Assessment of the spatial variability of anthocyanins in grapes using a fluorescence sensor: relationships with vine vigour and yield

The use of new, rapid and non-invasive sensors in the field allows the collection of many observations which are necessary to assess the spatial variability of berry composition. The aim of this work was to study the spatial variability in anthocyanin content in grapes and to quantify its relationship with the vigour and yield in a commercial vineyard. The study was conducted in a Tempranillo (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyard (Navarra, Spain). A new, hand-held, non-destructive fluorescence-based proximal sensor was used for monitoring the anthocyanin content in grapes at veraison and harvest. Yield, vine vigour, spectral (normalized difference vegetation index and plant cell density) and chlorophyll (SPAD and simple chlorophyll fluorescence ratio) parameters were measured. Yield variability within the vineyard was the largest of all the parameters. Fluorescence-based anthocyanin indices were less variable at harvest than at veraison. The vigour parameters (main shoot length, total shoot length and shoot pruning weight) were positively correlated to yield; the chlorophyll and the spectral indices were negatively correlated with berry anthocyanin production. The correlations between vigour, yield and anthocyanin content in grapes varied substantially in time and space across the vineyard.     

2种架式对3个鲜食葡萄品种栽培性状及果实品质的影响

【目的】比较研究2种不同架式对鲜食葡萄多年生大树在栽培性状、果实品质、病害发生情况等的影响,为华北冲积平原埋土区推广适宜的葡萄栽培架式提供参考。【方法】以鲜食葡萄‘瑞都脆霞’‘瑞都无核怡’和‘瑞都香玉’为试材,分别采用T型架和V型架栽培,系统分析2种架式对葡萄物候期、生长结果习性、光合作用、树体结构、果实基本理化指标,多酚化合物含量和栽培用工等方面的影响。【结果】2种架式的物候期和结果习性差异不显著。T型架葡萄副梢管理次数、摘心次数、结果枝绑缚次数和冬季修剪工时均小于V型架,二者冬季下架埋土和春季出土上架所用工时无显著差异。‘瑞都脆霞’T型架在2017年的净光合速率小于V型架,‘瑞都无核怡’T型架在2016年的净光合速率小于V型架,其他情况均表现为T型架的光合性能更强。2017年3个品种在2种架式下的新梢粗度无显著差异。新梢粗度标准差的结果表明,当葡萄树体的树势由强旺调控至中庸水平后,3个品种在T型架的新梢粗度标准差分别为2.3、2.6和2.3,低于V型架的2.7、2.75和3.0,表现出更强的新梢一致性。3个品种在叶幕高度和叶幕长度的表现有所差异,但是V型架的叶幕厚度和叶幕体积均大于T型架,其中‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都香玉’达到显著水平;‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都香玉’在V型架下的叶面积指数高于T型,‘瑞都无核怡’结果相反;2种架式下的叶片叶绿素含量并无显著差异。V型架的叶片霜霉病发病率和病情指数均显著高于T型,白粉病差异不显著。在产量调控至同一水平时,2种架式的穗重、单粒重、纵横径和可溶性固形物之间无显著差异,但是2016年和2017年T型架下葡萄果实的固酸比显著优于V型架。‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都无核怡’在T型架下的总花色苷含量高于V型,其中‘瑞都无核怡’达到显著水平,比V型架高0.018 mg·g ^-1;3个品种在T型架下的类黄酮含量均高于V型架,其中‘瑞都香玉’达到显著水平,比V型架高0.70 mg·g ^-1;‘瑞都无核怡’在T型架下的原花色素含量显著高于V型架,另外2个品种架式间差异不显著。【结论】对位于华北冲积平原且须埋土防寒的葡萄产区,相较于V型架,T型架叶片光合利用效率更高,叶部病害发生更少,新梢生长一致性更好,果实品质更优,口感更佳,管理更省工,具有推广应用价值。     

