点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中神经型一氧化氮合成酶的分布与定位

【目的】研究点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中的一氧化氮（NO）含量及神经型一氧化氮合成酶（nNOS）分布与活性,为深入揭示NO在点带石斑鱼神经系统中的作用机制打下基础。【方法】采用NADPH-d组织化学染色法、免疫组织化学法、蛋白免疫印迹（Western blotting）及Griess试剂法,对点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中nNOS的分布与活性及NO含量进行分析。【结果】经NADPH-d组织化学染色后,一氧化氮合成酶（NOS）阳性物质呈蓝色。在点带石斑鱼大脑中,NOS阳性物质位于神经元和神经纤维;在小脑中,NOS分布在颗粒层的颗粒细胞、分子层的神经纤维和浦肯野细胞层的浦肯野细胞;在视网膜中,NOS分布于色素上皮层、视锥视杆层、外核层、外网层、内核层、内网层、节细胞层和视神经纤维层。经免疫组织化学染色后,nNOS阳性物质呈深棕色。在大脑中,nNOS存在于神经元和神经纤维;在小脑中,nNOS分布在颗粒层、分子层和浦肯野细胞层;在视网膜中,nNOS分布在色素上皮层、视锥视杆层、外核层、外网层、内核层、内网层、节细胞层和视神经纤维层。Western blotting检测结果显示,点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中的nNOS在显色后的硝酸纤维素膜上均出现3条免疫印迹条带,对应分子量分别为80、120和130kD。NO含量在点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中分别为17.601±1.743和13.624±1.249μmol/L,nNOS活性在脑组织和视网膜中分别为38.070±3.047和23.748±2.860U/mg。【结论】在点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中均存在nNOS,推测nNOS在点带石斑鱼脑神经及视神经系统生理活动中发挥重要作用。脑组织中的NO含量和nNOS活性均显著高于视网膜,是由于脑组织作为重要的中枢神经,对机体生理功能起重要调节作用。     

Substance P activity in the bullfrog retina: localization and identification in several vertebrate species

Immunoreactive substance P is present in the bullfrog retina, possibly in two types of stratified amacrine cells, with their somas in the inner nuclear layer and their neuronal processes entering the inner plexiform layer and ramifying in sublayers 3 or 4 (or both). Occasionally, polygonal somas positive for substance P were found in the ganglion cell layer. Approximately 75 percent of the cell bodies positive for substance P and 65 percent of the radioimmunoassayable substance P were found in the superior half of the frog retina. On the basis of high-performance liquid chromatography, the immunoreactive substance P in the neural retina of the rat, monkey, or chick is similar to synthetic substance P, whereas this is not true of the immunoreactive substance P in the bullfrog or carp retina.     

鲫鱼和红腹锦鸡视网膜结构的比较组织学研究

为探讨鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)和红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)视网膜组织结构与其生活环境的适应关系,测量了视网膜各层厚度、3个核层的胞核层数及胞核直径,并对数据进行了统计分析。结果表明:鲫鱼和红腹锦鸡视网膜均由4层细胞构成,在显微镜下分为10层。鲫鱼视网膜平均厚度为196.57μm,红腹锦鸡为225.31μm。红腹锦鸡的视网膜内核层的细胞核层数比外核层多,鲫鱼的外核层细胞核层数大于内核层。鲫鱼和红腹锦鸡这2种动物视网膜结构的差异,与其从水生到陆生的生境迁移和捕食方式的变化相适应。     

棕色田鼠视网膜结构及其神经元特异性烯醇化酶分布研究

通过H-E.染色法和免疫组化方法,对棕色田鼠视网膜结构及神经元特异性烯醇化酶的分布特性进行研究.结果表明,棕色田鼠的视网膜结构呈典型的脊椎动物视网膜结构类型,由外向内分别为色素上皮、视锥视杆层、外核层、外网层、内核层、内网层、节细胞层、神经纤维层.视网膜中神经元特异性烯醇化酶阳性分布在内网层、内核层、靠近内核层的外网层区、节细胞层、神经纤维层,其中内网层阳性最强,有4个阳性亚层.视锥视杆层和外核层没有神经元特异性烯醇化酶分布,这可能与感光细胞的分泌有关.     

