模糊数学在芦荟、花生、红豆复合保健饮料配方筛选优化中的应用

应用模糊数学和正交试验对芦荟(花生、红豆)复合保健饮料的生产配方进行了筛选优化.试验结果表明,芦荟复合保健饮料的最佳配方为澄清混合汁45%、蔗糖8%、蜂蜜2.6%、柠檬酸钾0.2%、柠檬酸0.1%、水44.1%(质量分数).复合稳定剂的最佳组合为A2B1C2,即羧甲基纤维素钠0.20%、黄原胶0.01%、果胶0.15%(质量分数),按此配方混合使用时稳定效果最好.     

小麦胚芽蛋白复合保健饮料的研究

研究了小麦胚芽蛋白复合保健饮料的生产工艺.应用正交试验设计方案和模糊数学评判确定出该饮料和复配稳定剂的配方.结果表明:小麦胚芽蛋白复合保健饮料的最佳组合方式为A,B,C,D,,即澄清的混合汁用量60%,柠檬酸钾0.3%、蜂蜜4%、蔗糖3%、水32.7%.复配稳定剂的配方为A3B3C3,即0.40%梭甲基纤维素钠+0.30%黄原胶+0.15%卡拉胶.     

芦荟、党参、麦冬、苹果复合保健饮料的生产工艺

对芦荟、党参、麦冬和苹果复合保健饮料的生产工艺、配方和关键技术进行了研究。通过正交试验及方差分析,确定该饮品的最佳组合方式为A3B2C4D4E4,即澄清的芦荟、党参、麦冬和苹果混合汁用量40%,蔗糖8%,蜂蜜2.8%,柠檬酸钾0.2%,柠檬酸0.4%,水48.6%。产品最适稳定剂配方为0.20%羧甲基纤维素钠 0.01%黄原胶 0.15%果胶。     

绿茶、苹果、甘草复合保健饮料的生产工艺

研究了绿茶、苹果、甘草复合保健饮料的生产工艺.应用模糊数学设计方案和模糊数学评判确定了该饮料的配方,并应用正交试验设计方案确定复配稳定剂的配方.试验结果表明,绿茶复合保健饮料的最佳组合方式为C2D1B2A2,即澄清的绿茶、苹果、甘草混合汁用量30%,蔗糖2.6%,蜂蜜2.0%,柠檬酸钾0.2%,水为65.2%(上述百分比均为质量分数).复合稳定剂的最佳组合为A3B3C1,即0.70%羧甲基纤维素钠+0.40%黄原胶+0.20%κ-卡拉胶.     

绿茶复合保健饮料最佳配方筛选与生产工艺研究

以绿茶、蒲公英、枸杞、莲子为原料,研究了绿茶复合保健饮料的生产工艺.通过正交试验筛选出该复合饮料的最适配方与稳定剂组合.试验结果表明,绿茶复合保健饮料配方的最佳组合为D1E1c2B3A1[绿茶复合汁30%、柠檬酸钾0.3%、蜂蜜2.2%、柠檬酸0.1%、蔗糖2%,加水65.4%(百分比均为质量分数)];加工中稳定剂的配方最佳组合为C2B1A2(0.15%果胶、0.10%黄原胶、0.20%羧甲基纤维素钠).     

鱼腥草天然饮料的工艺研究

对鱼腥草饮料的生产工艺、配方进行了研究.通过正交试验及方差分析,确定出该饮料的最佳组合方式为A2B2C2D4E3, 即澄清的鱼腥草汁用量35%,蔗糖5%,蜂蜜2.2%,柠檬酸0.4%,柠檬酸钾0.3%,水为57.1%.通过小试,还确定出产品最适稳定剂配方为0.12%CMC-Na和0.10%海藻酸钠复合使用.     

鱼腥草天然饮料的工艺研究

对鱼腥草饮料的生产工艺、配方进行了研究。通过正交试验及方差分析,确定出该饮料的最佳组合方式为A2B2C2D4E3,即澄清的鱼腥草汁用量35％,蔗糖5％,蜂蜜2．2％,柠檬酸0．4％,柠檬酸钾0．3％,水为57．1％。通过小试,还确定出产品最适稳定剂配方为0．12％CMC—Na和0．10％海藻酸钠复合使用。     

草莓芦蒿果蔬饮料的工艺研究

以草莓和芦蒿为主要原料,加以柠檬酸、蔗糖等辅料,经科学加工制成有益于人体健康的清凉型草莓芦蒿果蔬饮料。本文对该饮料的生产工艺、配方和技术关键进行了研究。通过正交试验及方差分析,确定出该饮料的最佳组合方式为E4B2D4A4C4,即澄清的草莓芦蒿汁用量为45%,蔗糖8%,蜂蜜2.8%,柠檬酸0.4%,柠檬酸钾0.2%,水43.6%。通过小试,还确定出产品最适稳定剂配方:黄原胶0.03%,果胶0.20%,CMC-Na 0.20%。     

山楂、冬瓜、荷叶天然复合保健饮料的工艺研究

以山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida)、冬瓜[Benincasa hispida(Thunb.)Cogn.]、荷(Nelumbo nucifera)叶为原料制作天然复合保健饮料,添加蔗糖、柠檬酸、CMC-Na、蜂蜜为辅料,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化其工艺。结果表明,制作天然复合保健饮料的优化工艺为饮料原汁100 m L、蜂蜜4%、蔗糖2%、柠檬酸0.05%、CMC-Na 0.08%,在此工艺条件下制得的天然复合保健饮料色、香、味俱佳。     

五味子、龙眼、姜、红茶复合保健饮料的研制

以五味子、龙眼、姜、红茶为主要原料,配以蔗糖、柠檬酸等辅料,经浸提、调配、均质、脱气、灌装杀菌等工艺制备新型复合保健饮料.通过正交试验和感官评价研究了该饮品的最佳配方:五味子、龙眼、姜、红茶复合汁(4种原汁质量百分数比为20∶15∶10∶20)50％,蔗糖8％,柠檬酸0.2％,水41.8％;添加CMC-Na+明胶(0.10％+0.05％)构成的复合稳定剂稳定效果较理想.此外还简述了五味子、龙眼、姜、红茶的营养和药用价值,为复合保健饮料的研制、应用和进一步工业化生产提供了科学依据.     