A fuzzy inference system to model grape quality in vineyards

Fuzzy inference systems (FIS) are particularly suited for aggregating multiple data to feed multi-variables decision support systems. Moreover, grape quality is a complex concept that refers to the simultaneous achievement of optimal levels in many parameters, thus single berry attributes spatial data are not adequate to define grape suitability for a specific end use. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a FIS to classify grape quality based on selected grape attributes in a commercial vineyard in Central Greece planted with Vitis vinifera cv. Agiorgitiko, during 2010, 2011 and 2012. The vineyard was sectioned in 48 cells sized 10 × 20 m; total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total skin anthocyanins and berry fresh weight were measured at harvest on the same grid and were used in the FIS as inputs to build linguistic rules based on expert knowledge. The result of the FIS was a numerical value (Grape Total Quality, GTQ) which corresponded to a fuzzy set of grape quality classes (very poor, poor, average, good, and excellent). The validation process for the proposed FIS consisted of two parts: a comparison of GTQ with an independent set of data by viticulture experts and a comparison with soil and grapevine properties to verify its spatial relevancy. The evaluation process showed high general agreement between GTQ and expert evaluation suggesting that the FIS was able to model expert knowledge successfully. Moreover, GTQ exhibited higher variability than the individual grape quality attributes in all years. Among individual grape components, anthocyanins and berry weight seemed to be more important in determining GTQ than total soluble solids and titratable acidity. According to the results, FIS could allow the aggregation of grape quality parameters into a single index providing grape growers with a valuable tool for classifying grape quality at harvest.     

无核黄皮叶片养分含量和果实产量品质的关系

以广东郁南无核黄皮Clausena lansium为研究对象,分析其叶片N、P、K、Ca和Mg养分与果实产量品质的关系.简单相关分析表明,不同物候期的叶片养分含量与果肉品质的相关性各不相同.在花芽分化期,叶片N、K含量与果实总酸度呈显著或极显著负相关关系,叶片Ca、Mg含量与维生素C(VC)含量呈极显著、显著正相关关系,叶片Ca含量与果实可溶性固形物含量呈显著正相关关系,叶片K含量与可溶性糖含量呈极显著负相关关系.在开花期,叶片Mg含量与可溶性固形物、VC含量呈显著正相关关系,叶片K含量与产量呈显著正相关关系.在幼果期,叶片养分含量与果实各品质指标未表现出相关性.在果实膨大期,叶片K含量与果实可溶性固形物呈显著负相关关系,叶片Ca含量与产量呈显著正相关关系.在果实成熟期,叶片N含量与果实可溶性固形物和可溶性糖呈极显著正相关关系.典型相关分析表明,叶片Ca、Mg含量与果实可溶性固形物和VC含量的关系密切.     

腐植酸复合肥对葡萄品质及产量的影响

针对长期大量施用化肥使果园土壤养分失衡、果品质量下降等问题，研究了新型腐植酸复合肥用以大田葡萄的应用效果。结果表明：所有施肥处理比对照有显著的增产效果。在投入养分量相等条件下，腐植酸能显著提高葡萄产量、果实单粒重和VC的含量，增加了果实中还原糖和可溶性固形物的含量，部分降低果实中有机酸的含量。     

Management zones delineation using fuzzy clustering techniques in grapevines

Precision viticulture aims at managing vineyards at a sub-field scale according to the real needs of each part of the field. The current study focused on delineating management zones using fuzzy clustering techniques and developing a simplified approach for the comparison of zone maps. The study was carried out in a 1.0 ha commercial vineyard in Central Greece during 2009 and 2010. Variation of soil properties across the field was initially measured by means of electrical conductivity, soil depth and topography. To estimate grapevine canopy properties, NDVI was measured at different stages during the vine growth cycle. Yield and grape composition (must sugar content and total acidity) mapping was carried out at harvest. Soil properties, yield and grape composition parameters showed high spatial variability. All measured data were transformed on a 48-cell grid (10 × 20 m) and maps of two management zones were produced using the MZA software. Pixel-by-pixel comparison between maps of electrical conductivity, elevation, slope, soil depth and NDVI with yield and grape composition maps, set as reference parameters, allowed for the calculation of the degree of agreement, i.e. the percentage of pixels belonging to the same zone. The degree of agreement was used to select the best-suited parameters for final management zones delineation. For the year 2009 soil depth, early and mid season NDVI were used for yield-based management zones while for quality-based management zones ECa, early and mid season NDVI were utilized. For the year 2010 ECa, elevation and NDVI acquired during flowering and veraison were used for the delineation of yield-based management zones while for quality-based management zones ECa and NDVI acquired during flowering and harvest were utilized. Results presented here could be the basis for simple management zone delineation and subsequent improved vineyard management.     

