黄河三角洲现代农业粮经饲作物优化种植与利用

针对黄河三角洲盐渍土区域开发程度低、种植结构单一,影响土地生产力的问题,通过优化盐碱地粮经饲作物种植结构,采取作物种植与盐碱地生物改良相结合、粮经饲多元化种植相结合、经济效益与生态效益相结合的方式,开展粮经饲作物提质增效绿色种植模式研究,完善不同盐碱胁迫类型,不同地力条件下粮经饲作物种植制度,推广应用适宜不同盐渍化程度下用养结合、多元化高效种植模式,构建粮经饲多元化种植结构并合理布局,实现用地养地结合,提高农业综合效益和农民收入,推动黄河三角洲现代农业可持续健康发展。     

Influence of preceding crop and tillage system on forage yield and quality of selected summer grass and legume forage crops under arid conditions

Among the crop production factors, preceding crop and tillage management affect the sustainable use of soil resources and ultimately crop growth and productivity. This study aimed at investigating the impact of preceding winter crops (grass or legume) and different tillage systems on forage yield, quality and nutritive values of three summer grass (Sudan grass, pearl millet and teosinte) and two legume forage crops (cowpea and guar) under arid conditions. The results exhibited that growing forage crops after legumes (as berseem clover) produced the highest fresh and dry forage yields and quality attributes compared with grasses (as wheat) with the exception of crude fiber content, which was decreased. Moreover, tillage practices showed positive impact on forage yields and quality attributes. The maximum forage yields and quality parameters were recorded under conventional tillage (CT) practice compared with reduced tillage (RT) and no-tillage (NT) systems. Among the evaluated crops, the highest yields of fresh forage, dry forage, crude fiber, crude protein and total digestible nutrient were exhibited by grass forage crops (Sudan grass, pearl millet and teosinte), whereas the highest crude protein content and the digestible energy values were produced by legume forage crops (cowpea and guar). The maximum fresh forage, dry forage, crude fiber, crude protein, total digestible nutrient and digestible crude protein yields were produced by pearl millet followed by Sudan grass under CT and RT after berseem clover. The highest net return was recorded by sowing pearl millet after berseem clover and applying CT followed by RT practices, which could be recommended for the commercial production. Moreover, it could be assumed that the combination of growing grass forage crops after legume crops under CT or RT systems could enhance forage crop yield and quality with an improvement in soil properties for sustainable agriculture with low cost and the highest net income.     

Switchgrass as a bioenergy crop in the Loess Plateau,China:Potential lignocellulosic feedstock production and environmental conservation

A large portion of the Loess Plateau of China is characterized as "marginal" with serious land degradation and desertification problems. Consequently, two policies, Grain for Green and Western Development Action were established by the Chinese government in response to the demand for ecological protection and economic development in the Loess Plateau. These policies are designed to increase forest cover, expand farmlands, and enhance soil and water conservation, while creating sustainable vegetation restoration. Perennial grasses have gained attention as bioenergy feedstocks due to their high biomass yields, low inputs, and greater ecosystem services compared to annual crops. Moreover, perennial grasses limit nutrient runoff and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and soil losses while sequestering carbon. Additionally, perennial grasses can generate economic returns for local farmers through producing bioenergy feedstock or forage on marginal lands. Here, we suggest a United States model energy crop, switchgrass(Panicum virgatum L.) as a model crop to minimize land degradation and desertification and to generate biomass for energy on the Loess Plateau.     

我国柳枝稷规模化种植现状与前景

柳枝稷是国际上公认的最适合作为生物燃料的能源植物。我国目前柳枝稷的种植规模不大,处于引种的初级阶段。柳枝稷引种主要集中在我国北方,南方尚未见报道。本研究简要叙述了我国柳枝稷引种历史和种植现状;根据近年来引种柳枝稷出现的问题,分析阐述了柳枝稷种植过程中的技术问题,以及我国柳枝稷种植的前景。作为一种有效的水土保持植物、优质牧草,能够在废弃的工矿地、盐碱地和不适宜农作物种植的地区种植的第二代能源植物,柳枝稷在我国有着广泛种植前景,需要政府-企业-农户有机的结合,有计划的引种种植。     

面向农户的农作物分布与配套服务GIS系统构建

开发面向农户的农作物分布与配套服务的GIS信息系统有利于实现农户们生产前信息交换、更合理地使用土地资源和安排生产,为增长增收提供基础保障.在基于农户需求调查结果基础上,设计开发了面向农户的农作物分布与配套服务的GIS信息系统,系统包括人机交互层、数据层、功能处理层和表现层,辅助实现农户通过地名、坐标等搜索方式查找到自家地块所在点,以及与自家种同类农作物的其他农户分布信息.     