鳜仔鱼视网膜及口腔齿的发育对摄食的适应

采用石蜡切片及HE染色的方法对鳜受精卵及1～30 d仔鱼的视网膜结构和视觉特性进行研究,结果表明:(1)受精后54 h晶状体形成,视网膜还未分化;80 h视网膜分化为外核层、内核层、内网层和神经节细胞层4层结构;98 h形成色素上皮层、视杆视锥层和神经纤维层;124 h外网层形成,视网膜10层结构发育完全。孵化后4 d开始出现少量颌齿和咽齿;5 d和14 d分别观察到腭齿和犁齿;15d时鳃耙形成但形状较小。口腔齿的数量随着仔鱼个体的生长而增加至近于成体。(2)鳜内核层分化成一层水平细胞、数层双极细胞和无长突细胞,属光感受系统不发达的类型。(3)鳜仔鱼在消化系统尚未发育完全时已经开始形成口腔齿,为提高捕食的成功率提供了基础条件,充分表现了个体发育在进化过程中与生存环境相适应的特点。(4)鳜神经节细胞层细胞随个体的生长发育而减少,孵化后29 d,体长18.36 mm时,只有一层神经节细胞,说明此时的仔鱼已适应黑暗环境生活。鳜视觉结构的变化与其从浮游到底层的生态迁移及捕食方式的变化相适应。研究亮点:从组织学研究角度对鳜仔鱼视网膜发育进行了探讨,详细研究了视网膜各组成结构的发育特征,并结合鳜仔鱼齿的发育特征,分析了其对摄食行为的适应,首次解释了伴随着视网膜发育而形成的由浮游生活到底层生活的适应,研究结果以期为鳜在种苗生产过程中正确选择开口饵料和早期动物性饵料,以降低种苗的死亡率等提供理论依据。     

毛竹纤维微纤丝取向的原子力显微镜观察

为了观察到竹纤维不同壁层微纤丝的取向,该文利用原子力显微镜对毛竹纤维的微纤丝取向进行了高分辨观察。采用了两种样品制备方式, 一是化学离析后纤维,用于观察竹纤维表层的微纤丝取向;二是经过脱木素处理后的弦切片（厚度为30 μm）,用于观察竹纤维细胞腔内壁的微纤丝取向。结果表明,毛竹纤维初生壁微纤丝呈无序排列,但其细胞腔内壁的微纤丝相对纤维长轴则几乎垂直排列,这种排列模式与木材细胞对应壁层微纤丝的排列模式相似。同时,还观察到某些壁层的微纤丝呈高度定向排列,但拍摄到这类图像的几率较小。该研究证实,利用原子力显微镜可以实现对竹纤维微纤丝取向的高分辩观察,并且样品制备远较透射电镜简单,可操作性强。      

Acetylcholinesterase: method for demonstration in amacrine cells of rabbit retina

The activity of acetylcholinesterase in the inner plexiform layer of the rabbit retina was not affected detectably by prior section of the optic nerve. After the animals were treated with diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate, acetylcholinesterase reappeared in the somata of the amacrine cells and in certain cells of the ganglion cell layer before it reappeared in the inner plexiform fibers. This confirms the normal presence of acetylcholinesterase at the former site. The possible role of acetylcholine in intraretinal transmission is considered.     

Morphological identification of serotonin-accumulating neurons in the living retina

Neurons that accumulate the transmitter serotonin have been identified in the living retina by being labeled with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-HT), an autofluorescent serotonin analog. Iontophoretic injection of Lucifer yellow into the labeled cells under microscopic control revealed that the serotonin-accumulating neurons in rabbit retina constitute two morphological types of amacrine cells, termed S1 and S2, whose distal dendrites are stratified at the inner margin of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic overlap of the S1 type is extraordinarily large: each point on the retina is covered by the fields of 550 to 900 S1 amacrines, and 6 to 8 meters of their dendrites are packed into each square millimeter of retina. Such a pervasive neuropil may provide an effective substrate for diffuse transmitter release, as proposed for serotonergic fibers elsewhere in the central nervous system.     

