华南沿海贝类产品重金属元素含量特征及其安全性评价

2009年对华南沿海部分海域牡蛎、文蛤和江珧产品中重金属元素Cd、Cu、Pb、As、Hg和Zn的含量水平进行了分析,对牡蛎样品中这些重金属元素的海域分布特征以及季节差异进行了讨论。统计结果表明,不同海域、不同种类、不同养殖季节的贝类产品中重金属元素Cd、Cu、Pb、As、Hg和Zn的含量具有显著的差异。Cu、Zn在牡蛎样品中的含量远远高于其在文蛤、江珧等样品中的含量。采用粗略的点估计方法,计算重金属元素的膳食暴露量,对贝类产品的食用安全性进行风险评估。评估结果显示,对于成年人,正常食用牡蛎、文蛤等产品,重金属元素的膳食暴露量低于JECFA的推荐值,处于安全范围。而食用同量的江珧产品,Cd的摄入量超过JECFA的推荐值,存在危害健康的风险。     

华南沿海贝类产品重金属元素含量特征及其安全性评价

2009年对华南沿海部分海域牡蛎、文蛤和江珧产品中重金属元素Cd、Cu、Pb、As、Hg和Zn的含量水平进行了分析,对牡蛎样品中这些重金属元素的海域分布特征以及季节差异进行了讨论。统计结果表明,不同海域、不同种类、不同养殖季节的贝类产品中重金属元素Cd、Cu、Pb、As、Hg和Zn的含量具有显著的差异。Cu、Zn在牡蛎样品中的含量远远高于其在文蛤、江珧等样品中的含量。采用粗略的点估计方法,计算重金属元素的膳食暴露量,对贝类产品的食用安全性进行风险评估。评估结果显示,对于成年人,正常食用牡蛎、文蛤等产品,重金属元素的膳食暴露量低于JECFA的推荐值,处于安全范围。而食用同量的江珧产品,Cd的摄入量超过JECFA的推荐值,存在危害健康的风险。     

3种常见海洋贝类对重金属Hg Pb和Cd的积累与释放特征比较

为了比较不同种类的海洋双壳类软体动物对重金属的积累和释放特征,本文分别以南海海域常见的3种经济贝类菲律宾蛤仔、近江牡蛎和翡翠贻贝为生物材料,采用静态暴露染毒方式研究了重金属Hg、Pb、cd在这3种海洋贝类体内的积累和释放特征.结果表明,单一浓度的Hg(0.020mg·L-1)、Pb(0.10mg·L-1)、Cd(0.10mg·L-1)重金属混合液暴露15 d后测得Hg和Cd在近江牡蛎体内的蓄积量最大,整个积累阶段蓄积量的平均值分别为49.61 mg·kg-1湿重和7.66 mg·kg-1湿重,而3种贝类体内蓄积的Pb含量差别不大.其平均值在1.08～1.85 mg·L-1湿重范围变化;在排放阶段,蓄积于3种贝类体内的Pb和Hg的含量在释放过程的第3d就明显下降.其释放比例最高可达72%,最低也有12%左右,但之后一直到释放阶段结束,Ph和Hg的含量基本维持在一个浓度水平而未有显著变化.而Cd在3种贝类体内的含量始终未发现有明显改变.通过比较我们还发现,随暴露时间延长重金属在3种生物体内积累量的增加趋势具有很好的一致性,并且近江牡蛎对Hg、Pb、cd的富集作用最为明显,积累阶段其平均生物富集系数(BCF)(分别为2435.6、11.3、76.5)远高于菲律宾蛤仔(分别为53.7、18.5、19.5)和翡翠贻贝(分别为121.8、1.1、15.2).     

广东沿海近江牡蛎重金属含量特征及其风险分析

根据1997—2010年对广东沿海近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)的监测结果,对近江牡蛎体重金属元素镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)的含量水平、空间分布和时间变化进行了分析讨论,并对近江牡蛎这一经济水产品种的食用安全性进行了风险评估。结果表明,近江牡蛎Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量分别为(1.31±1.43)、(72.3±89.7)、(0.26±0.22)、(203±178)mg.kg-1,不同元素的含量与近江牡蛎对其累积能力有关。1997—2010年,广东沿海近江牡蛎体重金属Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn的含量总体呈下降趋势;空间分布特征为中部沿海重金属元素含量高于东部和西部沿海。风险分析结果显示,近江牡蛎体Pb、Cd的暴露量低于世界卫生组织/联合国粮食和农业组织(WHO/FAO)的食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)的推荐值,处于安全范围内。     

