野生大豆和栽培大豆的根尖细胞核型与进化

对野生大豆和栽培大豆根尖细胞核型的研究结果表明，二者的染色体数目均为２ｎ＝４０，但在核型上有差异，并有从野生大豆的较对称核型向栽培大豆的不对称核型过渡的趋势；从二者的核型试验中各大豆材料的进化程度由低到高排列顺序为；野１０５２，野１０５５，野１０５７〈野１０５８〈１０６０〈苏８５－６，这一结果与根据子性状得出的进化顺序相一致。     

大豆种间的核型分析

通过对大豆3个种的核型分析,结果表明:(1)大豆体细胞染色体数均为2n=40;(2)3个种都只有1对位于最长染色体上的随体,而且随体染色体形态相近,都是近中部或近端部着丝粒染色体;(3)种间染色体长度及着丝粒位置呈规律性变化;(4)野生大豆的核型较不对称,其次为半野生大豆,而栽培大豆核型比较对称.     

栽培大豆、野生大豆和半野生大豆酯酶同工酶的研究

本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法，分析了栽培大豆、野生大豆和半野生大豆的酯酶同工酶．结果表明，栽培大豆幼苗期的酯酶同工酶共出现了１７条酶带。栽培大豆和野生大豆既有共同的酶带，又有各自独特的酶带，是亲缘关系较近的两个种。半野生大豆有类似野生大豆的酶谱，表现了野生种的特点．不同进化类型的大豆酯酶同工酶有明显不同。随着进化程度增高，酶带数目有增多的趋势．研究表明，大豆幼苗酯酶同工酶酶谱比较稳定，酶带明确，具有较为明显的种的专一性，可以做为大豆分类学和研究大豆进化关系的一个生化指标。     

野生二粒小麦与二倍体野燕麦远缘杂交后代的核型分析及进化关系

对野生二粒小麦与二倍体野燕麦远缘杂交后代进行染色体核型分析。结果表明：杂交后代084株系的核型公式为2n=6x=42=36m(4SAT)+6sm，核型为1A，为极对称核型，属于原始类型；野生二粒小麦、二倍体野燕麦及084株系的进化指数分别为1、4和1，表明084株系的进化程度与野生二粒小麦一致，低于二倍体野燕麦；084株系的染色体相对长度较亲本大，且其平均臂比、核型不对称系数及臂比大于1.7的染色体比例均在野生二粒小麦与二倍体野燕麦之间，说明远缘杂交在一定程度上对加速小麦属的进化有重要意义；084株系染色体臂比与母本的相近，且存在4对染色体与父本的相对长度和臂比极为相近，核型分析结果从一定程度上证明了野生二粒小麦与二倍体野燕麦杂交后代的真实性。     

大豆的进化与大豆的分类、栽培及育种

栽培大豆是我国劳动人民将野生大豆栽培在一定的耕作栽培条件下,向大粒的方向,长期定向培育选择而进化的结果。分析研究大豆进化的方式,以及有关进化的内在外在诸因素,是大豆生物学上根本的问题之一。只有从大豆进化的认识角度出发,才能正确全面地认识分类大豆;才能给大豆以正确合理的栽培措施;才能掌握大豆品种改良的根本要点与规律。     

中国同一纬度不同进化类型大豆固氮特性的研究

本试验研究了中国同一纬度不同进化类型大豆主要生育时期的根瘤固氮酶活性、根瘤酰脲含量和幼茎段酰脲含量。结果表明，根瘤固氮酶活力表现为栽培大豆金元＞半栽培大豆吉５０４５１＞半野生大豆吉５０８５３＞野生大豆生１。根瘤和幼茎段酰脲含量也表现出与根瘤固氮活力类似的趋势。     

大豆的进化与其分类栽培及育种的关系

栽培大豆是我国劳动人民将野生大豆栽培在一定的耕作栽培条件下,經长期定向培育选择而进化的結果。分析研究大豆进化的方式,以及有关进化的內在外在諸因素,是大豆生物学上根本的問題之一。只有从大豆进化的认識角度出发,才能全面地认識大豆的分类,才能进一步提出更合理的栽培措施,才能掌握大豆品种改良的基本規律。     

葡萄染色体核型及带型研究初报

采用F-BSG法制备染色体标本,对野生莆萄和栽培品种白香蕉染色体核型和Giemsa带型进行了分析,二者在核型上基本相似,说明亲缘关系相近,但在进化过程中栽培葡萄品种核型有不对称的趋势。     

中国野生大豆(G.soja)脂肪及其脂肪酸组成的研究

对中国1598份野生大豆和1595份栽培大豆的脂肪含量进行了比较分析,发现野生大豆的脂肪含量为9.94％,明显低于栽培大豆的(19.05％)。对来自中国不同纬度的174份不同进化类型大豆进行了脂肪酸组成分析,发现随着大豆进化程度的提高,亚麻酸、棕榈酸含量逐渐降低,油酸含量逐渐增加。探索了日照长度,昼夜温度对大豆脂肪酸形成与积累的影响。发现了一批特异基因型。     