‘凤丹’牡丹花色变化过程中花瓣色素及相关基因表达

针对‘凤丹’牡丹在开放过程中花色由紫红色变白的现象,以‘凤丹’5个不同开放时期的花瓣为试验材料,分别运用色差仪、高效液相色谱仪和荧光定量PCR测定花色表型、花色素成分及质量分数和花青苷合成途径中相关基因的表达,进而分析花瓣色素与花青苷合成相关基因表达之间的关系。结果表明:随着花的开放,红色大幅减退,明度变大,彩度降低;‘凤丹’花中检测出2种花青苷(芍药花素-3,5-二葡糖苷和矢车菊素-3,5-二葡糖苷)和8种单体酚。花开放过程中,总花青苷和总黄酮质量分数逐渐减少,总花青苷质量分数降低幅度更大。花青苷合成相关结构基因PAL、DFR、ANS和转录因子MYB22、bHLH1的表达模式与总花青苷质量分数的变化趋势一致,而且这些基因的表达量与总花青苷质量分数均具有极显著正相关性。研究发现,‘凤丹’花色变化的主要原因是总花青苷质量分数大量减少。PAL、DFR、ANS是参与‘凤丹’花青苷合成的关键结构基因,转录因子MYB22及bHLH1可能对结构基因DFR和ANS的表达起着重要的调控作用。     

更新修剪对苹果树冠结构及果实品质的影响

利用LAI-2000冠层分析仪测定渭北高原果园盛果末期苹果树冬季更新修剪和长放修剪(对照)后的叶面积指数(LAI)、冠层开度(DIFN)、平均叶倾角(MTA)、消光系数(K),更新修剪和长放修剪苹果树的果实产量、果实品质。结果表明,更新修剪显著提高叶面积指数和平均叶倾角,略微提高消光系数,显著降低冠层开度。更新修剪显著提高果实产量、单果质量、果形指数、有机酸质量分数及经济产值,对果实着色、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、硬度、Vc等无显著影响。渭北高原盛果末期苹果树应采用更新修剪。     

无核化处理对巨峰葡萄冬果果实发育及品质的影响

【目的】研究无核化处理对巨峰葡萄冬果果实发育和果实品质的影响,为广西一年两收葡萄无核化栽培提供技术依据。【方法】使用植物生长调节剂赤霉素、益果灵、施特优对巨峰葡萄冬造果在花期进行无核化处理,测定各处理冬果果实无核率、穗重、百粒果重、果形指数、穗轴长度和粗度及果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和可溶性总糖含量。【结果】不同植物生长调节剂组合于不同花期处理巨峰葡萄,无核率为26.2%-94.5%。花前3 d用10 mg/L赤霉素＋2 mg/L益果灵溶液浸蘸花序1次,7 d后再处理1次,果实无核率高达94.5%,可溶性固形物含量达18.20%,可溶性总糖含量165.52 g/L,均显著高于对照。【结论】赤霉素、益果灵、施特优能显著提高巨峰葡萄冬果果实无核率,增加冬果果实风味,提高果实商品价值,其中花前3 d用10 mg/L赤霉素＋2 mg/L益果灵溶液浸蘸花序1次,7 d后再处理1次的效果最佳。     