大连地区贝类中重金属铅和镉对人体健康的潜在风险评价

对大连地区5种常见贝类及其生长环境海水养殖用水重金属铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）的含量状况进行了研究调查,评价该地区贝类重金属污染情况及人类食用潜在健康风险,并为合理控制该地区重金属污染提供科学依据。结果显示重金属含量均符合相应标准。重金属污染指数评价结果表明,虾夷扇贝、栉孔扇贝、牡蛎中含量属于轻污染水平,菲律宾蛤仔、贻贝含量尚处于正常浓度值范围。各贝类对Pb、Cd的富集能力大小顺序为：栉孔扇贝＞虾夷扇贝＞牡蛎＞贻贝＞菲律宾蛤仔。危害商数＜1,不具有潜在的健康风险,可以放心食用。     

海口湾贝类重金属质量含量测定及其风险评价

为了解海口湾贝类重金属的污染状况,对海口湾的牡蛎、文蛤体中重金属质量含量进行了测定。结果表明：海口湾牡蛎体中Zn,Cu,Cd,Pb,Cr重金属的质量含量分别为101．750,161．751,0．686,1．200,2．993mg·kg-1。文蛤体中Zn,Cu,Cd,Pb,Cr重金属的质量含量分别为14．060,1．155,0．071,0．145,0．225mg·kg-1。文蛤斧足、外套膜和闭壳肌、内脏团中Zn,Cu,Cd,Pb,Cr等5种重金属的质量含量均呈现由低到高的趋势。海口湾贝类样品重金属污染指数较小,环境质量优良;对贝类组织器官选择性食用将大大降低危害健康的风险。     

浙江自然海域养殖贝类3种重金属含量分析与评价

运用原子吸收法对2009年6-10月所采集的浙江自然海域68个样品中重金属Pb、Cu、Cd含量进行了分析,研究了贝类体内重金属的含量和累积,对不同海区的贝类生物体中重金属含量进行了比较,对贝类的质量安全进行了评价。结果表明：泥蚶、缢蛏、紫贻贝和牡蛎体内重金属含量大小顺序均为Cu〉Cd〉Pb,而青蛤的含量大小顺序为Cu〉Pb〉Cd。5种贝类体内重金属含量Cu最高。不同贝类品种间重金属累积存在明显差异,泥蚶含Cd量最高,牡蛎含铜量最高。缢蛏、紫贻贝和青蛤体内重金属含量处于正常范围和轻污染水平,但部分泥蚶体内Cd为重污染水平,部分牡蛎体内Cu为严重污染水平,其食用安全性存在一定风险,应该引起政府部门高度重视。     

北海侨港市场食用贝类总汞含量特征分析及食用风险评价

[目的]以总汞含量研究为出发点,调查北海侨港市场所售贝类水产品中汞含量并分析评价其食用健康风险。[方法]选取北海市侨港市场所售文蛤、菲律宾蛤仔、白贝、波纹巴非蛤、缢蛏5种常见食用贝类为研究对象,采用意大利MILESTONE DMA-80直接测汞仪检测其生物体内汞含量,然后用单项质量指数法和综合质量指数法对各贝类的生物污染水平和食用风险进行评价。[结果]所测5种贝类的总汞含量范围为3.01~17.39 ng/g,文蛤、菲律宾蛤仔、白贝、波纹巴非蛤、缢蛏平均汞含量分别为6.77、14.08、2.93、3.60、10.96ng/g,总汞含量最高出现在花蛤(17.39 ng/g),其次是缢蛏(12.24 ng/g),白贝中汞含量最低(2.10 ng/g),所采贝类样品中的总汞含量均低于我国食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量的限定值。[结论]该研究可为当地市民贝类产品的消费及当地海产品的重金属含量监测提供参考。     

海水贝类

文蛤文蛤又称花蛤、黄蛤、海蛤等，为海产双壳贝类之一，在我国南北沿海均有分布。因其肉味鲜美，素有“天下第一鲜”之称，深受广大消费者欢迎，产品大量出口日本等东南亚国家。文蛤的养殖方式主要是封滩护养。养殖区一般选在风浪较小，底质稳定，潮流通畅，滩涂平坦，底质松软，细沙含量在６５％～８０％，水质无污染，海水比重１．０１５～１．０２４的海区中潮区的中下部。菲律宾蛤仔菲律宾蛤仔又称杂色蛤、花蛤、蛤仔等，是一种海产小型双壳贝类，在我国南北方均有分布。其个体虽小，但味道鲜美，产品大量出口日本等东南亚国家。菲律宾…     