阿旗草用燕麦生产调查及种植前景分析

阿鲁科尔沁旗有广阔的草场面积,是国内重要的肉牛肉羊生产基地,气候资源适宜燕麦生长,近年来苜蓿和燕麦草人工草场发展迅速。本文为了更好服务阿旗草用燕麦生产,准确掌握阿旗燕麦种植水平及种植收益情况,通过对阿旗人工草地燕麦的生产调查及综合各地研究结果的方法对草用燕麦种植结果进行总结,结果表明：（1）燕麦可作为沙地保护作物种植。在严重沙化草地上利用燕麦留下的根茬可以防风固沙,燕麦根茬地种植紫花苜蓿,避免风沙侵蚀苜蓿种子,确保紫花苜蓿苗全、苗齐、苗壮;也可以使用燕麦作为保护作物与苜蓿混播,紫花苜蓿播种时间也因此可以提前两个月,可以当年收割一次燕麦草和苜蓿草,提高了总体收益。（2）燕麦用于草地苜蓿倒茬作物。人工草地多种植紫花苜蓿,当苜蓿草地进入高产期后,苜蓿草地产草量开始下降,需要及时应用燕麦进行倒茬轮作。（3）燕麦与苜蓿等牧草混播建立放牧型草地。燕麦与苜蓿混播是国内外成型的技术措施,与苜蓿混播或与苜蓿、无芒雀麦等牧草作物混播建立放牧型草地,当年可获得一定的牧草收益。（4）燕麦青、干草是畜牧业的优质饲草,籽实是畜牧业的优质饲料。燕麦可以在各类土壤类型地块种植,需要选用适宜的品种适应一季作区或二季作区种植,有针对性地生产符合饲用目标的鲜、青、干饲草饲料,种植效益可以与苜蓿持平。（5）草用燕麦种植效益可观。燕麦是生态友好型作物,青刈燕麦可在拔节至开花期刈割,可以刈割两次,第一次留茬5~8 cm左右,一般每公顷产鲜草22500~30000 kg,晒制干草或青贮时应在乳熟期到蜡熟期刈割,一般可每公顷产鲜草30000~45000 kg,晒制干草后公顷产9000~13500 kg左右,二季种植一般可每公顷收益15000~24000元,在不能种植苜蓿的一季作燕麦区种植燕麦仍可有每公顷7500~13500元的收益。目前种植燕麦的投入水平均低于玉米、箭舌豌豆、苜蓿等牧草作物,采收期也不近相同,所以简单的进行种植效益对比就低估了燕麦的种植效益,增加对燕麦生产的水肥投入,采用规范种植技术指导生产,二季作燕麦区采收二季燕麦与种植苜蓿相比省工省投入效益相当,燕麦的种植效益是可观的。     

决明属牧草研究进展

决明属牧草既是重要的饲料作物,又在土壤改良、水土保持等多方面发挥着积极作用。本文主要就近年来决明属牧草的引种、栽培技术、饲用品质、抗逆性以及应用前景等方面的研究进行了较全面的综述。     

粮草间作对坡耕地培肥保土的效果及生态环境经济效益

本文概述了我国的坡耕地资源及其利用现状,总结了坡耕地粮草间作的培肥和水土保持的效果与机制,阐述了粮草间作对水土资源保护的重要意义.粮草间作为农业结构调整提供契机,为畜牧业发展提供优质蛋白饲料,可获得良好的经济与社会效益.     

填闲作物对植烟土壤残留氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】研究填闲作物对植烟土壤残留氮素吸收利用的影响,为浏阳市植烟土壤科学轮作制度提供科学依据。【方法】通过防雨棚内大棚桶栽试验,模拟旱地和水田环境,研究植烟红壤及紫色土上种植水稻、萝卜、小白菜、红薯、大白菜、玉米等6种填闲作物时不同深度土壤氮转化迁移的动态变化,及不同填闲作物对土体残留氮素吸收利用的影响;收获后取植株样测定植株全氮含量,并测定作物产量、经济效益等指标。【结果】旱地红壤上填闲作物干重、全氮含量和总吸氮量均显著高于紫色土。不同土壤类型,作物吸氮规律存在差异,红壤上小白菜吸氮量最高,为68．52kg／ha,大白菜总吸氮量最低,为43．93kg／ha;紫色土上萝卜总吸氮量最高,为48．78kg／ha,大白菜总吸氮量最低,为24．22kg／ha。6种填闲作物经济效益从高到低依次为：萝卜〉大白菜〉红薯〉小白菜〉玉米〉水稻。【结论】适宜与烤烟轮作作物为萝卜,其全氮吸收量和经济效益均高于其他作物。     

Contributions of conventional plant breeding to food production

Within a relatively short geological time frame, Neolithic man, or more probably woman, domesticated all the major cereal grains, legumes, and root crops that the world's people depend on for most of their calories and protein. Until very recently, crop improvement was in the hands of farmers. The cornerstones of modern plant breeding were laid by Darwin and Mendel in the late 19th century. As the knowledge of genetics, plant pathology, and entomology have grown during the 20th century, plant breeders have made enormous contributions to increased food production throughout the world. There have been major plant breeding break-throughs for maize and wheat, and promising research activities to raise yields in marginal production environments are ongoing. Since it is doubtful that significant production benefits will soon be forthcoming from the use of genetic engineering techniques with higher plants, especially polyploid species, most research funds for crop improvement should continue to be allocated for conventional plant breeding research.     