Spatial variation in yield and quality in a small apple orchard

We describe the yield and quality of apples from a 0.8 ha apple orchard located in northern Greece over two growing seasons and consider the potential for site-specific management. The orchard has two apple cultivars: Red Chief (main cultivar) and Fuji (pollinator). Yield was measured by weighing all fruit harvested from groups of five adjacent trees and the position of the central tree was recorded by GPS. Apple quality at harvest was evaluated from samples of the two cultivars in both years for which fruit mass, flesh firmness, soluble solids content, juice pH and acidity of the juice were determined. The variation in tree flowering was also measured in the spring of the second season using a stereological sampling procedure. The results showed considerable variability in the number of tree flowers, yield and quality across the orchard for both cultivars. The number of flowers was strongly correlated with the final yield. These data could potentially be used to plan precise thinning and for early prediction of yield; the latter is important for marketing the fruit. Several quality characteristics, including fruit juice soluble solids content and acid content were negatively correlated with yield. The general patterns of spatial variation in several variables suggested that changes in topography and aspect had important effects on apple yield and quality.     

桃树冠层相对光照分布与果实产量品质关系的研究

 【目的】研究桃树开心形树冠内相对光照强度与果实品质的关系。【方法】以5年生晚蜜为试材,以树干为中心,用竹竿将树冠分成不同层次、方位的50 cm×50 cm×50 cm的立方体,在生长时期测量不同部位相对光照强度,成熟期测量不同部位果实产量和品质。【结果】桃树开心形树冠内相对光照强度随树冠由外到内、由上到下逐渐递减;在第一次叶幕形成和最终叶幕形成的两个不同时期,不同相对光照强度的树冠体积占整个树冠体积的比例差异显著,小于30%的分别占7.71% 、47.91%,大于80%的分别占27.7% 、3.13%;果实主要集中分布在树冠上、中部1.5～3.0 m。回归方程解析得出果实单果重和可溶性固形物含量与相对光照强度均呈显著相关性。【结论】相对光照强度是影响果实单果重和可溶性固形物的主要因素,生产优质桃果实的最低相对光照强度为36.31%,生产中应注意合理进行夏季修剪,调节枝叶数量和空间分布,降低相对光照强度小于36.31%的树冠空间体积。     

旱地冬小麦冠层温度和其产量以及产量构成因素之间的关系

对旱地小麦冠层温度和产量及产量构成因素的关系分析可知：冠层温度（CT）和产量之间的相关性均呈现出增强—减弱—增强的变化趋势,判定系数R2的最大值出现在5月22日（R2=0.710）。8个监测日冠层温度和产量之间有极显著的负相关,随着CT的降低,产量提高,冠层温度偏低的品种其产量高,而冠层温度偏高的品种其产量低。参试品种（系）中,冠层温度偏低型的定鉴3号和冠层温度偏高型的沧核038冠层温度差达到4~5℃,产量之间相差2.1t/hm2。冠层温度和产量构成因素当中,冠层温度和千粒重、小穗数都呈现出负相关。冠层温度和产量及产量构成因素之间的相关性由强到弱依次为：产量,千粒重,小穗数,穗粒数。     

Vineyard zone delineation by cluster classification based on annual grape and vine characteristics

This study describes a method for vineyard zone delineation based on spatial interpolation of data on annual monitoring of grape and vine growth from 2007 to 2012 for four commercial vines (Cabernet Sauvignon, Mencía, Merlot and Tempranillo) located in the Bierzo Denomination of Origen (NW Spain). A sampled grid of 20 × 29 m (14 vines/ha) was defined for each vineyard and data were collected for ten soil, six grape composition, three grape production and five vine vigour variables. Continuous maps of each variable were created by spatial interpolation from the sampled points. Several zone delineations were obtained by clustering—using the iterative self-organizing data analysis (ISODATA) algorithm—according to different combinations of the studied variables. The resulting zone delineations were analysed (ANOVA) in order to determine whether the variables in the two cluster classifications for two or three zones were statistically different from each other. The selected delineation was the cluster that included total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total phenolic content, pH, mean cluster weight and length of the internode in two zones. The results point to the feasibility of this approach to vineyard zone delineation. Further research is necessary to confirm the effectiveness of this approach for other locations and evaluate the usefulness of introducing new grape and vine variables.     