盐胁迫对野生大豆种子萌发的影响

<正>野生大豆属于蝶形花科，一年生草本植物。野生大豆虽然在形态、生长习性等方面和栽培大豆有明显差别，但野生大豆与栽培大豆之间不存在物种隔离。野生大豆的许多优良基因是栽培大豆所不具备的，野生大豆的营养物质含量高、结实率高、适应性广、抗逆性强、抗病害能力强等生产潜力，是现代农业中重要的大豆种质资源。耕地土壤中盐分浓度过高，会阻滞植物生长、     

中国栽培大豆(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)微核心种质的群体结构与遗传多样性

【目的】评价中国栽培大豆微核心种质的群体结构和遗传多样性水平,为拓宽大豆遗传基础、发掘优异基因、改良大豆品种提供理论依据。【方法】利用大豆20个连锁群上的100个SSR位点,对来自全国28个省补充完善的248份栽培大豆微核心种质进行SSR遗传多样性及群体结构分析;采用PowerMarker Version 3.25软件统计等位变异数、平均等位变异数、多态性信息量(PIC值)及亚群特有等位变异数等参数;基于遗传距离建立了栽培大豆微核心种质的无根Neighbor-Joining树;用Structure2.2软件对微核心种质的群体结构进行评价。【结果】100个SSR位点在248份材料中共检测出等位变异1460个,每个位点变异范围为2—33个,平均为14.6个,每个位点PIC值变异范围为0.158—0.932,平均为0.743。基于模型的群体结构分析显示,依据LnP(D)无法判断最佳K值(群组数),但通过计算系数ΔK发现,K=3为微核心种质的最佳群体结构。结合种质的生态类型及品种类型分析发现,地理来源相同的种质具有聚在一起的倾向,但来源相同的种质也有分在不同组的情况。不同生态类型及品种类型间均存在较多的互补等位变异和特有等位变异。【结论】中国栽培大豆微核心种质具有丰富的遗传多样性,可以用来拓宽大豆品种遗传基础;不同生态类型及品种类型间存在较多的互补及特有等位变异,是种质创新及品种改良的物质基础;栽培大豆微核心种质存在明显的群体结构,为微核心种质在育种中的直接或间接利用提供了理论依据。     

Linkage and association mapping of wild soybean (Glycine soja) seeds germinating under salt stress

Salinity threatens soybean germination, growth and production.  The germination stage is a key period in the life of soybean.  Wild soybean contains many genes related to stress resistance that are valuable resources for the genetic improvement of soybean.  To identify the genetic loci of wild soybean that are active during seed germination under salt stress, two populations, a soybean interspecific hybrid population comprising 142 lines and a natural population comprising 121 wild soybean accessions, were screened for three germination-related traits in this study.  By using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers with three salt tolerance indices, 25 quantitative trait loci (QTLs), 21 significant SNPs (–log₁₀(P)≥4.0) and 24 potential SNPs (3.5<–log₁₀(P)<4.0) were detected by linkage mapping and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in two environments.  The key genetic region was identified based on these SNPs and QTLs.  According to the gene functional annotations of the W05 genome and salt-induced gene expression qRT-PCR analysis, GsAKR1 was selected as a candidate gene that responded to salt stress at the germination stage in the wild soybean.  These results could contribute to determining the genetic networks of salt tolerance in wild soybean and will be helpful for molecular marker-assisted selection in the breeding of salt-tolerant soybean.     

Sexual compatibility of transgenic soybean and different wild soybean populations

The introduction of genetically modified (GM) soybean into farming systems raises great concern that transgenes from GM soybean may flow to endemic wild soybean via pollen. This may increase the weediness of transgenic soybean by increasing the fitness of hybrids under certain conditions and threaten the genetic diversity of wild soybean populations. Although pollen-mediated gene flow between GM crops and wild relatives is dependent on many factors, the sexual compatibility (SC) determined by their genetic backgrounds is the conclusive factor. The considerable genetic variation among wild soybean populations may cause compatibility differences between different wild and cultivated soybeans. Thus, an evaluation of the SC between transgenic soybean and different wild soybeans is essential for assessing the environmental consequences of cultivated soybean–wild soybean transgene flow. The podding and seed sets were assessed after artificial hybridization using transgenic glyphosate-resistant soybean as the paternal parent and 18 wild soybean populations as the maternal parents. Then, the average number of filled seeds produced in 200 flowers (AFS) was calculated for each wild soybean under natural self-pollination as well as under artificial crossing with transgenic soybean. Finally, the index of cross-SC was calculated (ICSC) as the ratio of the AFS of wild soybean artificially crossed with transgenic soybean and the AFS of naturally self-pollinated wild soybean. The results demonstrated that after self-pollination and crossing with transgenic soybean, the average podding rates of 18 wild soybean populations ranged within 96.50–99.50% and 4.92–18.03%, and the average filled seed numbers per pod varied from 1.70 to 2.69 and 0.20 to 0.48, respectively. The results showed that approximately 89% of wild soybeans displayed either medium or higher than medium SC with transgenic soybean (ICSC>1.0%). This implied the high possibility of gene flow via pollen from transgenic soybean to wild soybean.     