团头鲂卵泡细胞的超微结构

团头鲂排卵前的卵母细胞由外向内被鞘膜层基膜和颗粒层包围着。鞘膜层由鞘膜细胞和胶原纤维组成,鞘膜细胞的细胞质中充满了微丝。颗粒层由特殊颗粒细胞和颗粒细胞组成,特殊颗粒细胞的细胞质中含丰富的滑面内质网和具小管状内嵴的线粒体,表现出与类固醇激素合成有关的细胞器特征,颗粒细胞的细胞质中则含有发达的粗面内质网和具板层状内嵴的线粒体。     

视网膜小胶质细胞的研究进展

视网膜小胶质细胞可存在于视网膜的外核层、外丛状层、内丛状层、神经节细胞层和神经纤维层。小胶质细胞具有“双刃剑”的功能,许多视网膜疾病的发展和转归与小胶质细胞有着密切的关系,使其成为近年来眼科领域研究的热点。本文就视网膜小胶质细胞的功能及其与常见的多因素眼科疾病的关系的研究进展做一综述。     

The retina of the newborn human infant

We have examined a pair of eyes from a normal, full-term infant who died at 8 days as a result of accidental injury. Eyes were obtained immediately after death, fixed, and sectioned for light microscopy. Results from both eyes were substantially the same. The macular region was still drastically immature at 1 week. Even though a foveal depression existed, all cell layers were still present across it. Furthermore, the inner nuclear layer was divided into two separate layers. The receptor layer was reduced to one or two cells thick; receptors had both inner and outer segments, but they were very short and stumpy. The region of immaturity covered about 5 degrees of the retina. These findings suggest that the central region of a human infant's retina is probably not fully functional at birth.     

Unusual retinal cells in the dolphin eye

By comparison to the cellular constituents of the retinas of certain other diving mammals, the elements of the dolphin retina include an unusually large number of specialized cells. Both cone and rod receptors may be identified. An unusual amacrine cell may be seen which produces a process that spans the cells between the inner plexiform and outer plexiform layers. Most unusual is a layer of giant ganglion cells which appears to serve most of the central retina. The giant ganglion cells support giant dendrites and optic nerve fibers which range up to 8 micrometers in diameter.     

苎麻韧皮纤维超微结构的观察

[目的]研究苎麻(Boehmeria nivea L.Guad)韧皮纤维的超微结构。[方法]对苎麻茎韧皮纤维进行光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察;并对苎麻单纤维进行组织离解,用光学显微镜进行观察。茎韧皮纤维显微观察结果表明:苎麻韧皮纤维细胞壁横切面分为胞间层、初生壁和次生壁3个层次和细胞腔;次生壁大多为1层,即次生壁外层(S1),并且具有许多同心层次;少数纤维具有2～3层,即次生壁外层、中层(S2)和内层(S3);茎基部纤维次生壁多为2～3层,中部纤维次生壁多为1层,苎麻纤维次生壁层次存在位置差异;苎麻纤维是由若干个纤维细胞相互连接而成,纤维细胞之间部分纤维细胞端壁溶解,部分具细胞膜和初生壁,部分具次生壁。苎麻单纤维光学显微镜结果表明:苎麻单纤维细丝状,纤维细胞壁(次生壁)由Z型微纤丝和S型微纤丝组成,具节和节间,少数纤维具有明显的节状加厚现象;中央略大,两端尖削,或钝圆形、二叉状、火炬状等各种形状。[结论]该研究可为生产高品质的苎麻产品奠定基础。     

双向螺旋送肥离心锥盘式排肥装置的设计与试验

针对现有水稻排肥器结构复杂、排肥性能不佳的问题,设计了一种集排式双向螺旋送肥离心锥盘式排肥装置。该装置主要由肥料箱、双向螺旋、离心锥盘式排肥装置等部件组成。工作时肥料箱中的肥料由双向螺旋输送至离心锥盘式排肥装置中,在离心锥盘离心力作用下均匀分散并沿锥盘内壁上升至排肥口处排出。确定了排肥装置的关键结构参数：双向螺旋外径100 mm、内径40 mm、螺距90 mm、螺牙厚3 mm、离心锥盘最小半径60 mm、离心锥盘倾角45°。以双向螺旋转速、离心锥盘转速、排肥装置行进速度为试验因素,以排肥均匀性变异系数为评价指标,进行三元二次通用旋转组合试验。结果表明,对排肥均匀性变异系数的影响显著性大小的因素依次为双向螺旋转速、离心锥盘转速、排肥装置行进速度。优化后的最佳参数组合为双向螺旋转速5.27 r/min、离心锥盘转速243.7 r/min、装置行进速度0.66 m/s。优化排肥均匀性变异系数最小值为17.60%。验证试验的排肥均匀性变异系数平均值为17.16%,优化数值解与验证试验结果吻合度较好。     