山区种植小杂粮对生态环境的影响及对策

受自然环境制约,山区只能种植小杂粮。种植小杂粮的耕地一年中有一大半的时间裸露在风蚀雨侵中,遇风则扬沙,遇雨则径流,雨过则旱灾。而且耕地只用不养。小杂粮传统的种植方式,一是产量上不去;二是给当地的生态环境带来一定的负面影响,致使本来就十分脆弱的山区环境雪上加霜。试图在小杂粮生产过程中找寻出既小杂粮高产,又能让当地的生态环境形成良性循环,使小杂粮产区经济效益和生态效益获得双赢的对策来。     

Managing the soils of sub-saharan Africa

Many constraints to intensive food-crop production in tropical Africa are related to tropical soils. Improved technologies are available for different ecological regions. Important technological innovations include manual land clearing, mulch farming, conservation tillage and tiedridges, agroforestry, cover crops, mixed- and relay-cropping, and early sowing for improved and sustained productivity. Irrigation, animal traction or draft animals, and the use of chemical fertilizers are also important. Much of the agrarian stagnation in Africa is caused by neglect and misuse of the most basic of all resources, the soil. In fact, the root cause of the perpetual famine can be traced to the misuse of soil and water resources and issues related to their misuse. Substantial increases in food production are possible if the proven technologies can be effectively transferred and implemented. Priorities lie in both short-term development projects and in initiating long-term research to understand soil and water resources and how to manage them. The agrarian research must address the issue of improving the welfare of resource-poor farmers.     

不同生计方式农户的土地利用变化与效率分析--以典型生态移民区闽宁镇为例

选取典型移民示范区宁夏永宁县闽宁镇为研究区域,采用参与式农村评估方法,在划分农户生计方式的基础上对不同生计方式农户的土地利用变化和土地利用效率进行研究。结果表明：不同生计方式农户的土地利用方式与用地效率之间存在明显差异。表现为纯农户种植结构单一,以种植粮食作物为主;非农户种植结构单一,以种植经济作物为主;兼业户的种植结构最为复杂。兼业户和非农户的土地利用效率高于纯农户。比较3种土地利用方式,纯农户所获得的收益最高。农业兼业化现象,使得农户对农业的投入减少和农业管理弱化。     

一年生农作物与多年生沙生植物混播网格的固沙作用

传统的治沙措施用于治理风蚀沙地或效果较差，或成本较大。用1年生农作物与多年生沙生植物的种子混播做固沙网格，当年便可以起到固沙作用，保证了多年生植物的幼苗成活与生长，使风蚀沙地可以1次治理，长期有效；而且成本低。对于落沙坡及自然环境条件较好的起沙坑，用农作物单播做网格，在网格中间穴播、移栽或插条多年生植物，可以进一步减少多年生植物种子的用量。仅用农作物做网格，成本低，可维持两年左右的时间，后续利用灵活。     

Conservation tillage

Conservation production systems combine tillage and planting practices to reduce soil erosion and loss of water from farmland. Successful conservation tillage practices depend on the ability of farm managers to integrate sound crop production practices with effective pest management systems. More scientific information is needed to determine the relations between tillage practices and physical, chemical, and biological soil factors that affect plant and pest ecology. There is a need to devise improved pest management strategies for conservation tillage and to better understand the impact of conservation tillage on water-quality, especially as it is related to use of agricultural chemicals. While savings in fuel, labor, and soil have induced many farmers to adopt conservation tillage, improved methods and equipment should increase adoption even more.     