栽培大豆起源与演化研究进展

 从大豆属物种的系统进化和栽培大豆起源研究的方法等方面评述了栽培大豆中国东北起源、黄河中下游起源、长江流域及南方起源、日本南部起源等多种假设的依据。在此基础上讨论了多样性中心与起源中心的关系、栽培物种起源与演化的研究方法,以及运用比较实验生物学研究作物进化时的技术性问题。作者倾向于支持栽培大豆南方起源假设。     

野生大豆(Glycine soya)光合生理学研究进展

野生大豆是栽培大豆的近缘野生物种,具有较强的抗逆性和适应能力,可利用野生大豆资源拓宽大豆遗传基础、改良栽培大豆。近年来,国内外野生大豆研究已经取得了一定的进步。本文从光合生理学的角度,综述了近年来野生大豆的研究进展,旨为我国野生大豆科研和生产提供参考。     

野生大豆育成品种与其亲本间的遗传多样性比较

[目的]鉴定大豆育成品种与其亲本间的遗传多样性差异和遗传多态性信息含量,为大豆育种提供参考。[方法]采用SSR标记技术对大豆育成品种与其亲本间的遗传多样性进行分析。[结果]野生大豆亲本总等位变异数和特有等位变异数分别是栽培大豆亲本的1.31倍和3.63倍;平均多态性信息含量由大到小依次为野生大豆亲本(0.545 0)、育成大豆品种(0.478 7)、栽培大豆亲本(0.415 6)。[结论]野生大豆的遗传背景复杂,遗传多样性丰富,其外部形态和内在遗传基础都与栽培大豆有明显差异。     

大豆株高QTL定位及Meta分析

以溧水中子黄豆和南农493-1杂交衍生的504个正反交F2:4家系为研究对象,于2008年在江苏南京和山东临沂两地种植,鉴定其株高表型。采用多QTL联合分析方法进行QTL分析,检测到株高存在环境效应和细胞质效应,定位了15个主效QTL、2个与环境互作的QTL和6个与细胞质互作的QTL。将Soybase数据库中信息完全的90个株高QTL和本研究检测的株高QTL映射到大豆公共图谱soymap 2上,利用BioMercator 2.1软件进行Meta分析。结果表明:分布于C2、F、L和M染色体上的18个较小置信区间存在一致性QTL,其中包括本研究发现的C2染色体上的qPH-6-2、qPH-6-3和M染色体上的qPH-7-1、qPH-7-2、qPH-7-3共5个QTL。     

我国大豆根瘤内生菌资源多样性研究

植物内生菌已成为植物微生态系统中的重要组成部分,根瘤内生菌和根瘤菌普遍共存于特殊的根瘤生 境。比较了根瘤内生菌和根瘤菌与宿主间关系存在的区别,对大豆根瘤内生菌的种类、宿主和适应性、生物固氮、促 进植物生长、增强宿主抗逆、抗病能力以及联合修复环境污染等功能多样性进行论述,指出大豆根瘤内生菌研究的 发展方向,对进一步促进植物生长、发展可持续农业具有重要意义。 ）     

QTL Mapping of Isoflavone,Oil and Protein Contents in Soybean （Glycine max L. Merr.）

Soybean （Glycine max L. Merr.） is the world＇s foremost source of edible plant oil and proteins, meantime, the biologically active secondary metabolites such as saponins and isoflavones are benefit to human health. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci （QTL） and epistatic interactions associated with isoflavone, protein, and oil contents in soybean seeds. An F13 recombinant inbred line （RIL） comprising 474 lines was derived from a cross between Jindou 23 and Huibuzhi cultivars. SSR technique was employed for mapping of the QTLs. The QTLs for isoflavone, protein, and oil contents were analyzed and 23 QTLs were detected based on the constructed linkage map. Six QTLs for isoflavone content were localized in linkage groups J, N, D2, and G, eleven QTLs for oil content were localized in the linkage groups A1, A2, B2, C2, and D2, and six QTLs for protein content were localized in linkage groups B2, C2, G, and H1. The correlative analysis demonstrated that the isoflavone content had significant correlation with protein content, while significantly negative correlations was existed between oil and protein content, and significantly positive correlations was existed between protein and oil content. All these findings have laid an important basis for the marker assisted breeding in soybean. The phenotypic correlations of quantitative traits may be resulted from the correlation of the QTL controlling those traits.     

野生大豆的解剖学研究

野生大豆主的原生木质部为四原型，侧根多为三原型；次生木质部导管的口径侧根比主根大；气孔器属平列型；花药４室；成熟花粉粒为２细胞型，具３萌发孔；柱头和花柱的交界处有２轮指状细胞；胚珠弯生，珠被２层，具厚珠心；胚囊蓼型。野生大豆根的次生木质部导管的口径比栽培大豆大，有些叶中的平脉叶肉细胞为１－３层，植株上有腺毛，种皮表面有较厚的蜡质附属物，说明野生大豆比栽培大豆更能适应环境的特性。