Centrifugal effects in the avian retina

Electrical stimulation of the centrifugal fibers to the avian retina can disturb the balance between the excitatory and inhibitory system within the receptive fields of individual retinal ganglion cells. Although the mechanisms may vary from one unit to another, the effect is always to make them fire more readily and to a wider range of visual inputs.     

纤维分离过程力学模型的建立及其运动状态分析

根据纤维分离过程中磨片间纤维的受力状态,建立了热磨平面内纤维受力的力学模型,讨论了模型中各项作用力对纤维运动状态的影响。研究表明:在蒸汽平衡点以内的区域,纤维做匀变速运动;在蒸汽平衡点以外的区域,纤维做变加速运动;影响纤维运动状态的主要因素是动、定盘磨齿对纤维的作用力Fr和Fs;摩擦阻力Ff、蒸汽压力S与离心力Fc,主要影响纤维在Y轴的运动状态,其中S与Fc在蒸汽平衡点以外是促使纤维加速外流的主要因素;周向齿对纤维的运动有阶段性阻力,对其运动状态有一定程度的影响。     

老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus L.)种子发育过程的形态解剖学特征

应用解剖学及组织化学方法对老芒麦种子发育过程进行了观察研究。结果显示，其种子发育过程的形态变化具有禾本科植物的典型特征：胚胎发育为禾本型，胚乳为核型胚乳，其最外一层细胞发育为糊粉层，籽实皮由内珠被及子房内表皮发育而成；但有其特性：合子未显示出极性，中贮藏有丰富的淀粉粒。第1次分裂为横分裂，偶有斜向分裂，之后顶细胞纵分裂，基细胞横分裂；宿存助细胞可保留到椭圆形原胚时期，与丝状器都有PAS正反应．显示了宿存助细胞及丝状器与营养物质的转运有关；少数种子有胚发育迟缓的现象；不同种子发育的早期原胚之间存在淀粉粒含量的差异；约有1％的成熟种子中缺胚或胚极小。     

厚盘累枝虫表膜下纤维系的研究

利用蛋白银染色技术对厚盘累枝虫的表膜下纤维系进行了研究。结果表明,该种表膜下纤维系包括口纤毛器和表膜下纤毛系。口纤毛器的结构为:复毛基索和单毛基索逆时针旋转1.75圈进入前庭,第1咽膜的3列毛基索均与复毛基索相连,第2咽膜仅中间的一列毛基索与复毛基索相连;3列咽膜中第2咽膜最先终止,第3咽膜位于第2咽膜一侧的一列毛基索最先终止;微丝网结构末端发达。表膜下纤毛系包括环状纤维和纵长纤维:环状纤维帽状,包括相连续的内外2层;纵长纤维细密,起始于复毛基索的下方,在前庭入口处形成一明显的缺口,其余部分均匀分布。     

Cytomegalovirus recruitment of cellular kinases to dissolve the nuclear lamina

The passage of large-sized herpesviral capsids through the nuclear lamina and the inner nuclear membrane to leave the nucleus requires a dissolution of the nuclear lamina. Here, we report on the functions of M50/p35, a beta-herpesviral protein of murine cytomegalovirus. M50/p35 inserts into the inner nuclear membrane and is aggregated by a second viral protein, M53/p38, to form the capsid docking site. M50/p35 recruits the cellular protein kinase C for phosphorylation and dissolution of the nuclear lamina, suggesting that herpesviruses target a critical element of nuclear architecture.     

动物毛皮种类鉴别方法的探讨

从宏观和微观角度分别阐述了动物毛皮种类鉴别方法,探讨了动物针毛及绒毛横断面的快速简易的制作方法,从毛发横断面上观察了毛发微观结构。结果表明,不同种的动物毛纤维具有独特的表面形态特征,在内部超微结构上存在明显的差别。