发展优质小麦的意义及原则

优质小麦是指品质优良．具有专门加工用途的小麦，并且经过规模化、区域化种植，种性纯正、品质稳定，达到国家优质小麦品种品质标准，能够加工成具有优良品质的专用食品的小麦。优质小麦根据加工品质的不同主要分为强筋、中筋、弱筋三类。我国是世界上最大的小麦生产和消费国，目前，我国优质专用小麦的生产跟市场的需求是远远不足的，     

驻马店市优质专用小麦品质区化研究初报

为促进驻马店市的优质专用小麦的快速发展和确保生产出来的专用小麦符合国家质量标准,选用强筋小麦郑麦9023、中筋小麦豫麦18、弱筋小麦豫麦50,按不同生态环境和气候条件划分不同生态区域,通过设计不同施肥量和施氮方式试验,分析驻马店市不同类型优质专用小麦的适宜种植区域。结果表明,区域Ⅰ是弱筋小麦的最适宜区,是中筋小麦的次适宜区;区域Ⅱ是中筋小麦适宜区,是强筋小麦和弱筋小麦的次适宜区;区域Ⅲ是强筋小麦和中筋小麦的适宜区。     

试论优质小麦高产栽培技术

优质小麦是指品质优良,具有专门加工用途的小麦,经过规模化、区域化种植,种性纯正,品质稳定,达到国家专用小麦品质标准,能够加工成具有优良品质的专用食品的小麦。可大体分为强筋小麦、中筋小麦、弱筋小麦三类。目前所说的优质小麦一般指强筋型小麦。优质专用小麦在生产过程中要采取与其相配套的栽培技术,主要从选择品种、播种、施肥、病虫草害防治、田间管理等方面对小麦进行恰如其分栽培管理,就能够使用优质小麦真正达到优质、丰产的目的。     

不同施氮处理对弱筋小麦产量与品质的影响

小麦籽粒产量和品质,既受遗传因素控制,也受生态环境和栽培措施影响.有关氮肥处理对小麦产量和品质的影响研究较多,但多数侧重于中筋或强筋小麦,对弱筋小麦的研究不多.沿江、沿海地区是全国弱筋小麦优势生产区域,为加快弱筋小麦在沿江、沿海生产优势区域的推广应用,组装、配套弱筋小麦高产优质栽培技术,2002年在高沙土地区以“宁麦9号”为材料,开展了氮肥用量及运筹对弱筋小麦产量和品质影响的试验。     

弱筋小麦、中筋小麦、强筋小麦种植注意点比较

近年米，随农业结构调整的深入，专用优质小麦种植比例逐年上升。因小麦品质既依品种和生态条件而异，义与栽培措施密切相关，农民种植专用小麦，常会出现“强筋不强、弱筋不弱”的现象，不能很好满足加工企业的需求，同时电影响了农民种麦积极性及专用优质小麦的推广。为此，笔者特列出弱筋优质小麦、中筋优质小麦、强筋优质小麦三者种植注意点，籍此以助种植者正确认识、把握三类专用优质小麦生产注意事项，提升本地小麦品质及商品率。     

不同类型专用小麦优质高产群体氮素积累特征分析

通过不同类型专用小麦品种和氮肥运筹试验,研究不同类型专用小麦优质高产群体与普通群体在氮素吸收、积累、运转与利用特征等方面的差异。结果表明:拔节期和开花期不同类型群体间植株含氮率互有高低,成熟期强筋小麦含氮率优质高产群体高于普通群体,弱筋小麦含氮率优质高产群体低于普通群体。不同类型专用小麦品种间氮素阶段吸收量变化趋势基本一致,积累的高峰期均在拔节至开花期。强筋小麦优质高产群体氮素积累量生育前期低于普通群体,中、后期高于普通群体;中筋小麦优质高产群体与普通群体相比,氮素积累量前期较高,中、后期互有高低;弱筋小麦各生育期优质高产群体植株氮素积累量均低于普通群体。优质高产群体花后氮素积累量和花前氮素运转量由大到小依次均为强筋小麦、中筋小麦、弱筋小麦。     

要重视发展我国优质专用小麦

<正> 目前,我国绝大多数生产上应用的小麦品种产量较高,品质一般,造成小麦品种品质结构不合理,优质栽培技术的研究也相对滞后。特别是商品小麦的品质仍普遍较差,主要表现在现有绝大多数小麦品种的面筋强度低,面团流变学特性差,不适于加工优质高档面包;另一方面,加工优质高档糕点、饼干用的优质弱筋小麦也极度缺乏,即所谓“强筋不强,弱筋不弱”。我国加工专用的优质小麦则需要大     

优质小麦保优高产关键技术

小麦品质的优劣不仅由品种本身的遗传特性所决定，而且受气候、土壤、耕作制度、栽培措施等条件的影响．品种与环境的相互作用也影响品质。泰安市降水量较少，光热资源丰富．适宜于生产强、中筋小麦。在种植优质专用小麦时，合理运用保优栽培技术，才能更充分发挥优质品种的品质与产量的遗传潜力．达到品质优良一致、高产高效的目的。     

优质弱筋专用小麦高产栽培技术

寿县在国家小麦生产区域布局上,被列为弱筋专用小麦优势产区.弱筋小麦要求籽粒软质,粗蛋白质含量低于11.5%,湿面筋含量低于22%,面团稳定时间小于2.5min,是制作优质糕点、饼干的专用小麦.目前我国市场需求缺口大,其高产保优栽培技术与中、强筋小麦种植不尽相同.     

