小麦耐1,2,4-三氯苯胁迫基因型的苗期筛选

为了评定不同小麦基因型对1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)的耐性强弱,确定合适的筛选指标和筛选浓度,采用发芽试验和砂培小麦幼苗的方法,以0(对照)、3和6 mmol·kg-1沙3个浓度的TCB处理15个小麦基因型,以发芽势、发芽率、最长根长、根数、株高、芽鞘长、地上部干重、根干重和总干重的性状相对值(处理测定值/对照测定值×100%)作为幼苗耐性指数(tolerance index,TI).基于耐性指数对各基因型进行聚类分析,将15个小麦基因型聚为耐性、较耐、较敏感和敏感4类.结果表明,虽然选用的两个胁迫浓度都可以用于基因型耐性鉴定,而且鉴定结果相似,但3 mmol·kg-1沙更为合适.     

不同玉米品种萌发期耐芘胁迫的响应差异

为了评定不同玉米品种对芘的耐性强弱,确定合适的筛选指标和筛选浓度,以0 mg·L-1(TO,对照)、0.5 mg·L-1(T1)、1.0 mg·L--(T2)和2.0mg·L-1(T3)4个芘处理浓度,采用毒理学试验方法系统评价了14个玉米晶种萌发期耐芘胁迫的差异.结果表明,不同品种玉米根干重、芽干重、根长和芽长都受到芘的影响,且这种影响的程度随着芘处理浓度不同而不同,不同品种玉米萌发对不同芘处理浓度的响应也不同.其中2.0 mg·L-1的浓度处理适合进行玉米耐芘品种的筛选与鉴定.以根干重、芽干重、总干重、根长和芽长的性状相对值(处理测定值耐照测定值×100%)作为幼苗耐性指数(tolerance indices,TI)适合作为筛选指标.基于耐性指数对各玉米品种耐性进行聚类分析,将14个玉米品种聚为耐性、较耐性、较敏感和敏感4类.     

镉胁迫对水稻幼苗生长的影响

采用25、50和100μmol/L 3种Cd浓度对6个水稻品种的水培幼苗胁迫处理5 d,结果表明:6个水稻品种幼苗的最长根长,苗高,单株鲜重和单株干重均受到明显抑制,抑制效应大小为最长根长单株鲜重单株干重苗高,且抑制效应随着Cd胁迫浓度的增加而增强;利用50μmol/L Cd胁迫浓度开展水稻幼苗耐Cd性鉴定较经济合理;利用幼苗最长根长、单株鲜重、单株干重和苗高4个指标综合评价水稻的苗期耐Cd能力较为科学。     

玉米耐低锌品种的筛选及评价

为了研究寒地春玉米耐锌胁迫的基因型差异,利用水培试验,研究了黑龙江省大面积推广的18个玉米杂交种幼苗期对低锌的反应。结果表明:通过比较不同基因型各性状的相对耐性值及其与综合评价系数的相关性分析,明确了相对叶鲜重、相对叶干重、相对根鲜重和干重可作为玉米耐低锌基因型早期鉴定的重要指标。提出了玉米耐低锌综合评价指数,并在此基础上筛选出低锌敏感型玉米品种:四单19和龙青1号,耐低锌型玉米品种:牡丹9号、垦玉6号、兴垦3号、庆单2号和龙辐单208。     

镉胁迫对水稻幼苗生长的影响（英文）

采用25、50和100μmol/L 3种Cd浓度对6个水稻品种的水培幼苗胁迫处理5d,结果表明:6个水稻品种幼苗的最长根长,苗高,单株鲜重和单株干重均受到明显抑制,抑制效应大小为最长根长单株鲜重单株干重苗高,且抑制效应随着Cd胁迫浓度的增加而增强;利用50μmol/L Cd胁迫浓度开展水稻幼苗耐Cd性鉴定较经济合理;利用幼苗最长根长、单株鲜重、单株干重和苗高4个指标综合评价水稻的苗期耐Cd能力较为科学。     

薄皮甜瓜种质资源苗期耐低温弱光鉴定及形态指标选择

对20份薄皮甜瓜种质材料在幼苗期进行低温弱光处理,测定薄皮甜瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、地上部鲜质量、根系鲜质量、地上部干质量、根系干质量、叶片数、根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数、根投影面积等12个形态指标,通过相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析对20份甜瓜种质材料进行耐低温弱光评价和耐胁迫指标的筛选。相关性分析结果表明,12个甜瓜形态指标之间均呈正相关性,其中,根长与根系干质量之间相关性不显著。通过聚类分析筛选出7个耐低温弱光胁迫强的品种和1个不耐低温弱光品种,并通过逐步回归分析建立甜瓜幼苗期耐性方程,其中,薄皮甜瓜相对根系鲜质量、相对根长、相对叶片数、相对根表面积和相对根投影面积对低温弱光胁迫响应敏感,可以作为鉴定甜瓜耐低温弱光指标。     