穴盘规格和苗龄对塑料大棚菜豆性状及产量的影响

本试验以菜豆品种先行者为试材,采用32孔、50孔两种规格穴盘,设置10、15、20、25 d等4个苗龄段,通过研究不同穴盘规格和苗龄对菜豆性状及产量的影响,筛选出适合菜豆育苗的穴盘规格和适宜的苗龄。结果表明：穴盘育苗的营养面积增大,菜豆产量随之增加,25 d苗龄条件下,32孔穴盘的前期产量和总产量均显著高于50孔穴盘;随着苗龄的增长,菜豆的前期产量和总产量呈增加趋势,其中25 d苗龄的产量显著高于其他苗龄。综合上述各项指标,菜豆育苗阶段,10 d苗龄可选用32孔、50孔穴盘,15 d以上秧苗选用32孔穴盘为宜。     

不同基因型小麦苗期耐低氮性评价及筛选

氮素作为重要的营养元素,限制着小麦的生长发育和经济产量,筛选和培育耐低氮小麦品种是提高氮素利用率、降低生产成本的有效途径。以118份不同基因型小麦为材料,在低氮(0.1 mmol·L^-1)和正常氮(5 mmol·L^-1)条件下苗期水培,测定根干重、茎叶干重、根冠比、植株干重、最大根长、初生根数和二级初生根数等相关指标,采用模糊隶属函数法、主成分分析以及聚类分析法综合评价小麦品种的耐低氮性。结果表明,在低氮胁迫下小麦幼苗的根干重、根冠比和初生根数目显著提高,茎叶干重、植株干重和最大根长不同程度的降低,7个苗期性状指标在两个氮水平下均存在显著性差异。主成分分析提取3个主成分,贡献率分别为 43.575%、22.904%和17.873%,累积贡献率达 84.351%。以耐低氮性综合评价D值进行聚类分析,将118份小麦品种划分为强耐低氮型、耐低氮型、中间型、较敏感型和敏感型5类。筛选出3份耐低氮型小麦（齐大195、金丰7183和天民198）和2份强耐低氮型小麦（山农0917和鲁麦8号）。不同小麦品种的耐低氮机制不同,研究结果为小麦耐低氮品种的选育提供理论依据和材料基础。     

一串红N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe缺素症状研究

以‘展望红’为材料,研究N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe缺乏对其生长发育的影响,并总结缺素症状,研究结果表明:N缺乏时植株矮小,叶发黄;P缺乏时叶色暗绿,且影响开花;K缺乏时基部叶枯黄,并易落叶;缺Fe症状较为明显,但能正常开花;Ca、Mg未表现出缺素症状,且各项指标要优于全素处理;N、P显著影响一串红的生长发育,K对开花品质的影响较大。     

Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.     

ICP-OES法同时测定果蔬中铅、砷、镉、铬、铜、锡含量

果蔬样品经混酸消化后,控制一定的酸度,定容后应用等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)对果蔬中铅、砷、镉、铬、铜、锡六种有害重金属进行测定,研究了分析测定条件,方法简单快速。测定结果表明,五种元素的加标平均回收率在91.0%~107%之间。其RSD均小于3.5%。按该方法进行处理及测定铅、砷、镉、铬、铜、锡,在选择的测定条件下最低检出限分别为0.0006 mg/kg、0.0003 mg/kg、0.00003 mg/kg、0.00005 mg/kg、0.00003 mg/kg、0.0006 mg/kg。     

Space, stars, c60, and soot

Although carbon has been subjected to far more study than all other elements put together, the buckminsterfullerene hollow-cage structure, recently proposed to account for the exceptional stability of the C(60) cluster, has shed a totally new and revealing light on several important aspects of carbon's chemical and physical properties that were quite unsuspected and others that were not previously well understood. Most significant is the discovery that C(60) appears to form spontaneously, and this has particularly important implications for particle formation in combustion and in space as well as for the chemistry of polyaromatic compounds. The intriguing revelation that 12 pentagonal "defects" convert a planar hexagonal array of any size into a quasi-icosahedral cage explains why some intrinsically planar materials form quasi-crystalline particles, as appears to occur in the case of soot. Although the novel structural proposal has still to be unequivocally confirmed, this article pays particular attention to the way in which it provides convincing explanations of puzzling observations in several fields, so lending credence to the structure proposed for C(60).     

Strategic command, control, communications, and intelligence

Command, control, communications, and intelligence (C(3)l) for nuclear forces are essential elements in the deterrence of nuclear war. The present C(3)l) system has vulnerabilities associated with its reliability, survivability, and endurance under attack, thereby weakening deterrence by increasing the ambiguity in our capabilities. Development of a reliable and enduring C(3)l) system would reduce this ambiguity. Its reliable, positive control of nuclear forces would give the national leadership more time to assess situations, ensure discriminate retaliation, and improve our ability to manage crises in general. These capabilities could help to stop a war rapidly should one start. A reliable and enduring C(3)1) system will be needed for a long time to come, even if a freeze on strategic nuclear forces is accomplished or other arms control successes achieved. Indeed, C(3)l) may be the best source today of confidence-building measures to reduce tensions and the threat of nuclear catastrophe.