磷肥用量对强筋和弱筋小麦产量及品质的影响

试验结果表明 ,在豫北地区高产麦田 ,增施磷肥能够促进强筋小麦和弱筋小麦的生长发育 ,并提高其产量 ;对 2类小麦籽粒容重、强筋小麦角质率没有明显影响 ,但可使弱筋小麦角质率提高 ,2类小麦籽粒黑胚率均有所增加 ;增施磷肥对强筋小麦的营养品质没有影响 ,使弱筋小麦营养品质下降 ;2类小麦的加工品质均明显改善 ;综合考虑 ,豫北地区高产麦田磷 (P2 O5)用量以 90～ 1 80kg/hm2 为宜。     

Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.     

Mineralogy, petrology, and surface features of lunar samples 10062,35, 10067,9, 10069,30, and 10085,16

The primary rocks are a sequence of titanium-rich basic volcanics, composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite with minor olivine, troilite, and native iron. The soil and microbreccias are respectively loose and compacted mixtures of fragments and aggregates of similar rocks, minerals, and glassy fragments and spheres. Impact events are reflected by the presence of shock metamorphosed rock fragments, breccias, and glasses and their resulting compaction to form complex breccias, glass-spattered surfaces, and numerous glass-lined craters. Chemistry of the glasses formed by the impact events is highly variable, and the high iron and nickel content of a few moundlike features suggests that at least some of the projectiles are iron and nickel-rich meteorites.     

Research and development, productivity, and inflation

R & D, through its effects on the rate of productivity increase, can significantly restrain the rate of inflation in the medium and long run. High rates of inflation damage the workings of the price system and impair the efficiency of practically all economic activities, including R & D. Findings suggest that the percentage increase between 1969 and 1979, in total real R & D expenditures, has been exaggerated due to the inadequacy of the gross national product deflator as applied to R & D.     

Space, stars, c60, and soot

Although carbon has been subjected to far more study than all other elements put together, the buckminsterfullerene hollow-cage structure, recently proposed to account for the exceptional stability of the C(60) cluster, has shed a totally new and revealing light on several important aspects of carbon's chemical and physical properties that were quite unsuspected and others that were not previously well understood. Most significant is the discovery that C(60) appears to form spontaneously, and this has particularly important implications for particle formation in combustion and in space as well as for the chemistry of polyaromatic compounds. The intriguing revelation that 12 pentagonal "defects" convert a planar hexagonal array of any size into a quasi-icosahedral cage explains why some intrinsically planar materials form quasi-crystalline particles, as appears to occur in the case of soot. Although the novel structural proposal has still to be unequivocally confirmed, this article pays particular attention to the way in which it provides convincing explanations of puzzling observations in several fields, so lending credence to the structure proposed for C(60).     

Strategic command, control, communications, and intelligence

Command, control, communications, and intelligence (C(3)l) for nuclear forces are essential elements in the deterrence of nuclear war. The present C(3)l) system has vulnerabilities associated with its reliability, survivability, and endurance under attack, thereby weakening deterrence by increasing the ambiguity in our capabilities. Development of a reliable and enduring C(3)l) system would reduce this ambiguity. Its reliable, positive control of nuclear forces would give the national leadership more time to assess situations, ensure discriminate retaliation, and improve our ability to manage crises in general. These capabilities could help to stop a war rapidly should one start. A reliable and enduring C(3)1) system will be needed for a long time to come, even if a freeze on strategic nuclear forces is accomplished or other arms control successes achieved. Indeed, C(3)l) may be the best source today of confidence-building measures to reduce tensions and the threat of nuclear catastrophe.     

Atmospheric halocarbons, hydrocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride: global distributions, sources, and sinks

The global distribution of fluorocarbon-12 and fluorocarbon-11 is used to establish a relatively fast interhemispheric exchange rate of 1 to 1.2 years. Atmospheric residence times of 65 to 70 years for fluorocarbon-12 and 40 to 45 years for fluorocarbon-l1 best fit the observational data. These residence times rule out the possibility of any significant missing sinks that may prevent these fluorocarbons from entering the stratosphere. Atmospheric measurements of methyl chloroform support an 8-to 10-year residence time and suggest global average hydroxyl radical (HO) concentrations of 3 x 10(5) to 4 x 10(5) molecules per cubic centimeter. These are a factor of 5 lower than predicted by models. Additionally, methyl chloroform global distribution supports Southern Hemispheric HO levels that are a factor of 1.5 or more larger than the Northern Hemispheric values. The long residence time and the rapid growth of methyl chloroform cause it to be a potentially significant depleter of stratospheric ozone. The oceanic sink for atmospheric carbon tetrachloride is about half as important as the stratospheric sink. A major source of methyl chloride (3 x 10(12)grams per year), sufficient to account for nearly all the atmospheric methyl chloride, has been identified in the ocean.     

Fiber, food, fuel, and fungal symbionts

Virtually all plants of economic importance form mycorrhizae. These absorbing organs of higher plants result from a symbiotic union of beneficial soil fungi and feeder roots. In forestry, the manipulation of fungal symbionts ecologically adapted to the planting site can increase survival and growth of forest trees, particularly on adverse sites. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae, which occur not only on many trees but also on most cultivated crops, are undoubtedly more important to world food crops. Imperatives for mycorrhizal research in forestry and agriculture are (i) the development of mass inoculum of mycorrhizal fungi, (ii) the interdisciplinary coordination with soil management, plant breeding, cultivation practices, and pest control to ensure maximum survival and development of fungal symbionts in the soil, and (iii) the institution of nursery and field tests to determine the circumstances in which mycorrhizae benefit plant growth in forestry and agri-ecosystems.