铜离子胁迫对近江牡蛎软体组织及贝壳重金属含量的影响

研究铜离子胁迫下近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)软体组织和壳矿化组织中重金属的变化特征。结果表明:在一定铜离子质量浓度范围内,近江牡蛎体内不同重金属含量的变化趋势有所差异。对照组与2个实验组的牡蛎软体组织中铜(Cu)质量含量分别为67.42,255.50,299.83 mg·kg~(-1),实验组的Cu质量含量均显著高于对照组。随水体铜离子浓度的升高锌(Zn)质量含量呈增加趋势,分别为984.17,1 075.00,1 120.83 mg·kg~(-1);而砷(As)和铅(Pb)呈下降趋势,镉(Cd)质量含量未出现明显变化。牡蛎软体组织中的Cu和Zn含量通常高于壳中的含量。随着水体Cu~(2+)质量浓度从0.10 mg·L~(-1)上升到0.15mg·L~(-1),牡蛎壳中央的Cu质量含量分别为10.25,11.17,17.83 mg·kg~(-1),壳边缘的Cu质量含量分别为10.33,12.83,19.75 mg·kg~(-1),实验组的Cu质量含量均显著高于对照组,而且壳边缘新形成部分的Cu质量含量略高于壳中央部位。     

Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.     

Mineralogy, petrology, and surface features of lunar samples 10062,35, 10067,9, 10069,30, and 10085,16

The primary rocks are a sequence of titanium-rich basic volcanics, composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite with minor olivine, troilite, and native iron. The soil and microbreccias are respectively loose and compacted mixtures of fragments and aggregates of similar rocks, minerals, and glassy fragments and spheres. Impact events are reflected by the presence of shock metamorphosed rock fragments, breccias, and glasses and their resulting compaction to form complex breccias, glass-spattered surfaces, and numerous glass-lined craters. Chemistry of the glasses formed by the impact events is highly variable, and the high iron and nickel content of a few moundlike features suggests that at least some of the projectiles are iron and nickel-rich meteorites.     

Research and development, productivity, and inflation

R & D, through its effects on the rate of productivity increase, can significantly restrain the rate of inflation in the medium and long run. High rates of inflation damage the workings of the price system and impair the efficiency of practically all economic activities, including R & D. Findings suggest that the percentage increase between 1969 and 1979, in total real R & D expenditures, has been exaggerated due to the inadequacy of the gross national product deflator as applied to R & D.     

Space, stars, c60, and soot

Although carbon has been subjected to far more study than all other elements put together, the buckminsterfullerene hollow-cage structure, recently proposed to account for the exceptional stability of the C(60) cluster, has shed a totally new and revealing light on several important aspects of carbon's chemical and physical properties that were quite unsuspected and others that were not previously well understood. Most significant is the discovery that C(60) appears to form spontaneously, and this has particularly important implications for particle formation in combustion and in space as well as for the chemistry of polyaromatic compounds. The intriguing revelation that 12 pentagonal "defects" convert a planar hexagonal array of any size into a quasi-icosahedral cage explains why some intrinsically planar materials form quasi-crystalline particles, as appears to occur in the case of soot. Although the novel structural proposal has still to be unequivocally confirmed, this article pays particular attention to the way in which it provides convincing explanations of puzzling observations in several fields, so lending credence to the structure proposed for C(60).     

Strategic command, control, communications, and intelligence

Command, control, communications, and intelligence (C(3)l) for nuclear forces are essential elements in the deterrence of nuclear war. The present C(3)l) system has vulnerabilities associated with its reliability, survivability, and endurance under attack, thereby weakening deterrence by increasing the ambiguity in our capabilities. Development of a reliable and enduring C(3)l) system would reduce this ambiguity. Its reliable, positive control of nuclear forces would give the national leadership more time to assess situations, ensure discriminate retaliation, and improve our ability to manage crises in general. These capabilities could help to stop a war rapidly should one start. A reliable and enduring C(3)1) system will be needed for a long time to come, even if a freeze on strategic nuclear forces is accomplished or other arms control successes achieved. Indeed, C(3)l) may be the best source today of confidence-building measures to reduce tensions and the threat of nuclear catastrophe.