地上部生长性状指标在小麦耐铝性筛选中的应用

在大容积溶液培养和小盆钵土培试验中采用地上部生长性状和根系生长性状指标对小麦基因型进行了耐铝性筛选.结果表明,供试的24个基因型的耐铝性存在极显著的差异.无论是相同或不同的筛选方法,地上部耐性指数如相对株高和相对地上部干重与根系耐性指数如相对根长和相对根系干重均呈极显著的正相关.根系耐性指数的SD、CV及分布范围较大,区分不同基因型耐铝性差异的灵敏度较高.地上部耐性指数的SD、CV及分布范围较小,反映基因型间耐铝性差异的灵敏度相对较低,但地上部也可作为可靠的耐铝性筛选指标.地上部生长性状指标尤其是株高不仅测定快速、容易,而且可以无损伤地测定而不影响后续研究的进行,可用于大规模的种质筛选或育种项目中.所采用的2种筛选方法能克服传统筛选方法如小体积溶液培养、土培和田间试验的繁琐、费时和筛选效率低的缺点,具有快速简便,一次可筛选较多样本,且条件易于控制等优点,因而大大地提高了筛选的可靠性和筛选效率.     

用不同浓度NaCl溶液筛选水稻苗期耐盐抗旱材料

在清水和0.25%、0.5%的NaCl溶液中分别砂培38份水稻品系,测芽长、根长、鲜重和干重,计算芽长敏感指数、根长敏感指数、鲜重敏感指数、干重敏感指数,通过方差分析,研究水稻幼苗不同性状对NaCl的敏感程度.结果表明几个性状对盐溶液敏感程度以芽长最大,根长次之,鲜重干重最小.根据聚类分析,将全部品系分成5个类群并筛选7个综合品质特性较好的品系.可为将来耐盐水稻品种培育工作提供理论依据及优良的材料.     

粳稻幼苗前期耐盐碱性鉴定方法研究

为筛选出幼苗前期耐盐碱的粳稻品种,以粳稻品种白粳1号为材料,采用6种NaCl和Na2CO3+NaHCO3浓度模拟盐/碱胁迫,以地上百株鲜重、株高、根长、根数和百株地下鲜重为鉴定指标,研究粳稻幼苗前期耐盐/碱鉴定的胁迫条件。结果表明:百株地上鲜重、株高、根长、根数和百株地下鲜重可以作为粳稻耐盐/碱鉴定指标。NaCl 140.57mmol·L-1、Na2CO3+NaHCO30.041 1mmol·L-1可作为粳稻耐盐/碱鉴定的胁迫条件。盐碱胁迫对粳稻幼苗前期地下部分的抑制程度大于地上部分。     

NaCl胁迫西藏青稞芽期幼苗根系生长特性及其耐盐性分析

【目的】了解NaCl胁迫对西藏青稞芽期幼苗根系形态的影响以及与耐盐性的关系,筛选出耐盐性青稞品种(系)。【方法】以石英砂为基质,采用0、50、100、150、200、250 mmol/L NaCl溶液处理青稞,以相对活力指数为指标回归分析得到NaCl胁迫半致死浓度(LC_(50)),以LC_(50)为胁迫浓度处理28份青稞,研究NaCl胁迫对青稞根系形态特性影响,筛选耐盐性青稞品种(系)。【结果】西藏青稞幼苗相对活力指数随NaCl溶液浓度增加呈下降趋势,NaCl胁迫浓度与相对活力指数回归方程为:y=-0.0022x+0.9107;以LC_(50)为浓度胁迫青稞芽期幼苗,发芽率、芽长、最长根长、单株鲜重、单株干重均受到不同程度影响,其中芽长最敏感,单株鲜重最迟钝;相关性分析显示,相对活力指数与相对发芽率显著相关,与最长根长极显著相关,与单株干重极显著正相关;聚类分析结果显示,在欧式距离3处可以将青稞分为4大类,其中A类相对活力指数达到0.71,耐盐性最强。【结论】NaCl胁迫青稞半致死浓度为186.68 mmol/L;发芽率、根长、单株干重可作为青稞耐盐性材料筛选的辅助指标。结合相对活力指数及聚类分析,筛选到3份材料(WDM03018、WDM03722、WDM04526)耐盐性最强。     

