气候变化的突出性趋势的认识。防患和应对极端性气象灾害事件将成为应对气候变化对农业影响的首要任务,需要加强研究和技术储备,同时迫切需要新的组织和运行机制全面开展气候变化对中国农业生产影响的试验和技术开发研究。     

我国农业部门适应气候变化的措施、障碍与对策分析

中国是一个农业大国,农业生产直接关系到社会稳定和可持续发展。气候变化会对我国农业生产和粮食安全产生重大影响。本文通过文献综述和比较研究,系统分析了气候变化对农业部门可能造成的影响,分区域梳理了不同地区面临的主要气候风险和可以采取的适应措施,并识别了各项适应措施在实施过程中可能遇到的障碍,提出相关对策和政策建议。     

气候变化对中国农业生产的可能影响及适应对策

近100年来,全球地表温度呈不断升高的趋势,且这种趋势还将继续。全球气候变暖已经对许多自然系统和生物系统产生了可辨别的影响。农业是最脆弱的生态系统之一,受气候变化的影响也最直接。由于气候变化使农业气候资源发生变化,从而直接影响到农业种植结构、作物品种布局以及作物产量。综述了近年来气候变化对农作物产量、农业气候资源以及我国农业种植制度和作物品种布局影响的研究成果,并针对未来气候变化提出农业适应措施以及选择措施时应注意的一些问题。     

Household and Community Assets and Farmers＇ Adaptation to Extreme Weather Event： the Case of Drought in China

Under climate change, rising frequency and serious extreme weather events have challenged agricultural production. Designing appropriate adaptation measures to the extreme weather events require rigorous and empirical analysis. The overall goals of this study are to understand physical adaptation measures taken by farmers and the impacts of household and community assets on farmers＇ adaptation when they face drought. The analyses are based on a unique data set collected from a household survey in three provinces in China. The survey results show that though not common on annual basis, some farmers did use physical adaptation measures to fight drought. Regression analysis reveals that both household and community assets significantly affect farmers＇ adaptation behaviors. Improving households＇ social capital and wealth, communities＇ network and access to government＇s anti-drought service can facilitate farmers＇ adaptation to drought. Results indicate that community＇s irrigation infrastructure and physical adaptation taken by farmers can substitute each other. Further analysis shows that the households taking adaptation measures have higher crop yields than those without taking these measures. The paper concludes with several policy implications.     

Climate change and Chinese farmers: Perceptions and determinants of adaptive strategies

Farmers' perceptions, beliefs, adaptive strategies, and barriers regarding climate change are critical to promoting sustainable ecosystems and societal stability. This paper is based on an extensive survey of 1 500 farmers and their households in Henan Province in China during 2013–2014. Henan is the largest agricultural province in China with over 51 million farmers. The survey results showed that approximately 57% of the respondents perceived the direct impact of climate change during the past 10 years, with 70.3% believing that climate change posed a risk to their livelihood. Not surprisingly, most farmers reported that they have adopted new measures to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change. The main barriers hindering farmers' adopting adaptation measures were lack of funds and timely information. A multinomial logit model revealed that land ownership, knowledge of crop variety and the causes of climate change, as well as the belief of climate change, were all positively related to the likelihood of employing adaptive strategies. Moreover, the percentage of households engaging in agriculture activity, and years of engaging in farming were both negatively correlated with famer's likelihood of adopting adaptation strategies. More importantly, farmers with high incomes were less likely to adopt adaptive strategies and more willing to engage in other business activities. In conclusion, it is important to communicate climate change related information and government policies in rural areas, promote farmer associations and other educational outreach efforts to assist Chinese farmers to deal with climate change.     

气候变化对作物生产潜力的影响研究进展

作物生产潜力的研究对提高作物产量、评价地区粮食的生产能力和人口承载能力,以及为合理进行农业生产规划提供依据。气候变化（包括温度、降水、日照时数等）和极端天气（如干旱、洪涝和暴风雨等）已经对农业产生了深刻的影响。综述了目前国内外气候变化对作物生产潜力的影响的研究方法,以及气候变化对中国小麦、水稻、玉米等主要粮食作物的生产潜力的影响,分析了目前研究中存在的问题与展望,以期为提高中国主要粮食作物的生产潜力和适应气候变化提供理论依据。     

中国农业应对气候变化关键技术研究进展及发展方向

应对频发的极端天气气候灾害,是全球和中国农业可持续发展研究中的重要议题。中国农业在应对气候变化中采取了积极政策和科学措施,在保障粮食九连增和国民经济持续高速发展方面做出了重要贡献。本文通过对气候变化在中国农业影响事实进行了具体分析,对“十一五”期间国家科技支撑计划农业领域等有关项目在适应和减缓气候变化方面的主要研究进展和成果进行了总结和分析。结果表明,气候变化对农业发展带来机遇与挑战并存,中国研制和推行的减缓和适应气候变化关键技术发挥了不同程度的作用,并相继建立了气候变化对中国农业影响评估模型和方法,指明了今后中国农业应对气候变化科技发展的方向。     

Financing Sustainable Agriculture Under Climate Change

Agriculture is facing great challenge in meeting global food security and is expected to face even greater challenge under climate change. The overall goal of this paper is to examine how finance can be used to achieve the joint objectives of development, mitigation of and adaptation to climate change in agriculture in developing world based on literature review. The results show that agriculture is much under invested and foreign aid also has not increased appropriately to assist developing countries to maintain sustainable agriculture under climate change. There are a wide range of areas in mitigation of and adaptation to climate change that need substantial investment. Major areas and successful cases mitigation of and adaptation to climate change in agriculture that have worked in developing countries are examined. A list of areas that have worked, could work and be scaled up or transferred is identified and discussed. This study concludes that mainstreaming agricultural mitigation and adaptation into agricultural development programs, enhancing local capacity, and considering different stakeholders＇ needs are major experiences for successfully financing sustainable agriculture under climate change.     