极端干旱区酿酒葡萄品种马瑟兰的光合和酿酒特性分析

【目的】 研究酿酒葡萄品种马瑟兰在极端干旱区的光合及酿酒特性,为马瑟兰在极端干旱区的推广及葡萄酒酿造提供理论依据。【方法】 以新引进的酿酒葡萄品种马瑟兰和地方主栽品种赤霞珠为试材,采用 Li-6400 光合仪测定叶片光响应参数,FMS-2 型便携脉冲调制式荧光仪测定叶绿素荧光参数,监测果实成熟后期基本理化指标及酚类指标,果实成熟后进行单品种酿造试验并测定葡萄酒品质,综合评价马瑟兰在极端干旱区的光合及酿酒特性。【结果】 马瑟兰叶片最大净光合速率高于赤霞珠,而光补偿点、暗呼吸速率低于赤霞珠,马瑟兰具有较强的耐弱光能力;马瑟兰叶绿素最大荧光值(F_m)、PSII潜在光化学效率(F_v/F_o)、PSII最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际化学效率(ΦPSII)、非光化学猝灭系数 (NPQ)指标均高于赤霞珠,而初始荧光值(F_o)小于赤霞珠,二者PSII电子传递速率(ETR)无显著差异,马瑟兰具有更大的光能利用潜力,PSII能维持较高的光化学活性,保护反应中心免受损害能力更强。马瑟兰果实成熟后期可溶性固形物含量、还原糖含量上升速度均较赤霞珠快,而总酸含量降低速度较赤霞珠慢,马瑟兰能够保持较高的总酸含量;葡萄果皮中总酚、单宁含量呈现出下降后缓慢上升又略有降低的变化趋势,而总花色苷呈现出先上升后缓慢下降的变化趋势,马瑟兰葡萄积累酚类物质更多;采收期马瑟兰果穗质量和果粒质量均大于赤霞珠,且果穗紧密度较为适中,果皮颜色、种皮颜色更深,成熟度更好,相对果皮质量更高,马瑟兰可溶性固形物含量、还原糖、总酸含量和果皮中花色苷、单宁含量均高于赤霞珠,具有更高的酿酒基本品质;马瑟兰酿造的干红葡萄酒酒精度、总酸含量、色度、总酚含量、花色苷含量均高于赤霞珠,而pH值较低,整体品质优于赤霞珠。【结论】 在极端干旱区气候条件下,马瑟兰相比赤霞珠具有更大的光能利用潜力,PSII能维持较高的光化学活性;马瑟兰的适宜采收期为8月底,马瑟兰较赤霞珠具有更佳的酿酒特性。     

河套灌区调亏畦灌对加工番茄生长发育、产量和果实品质的影响

采用大田畦灌试验,研究花期和坐果期分别实施67%和33%的灌水量对河套地区加工番茄生长发育、产量和果实品质的影响。结果表明:花期水分亏缺会使土壤电导率显著增大,而坐果期不明显。各调亏处理的硬度均显著增大,储藏性能得到了提高。调亏处理后口感品质指标(可溶性固形物、有机酸与糖酸比)和营养品质指标(维生素C、可溶性糖与番茄红素)平均值均高于充分灌溉处理,且随亏缺度加深而不同幅度增加,但只有可溶性固形物TSS和维生素C含量在重度亏缺时达到显著差异;在轻度亏缺下,坐果期处理优于花期,有效产量和水分生产率相对对照分别提高了10.25%和7.28%。在加工番茄果期实施67%灌水量的轻度亏缺,可以得到最高有效产量和水分生产率,且各外观品质、储藏品质、口感品质和营养品质均有所提高。     