穴盘规格和苗龄对塑料大棚菜豆性状及产量的影响

本试验以菜豆品种先行者为试材,采用32孔、50孔两种规格穴盘,设置10、15、20、25 d等4个苗龄段,通过研究不同穴盘规格和苗龄对菜豆性状及产量的影响,筛选出适合菜豆育苗的穴盘规格和适宜的苗龄。结果表明：穴盘育苗的营养面积增大,菜豆产量随之增加,25 d苗龄条件下,32孔穴盘的前期产量和总产量均显著高于50孔穴盘;随着苗龄的增长,菜豆的前期产量和总产量呈增加趋势,其中25 d苗龄的产量显著高于其他苗龄。综合上述各项指标,菜豆育苗阶段,10 d苗龄可选用32孔、50孔穴盘,15 d以上秧苗选用32孔穴盘为宜。     

不同基因型小麦苗期耐低氮性评价及筛选

氮素作为重要的营养元素,限制着小麦的生长发育和经济产量,筛选和培育耐低氮小麦品种是提高氮素利用率、降低生产成本的有效途径。以118份不同基因型小麦为材料,在低氮(0.1 mmol·L^-1)和正常氮(5 mmol·L^-1)条件下苗期水培,测定根干重、茎叶干重、根冠比、植株干重、最大根长、初生根数和二级初生根数等相关指标,采用模糊隶属函数法、主成分分析以及聚类分析法综合评价小麦品种的耐低氮性。结果表明,在低氮胁迫下小麦幼苗的根干重、根冠比和初生根数目显著提高,茎叶干重、植株干重和最大根长不同程度的降低,7个苗期性状指标在两个氮水平下均存在显著性差异。主成分分析提取3个主成分,贡献率分别为 43.575%、22.904%和17.873%,累积贡献率达 84.351%。以耐低氮性综合评价D值进行聚类分析,将118份小麦品种划分为强耐低氮型、耐低氮型、中间型、较敏感型和敏感型5类。筛选出3份耐低氮型小麦（齐大195、金丰7183和天民198）和2份强耐低氮型小麦（山农0917和鲁麦8号）。不同小麦品种的耐低氮机制不同,研究结果为小麦耐低氮品种的选育提供理论依据和材料基础。     

一串红N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe缺素症状研究

以‘展望红’为材料,研究N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe缺乏对其生长发育的影响,并总结缺素症状,研究结果表明:N缺乏时植株矮小,叶发黄;P缺乏时叶色暗绿,且影响开花;K缺乏时基部叶枯黄,并易落叶;缺Fe症状较为明显,但能正常开花;Ca、Mg未表现出缺素症状,且各项指标要优于全素处理;N、P显著影响一串红的生长发育,K对开花品质的影响较大。     

Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.     

ICP-OES法同时测定果蔬中铅、砷、镉、铬、铜、锡含量

果蔬样品经混酸消化后,控制一定的酸度,定容后应用等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)对果蔬中铅、砷、镉、铬、铜、锡六种有害重金属进行测定,研究了分析测定条件,方法简单快速。测定结果表明,五种元素的加标平均回收率在91.0%~107%之间。其RSD均小于3.5%。按该方法进行处理及测定铅、砷、镉、铬、铜、锡,在选择的测定条件下最低检出限分别为0.0006 mg/kg、0.0003 mg/kg、0.00003 mg/kg、0.00005 mg/kg、0.00003 mg/kg、0.0006 mg/kg。     

Space, stars, c60, and soot

Although carbon has been subjected to far more study than all other elements put together, the buckminsterfullerene hollow-cage structure, recently proposed to account for the exceptional stability of the C(60) cluster, has shed a totally new and revealing light on several important aspects of carbon's chemical and physical properties that were quite unsuspected and others that were not previously well understood. Most significant is the discovery that C(60) appears to form spontaneously, and this has particularly important implications for particle formation in combustion and in space as well as for the chemistry of polyaromatic compounds. The intriguing revelation that 12 pentagonal "defects" convert a planar hexagonal array of any size into a quasi-icosahedral cage explains why some intrinsically planar materials form quasi-crystalline particles, as appears to occur in the case of soot. Although the novel structural proposal has still to be unequivocally confirmed, this article pays particular attention to the way in which it provides convincing explanations of puzzling observations in several fields, so lending credence to the structure proposed for C(60).     

Strategic command, control, communications, and intelligence

Command, control, communications, and intelligence (C(3)l) for nuclear forces are essential elements in the deterrence of nuclear war. The present C(3)l) system has vulnerabilities associated with its reliability, survivability, and endurance under attack, thereby weakening deterrence by increasing the ambiguity in our capabilities. Development of a reliable and enduring C(3)l) system would reduce this ambiguity. Its reliable, positive control of nuclear forces would give the national leadership more time to assess situations, ensure discriminate retaliation, and improve our ability to manage crises in general. These capabilities could help to stop a war rapidly should one start. A reliable and enduring C(3)1) system will be needed for a long time to come, even if a freeze on strategic nuclear forces is accomplished or other arms control successes achieved. Indeed, C(3)l) may be the best source today of confidence-building measures to reduce tensions and the threat of nuclear catastrophe.