间套作种植提升农田生态系统服务功能

间套作是指在同一块土地上同时种植两种或两种以上的作物,能够充分利用有限资源,提升单位面积物质产出,同时还具有多重其他生态效益,是一种基于生物多样性的可持续农业发展范式。生态系统服务是评价生态系统功能的重要突破口,也是当前生态学领域研究的热点问题。从生态系统服务的角度论述间套作种植提升农田生态系统服务功能,并从物质产出、土壤肥力维持、生物多样性保护、水土保持、病虫草害和有害污染物控制等方面论述了间套作种植提升农田生态系统功能的实践及机制。在此基础上,构建了间套作农田生态系统服务功能评价的理论框架和指标体系,并提出了间套作种植农田生态系统未来应加强的研究方向。     

农牧结合耕作制度的研究

该项研究力图变单一经营的生产模式为综合发展的生产模式,并用整体观点和系统工程理论及现代综合科学技术建立农牧结合、用地养地平衡的耕作制度。试验结果表明,一个地区只有明确粮食作物、经济作物和饲料作物的种植比例,才能充分发挥当地自然资源的优势,在农业现代化建设中发挥作用。     

新疆生产建设兵团绿洲灌溉区保护性耕作对比试验

通过2010-2012年在新疆绿洲灌溉区的定点试验,监测了保护性耕作和传统耕作两种不同处理方式小麦、油菜轮作的试验田情况,采集土壤含水率、土壤有机质含量、紧实度、作物生育期、病虫害发生情况等数据进行对比分析.结果表明:与传统耕作的试验田相比,长期深翻覆盖免耕作业处理试验田土壤含水率和有机质含量增加,紧实度降低,作物生育期延长5～10 d,杂草数量增加,病虫害减少.     

保护性耕作下农田土壤风蚀量及其影响因子的研究初报

本研究采用移动式风洞仪对北京市保护性耕作下农田土壤风蚀影响进行研究,并得出以下初步结论：（1）六种地块下土壤风蚀量以裸露翻旋地最高,种植越冬覆盖作物能显著降低土壤风蚀量;不同免耕播种机和秸秆处理方式下,风蚀量区别主要在于播种机,以迪尔风蚀量最低,农哈哈机型最高;四种耕作方式下土壤风蚀量以旋耕地最高,翻耕地比旋耕地降低80.81%,重耙和免耕地风蚀量分别比旋耕地降低95.35%和97.71%;冬小麦五种不同播期下土壤风蚀量随着播期的推后逐渐增大。（2）四种作物中小麦田的覆盖率最高,其次为紫花苜蓿和小黑麦,油菜覆盖率最低;四种耕作方式下耙耕小麦田覆盖率最高为84.00%,旋耕最低为55.33%;五个播期下9月27日播种的小麦田覆盖率显著高于其他播期,10月7日和10月12日最低。（3）将土壤风蚀量作为依变量,覆盖率、作物株高和土壤容重作为自变量进行多元回归分析,并建立多元回归方程：Y=173.186-0.449x1-0.485x2-72.699x3。     

填闲种植对棚室菜田累积氮素消减及黄瓜生长的影响

【目的】在中国集约化蔬菜种植区,传统的高水肥投入导致土壤氮素大量累积,致使氮素淋洗到土壤深层或进入地下水,造成地下水硝酸盐污染。种植填闲作物可控制和减少土壤深层硝态氮的累积,因此,本研究探讨不同填闲作物种类对消减土壤剖面累积硝态氮及下季作物生长的影响,筛选出适宜的填闲作物种类。【方法】以华北平原传统棚室黄瓜菜田为对象,在蔬菜休闲期通过种植深根型填闲作物,利用其根系发达、生长迅速、吸氮量大的特点,促使土层中硝态氮大量消耗,以消减土壤剖面根层NO₃^--N累积和降低土壤剖面NO₃^--N淋失。以此为目标,设置甜玉米、苋菜、甜高粱及休闲田间小区试验,采集测定土壤、植株及根系样品,分析不同填闲作物的消减效果。【结果】在这3种填闲作物中,甜玉米的生物量和吸氮量最大,整体根长密度大于其它填闲种类。从对土壤剖面NO₃^--N的消减能力来说,甜玉米的消减能力最高。2008、2009及2010年,甜玉米对0-200 cm土层土壤NO₃^--N的消减量分别为153.8、605.7和56.3 kg·hm^-2。3年休闲期后,第一季前茬休闲处理的黄瓜产量、生物量及吸氮量均最高,在产量、吸氮量上与其他处理差异显著;第二季、第三季,前茬休闲的产量、生物量和吸氮量与其他处理差异不显著;填闲作物的种植并没有对黄瓜产量造成影响,并且黄瓜收获后土壤NO₃^--N含量明显降低。氮素表观平衡中0-200 cm土层,甜玉米-黄瓜的氮素亏缺量较大,说明甜玉米能显著降低土壤NO₃^--N的残留。种植填闲作物能够达到经济效益和生态效益的双赢,甜玉米、苋菜与甜高粱可分别为农民带来39 467、497和16 522元/hm²的净收入。【结论】棚室菜田夏季种植填闲作物不仅可以消减土壤剖面根层NO₃^--N累积,而且对下茬黄瓜产量未造成显著影响,黄瓜收获后土壤NO₃^--N含量也会明显降低;在设施蔬菜轮作体系中引入填闲作物具有可行性,甜玉米为较佳的填闲作物。