近50年中国东北地区气候变化对农业的影响

在回顾中国学者关于东北地区气候变化及对农业影响研究成果基础上,系统概括分析了近50年东北地区农业气候资源和灾害的变化特征及气候变化对农业的影响特征。近50年东北地区升温明显,生长季热量资源增加;农业可用水资源和光能资源呈不同程度减少趋势,且时空分布不均。霜冻害、低温冷害、寒潮、洪涝、冰雹等农业气象灾害减少,旱灾增加。东北地区气候变化对农业影响总体有利,表现为作物适宜生育期延长,发育进程加快,全生育期缩短;积温增加且积温带北移东扩明显,主栽作物适宜种植区域扩大;作物品种由中晚熟替换早中熟;作物种植格局的变化为玉米、水稻、马铃薯等喜温作物种植面积扩大,春小麦种植面积减小。在水分为非限制因子的农区,作物气候生产潜力和产量为增加趋势。气候变化对农业影响的研究存在较大的不确定性,有必要针对农业气候变化及其对农业影响等开展系统性研究。     

气候变化背景下我国农业模型模拟研究进展

概述了我国在未来气候变化下主要粮食作物(水稻,小麦,玉米)的模型模拟研究的概况,主要包括粮食产量和敏感性、脆弱性研究。作物模型与气候模式相结合的模型模拟研究是目前的主流方法。虽然我国的模型模拟研究取得了一定的进步,但当前研究所用的作物模型大多是国外的模型,国内的模型模拟水平还有待提高。针对目前研究中存在的问题,认为在气候模式本身、温室气体排放情景、应用技术的不确定性、作物生长模拟模型和农业气候变化的脆弱性等方面应进行重点研究,为准确评价气候变化对我国农业生产的可持续发展提供理论依据。     

Prioritizing climate change adaptation needs for food security in 2030

Investments aimed at improving agricultural adaptation to climate change inevitably favor some crops and regions over others. An analysis of climate risks for crops in 12 food-insecure regions was conducted to identify adaptation priorities, based on statistical crop models and climate projections for 2030 from 20 general circulation models. Results indicate South Asia and Southern Africa as two regions that, without sufficient adaptation measures, will likely suffer negative impacts on several crops that are important to large food-insecure human populations. We also find that uncertainties vary widely by crop, and therefore priorities will depend on the risk attitudes of investment institutions.     

农业对气候变化响应研究的进展与前瞻:以水稻为例

以水稻作物为特定对象,围绕气候变化与作物生产,梳理和分析了气候变化对水稻产业影响的研究动态,以及基于"减排"和基于"适应"的水稻生产分别对气候变化响应的学术观点。分析发现:在当前的相关研究中,包括水稻作物在内的关于中国农作物碳排放核算体系存在着标准模糊和范围偏窄的问题,关于"减排"与"适应"协同的响应策略的研究较为缺乏。加强对这一问题的研究将有助于深化和完善农业或作物与气候变化双向互动机制的研究成果。     

Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Agriculture

Mitigation and adaptation are two principle strategies for managing human-induced climate change. Agriculture plays a duet role in climate change. It has been a major source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. It is also one of the sectors most vulnerable to the risks and impacts of global climate change. This paper first indentified the mitigative and adaptative options and potential in agriculture, then addressed the integrated analysis of mitigation and adaptation and its benefits for agriculture. Finally, it discussed the implications to Chinese agriculture in dealing with the global climate change.     

Global change and agricultural management options for groundwater sustainability

According to the general circulation models (CGMs) for future climate projections, a temperature increase, precipitation decrease, and an increase in the variability of extreme events may be expected in the future, likely reducing available water resources. For the western Mediterranean, future climate change projections indicate that temperature increase may range from 1.5 °C to 3.6 °C, and the precipitation decline will reach between 10% and 20%, which may result in a significant reduction of natural groundwater recharge. With the use of modelling tools, the amount of groundwater recharge under different climate change scenarios and varying agricultural management practices can be predicted, and water budget attributes can be estimated, which may allow for quantifying impacts, and assist in defining adaptation strategies. For the Inca–Sa Pobla basin (Balearic Islands, Spain), under future climate change projections, agricultural management alternatives of crop type distribution and irrigation demands are required for planned adaptation strategies. In the area, where irrigation water for agricultural practices originates from groundwater resources, adaptation measures based on a change from mixed crops to potatoes and a 20% decrease of agricultural land cultivation have proven to be efficient for the hydrologic system and associated wetland sustainability.