植物源营养液及叶幕整形方式对梅鹿辄叶幕环境和果实品质的影响

【目的】研究叶面施用植物源营养液配合叶幕形整形方式,对梅鹿辄葡萄叶幕微气候和果实品质的影响,为天山北麓产区优质酿酒葡萄的生产管理供理论依据。【方法】以7a生梅鹿辄葡萄为研究对象,分别设置篱壁式叶幕、V形叶幕配合使用植物源发酵叶面肥及不使用4个试验处理;于果实膨大期、转色期、成熟期测定果际温度、湿度等环境指标的变化情况,果实转色期测定叶幕不同部位光合有效辐(PAR)日变化规律及叶片质量和光合指标进行测定,果实成熟期测定粒重、籽粒数、皮果比、籽粒/果重、果穗松散度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸等指标。【结果】【结论】V形叶幕型提高了梅鹿辄葡萄叶幕群体受光指数,提高浆果不同发育阶段的果际日温差;改善了叶片质量和光合能力;果穗更为松散,浆果可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量提高。喷施植物源营养液能提高梅鹿辄葡萄叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量,提高叶片的光合能力,改善了叶片的生理活性。     

防落素对大棚无籽西瓜叶片氮代谢及果实品质与产量的影响

通过对叶片氮代谢及氮含量与代谢相关酶活性之间相关性的分析,以及果实品质与产量的测定,探讨防落素(PCPA)在大棚栽培无籽西瓜生产上的适用浓度,为其在无籽西瓜上的应用提供一定理论依据。在始花期、盛花期和幼果期喷施PCPA溶液（质量浓度分别为0、10、20、40 mg/L）,分别测定不同处理的无籽西瓜叶片可溶性蛋白、总氮含量和代谢相关酶(GS、NR、GDH)活性、果实品质和产量等指标。结果表明：（1）随着PCPA溶液浓度的提高,叶片总氮、可溶性蛋白含量以及GS、NR和GDH活性的变化趋势均为先升后降。PCPA浓度为20 mg/L时促进效果最明显,叶片可溶性蛋白、总氮含量以及GS、NR和GDH活性等指标值均为最高,且均极显著高于CK;PCPA浓度为40 mg/L时,叶片可溶性蛋白、总氮含量以及GS、NR和GDH活性均急速降低,各项指标值均极显著低于10、20 mg/L处理。各项指标的相关性分析表明,无籽西瓜叶片总氮含量与GS、NR和GDH活性之间均呈显著或极显著正相关关系。（2）在所有处理中,20 mg/L处理的果实产量和可溶性固形物含量最高,均极显著高于CK。PCPA在大棚栽培无籽西瓜生产上的适用浓度为20 mg/L。     

不同花穗整形方式对阳光玫瑰葡萄果实品质的影响

以3年生阳光玫瑰葡萄为材料,在花穗分离期分别进行留穗尖3 cm、留穗尖5 cm、留穗尖7 cm、间隔疏除小穗处理,以不修剪(CK-1)和去副穗及穗尖(CK——2)作为对照,研究不同花穗整形方式对阳光玫瑰葡萄果实品质的影响。结果表明:不同花穗整形方式均能不同程度提高阳光玫瑰葡萄单粒重与可溶性固形物含量,果形指数无差异。综合比较,留穗尖7 cm的穗重最大,可溶性固形物含量显著高于对照,固酸比较好。因此,留穗尖7 cm花穗整形方式可作为阳光玫瑰葡萄重要花穗整形方式。     

利用糖渍液加工枇杷膏的工艺条件与品质

为实现枇杷果脯加工副产物——枇杷糖渍液的高效利用,以枇杷糖渍液为原料制备枇杷膏,研究糖渍过程中食盐添加量和可溶性固形物含量分别对糖渍液和成品枇杷膏中功能活性物质含量、抗氧化活性和感官品质等的影响,确定枇杷糖渍过程的食盐添加量和枇杷膏的可溶性固形物含量。结果表明:适量添加食盐有助于提高枇杷糖渍液得率、总酚和总黄酮含量,以及自由基清除能力;枇杷膏的总酚、总黄酮含量和自由基清除能力随可溶性固形物含量的增加而升高,但60和70^OBrix枇杷膏的上述性状无显著性差异。结合成品感官品质评价结果,建议枇杷糖渍过程中的食用盐添加量为1%,枇杷膏的可溶性固形物含量为60^OBrix。