粤西龙眼遗传多样性的RAPD分析

为了保护和利用粤西野生和栽培龙眼种质资源,通过RAPD技术对粤西野生和栽培共5个龙眼品种的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明：从100个10 bp长的随机引物中筛选出14个重复性好、稳定性高的有效引物,共扩增出70条带,其中多态性带42条,占总扩增条带的60%。聚类分析结果表明：5个龙眼品种间的遗传差异性不大,但野生龙眼与其他4个龙眼品种的遗传距离相对较大,平均为0.07375,在系统树上单独聚为一支,其余4个品种聚为另一支,说明野生龙眼与栽培品种之间的亲缘关系相对较远。‘双孖木’与‘大乌圆’的遗传距离最小,仅为0.01236,在系统树上构成姊妹类群,推测二者具有共同起源或为近缘品种。     

19个广西审定丝苗型品种主要农艺性状与遗传多样性聚类分析

为了明确广西审定丝苗型品种的趋同程度与遗传差异,选用19个广西审定丝苗品种,通过18个主要农艺性状表型鉴定与聚类分析,并采用48对SSR标记进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明：基于农艺性状表型的品种间欧氏距离聚类,可分为4类,包含12个品种的类群农艺性状表型表现趋同;3个两系品种,2个常规稻,14个三系品种均被聚类在不同的大类中,说明育种方式不影响表型聚类,农艺性状表型差异多样。基于SSR标记的遗传距离聚类,所有品种可以被划分为4个类群,而不同类群之间的遗传差异也显而易见,遗传多样性丰富;具有相同母本,或采用相同父本的品种,基本归于同类。两种聚类结果的对比表明,育种中品种间会出现遗传关系较远,农艺性状接近的情况;也会出现遗传关系较近,农艺性状相差较远的情况。研究农艺性状表型鉴定与聚类和解析遗传多样性的结果可为广西丝苗型品种的选育和推广保护提供理论和技术支持。     

楠木树种种质资源的ISSR分析

楠木指楠属(Phoebe Nees)乔木树种,包括桢楠、闽楠、细叶楠、紫楠等树种。为了研究楠木种质资源的遗传多样性,理清种质资源间的亲缘关系,本研究通过ISSR通用引物利用ISSR-PCR技术对7个树种/群体的35份楠木品种进行DNA检测,并用POPGENE 32软件进行多态性分析,同时以NTsys 2.10e软件进行聚类分析。结果表明,35份楠木样品用10条多态性的通用引物,共扩增出DNA条带128条,多态性条带126条,多态百分比为98.44%;35份楠木样种的遗传相似系数在0.636 8以上,最高为0.850 1,平均值为0.733 9;遗传距离范围在0.162 4～0.451 3之间,平均遗传距离为0.312 0。聚类分析显示,这7个树种/群体35份楠木样品中,当相似系数为0.68时,广西资源紫楠单独归为第一类群,其他6个树种/群体归为第二类群,表明紫楠与其他6个树种/群体楠木间存在着较大的遗传分化;相似系数在0.70时,第二类群可细分为细叶楠、桢楠+闽楠两个亚类群。闽楠与桢楠遗传距离较小,遗传相似系数较高,结合外观形态,应予合并。本研究结果为后续开展楠木遗传育种提供了理论依据。     

SSR标记对甜菜抗褐斑病品种的聚类分析

为了选育、鉴定抗褐斑病较好的国内甜菜品种,分析抗褐斑病品种的亲缘关系,本试验利用筛选出的多态性较好的14对SSR引物组合对17份甜菜品种进行亲缘关系分析,采用MEGA 3.1软件和EXCEL2007获得遗传距离并绘制聚类图,结合分子标记和田间调查结果进行抗褐斑病性调查和聚类分析。[结果]共产生99条扩增带,多态性条带81条,平均多态性百分比为81.8%。平均遗传距离为0.4601,平均遗传相似系数为0.6312。聚类分析结果显示,在遗传距离0.20处,可将17份供试材料分为五个类群,其中第一类群又分为两个亚类。[结论] 分子标记结果显示,17份供试材料遗传多样性较丰富。田间调查结果表明,有五个品种抗褐斑病性较好。聚类结果表明SSR分子标记用于划分甜菜抗褐斑病性的品种有一定辅助作用。     

应用RAPD分析四川马铃薯地方品种与部分栽培品种间遗传关系

为探讨四川省马铃薯地方品种与栽培品种间遗传关系,评价其在遗传研究与育种利用价值,指导杂交亲本选配,对21份地方品种和10个栽培品种进行了RAPD分析。选取8份差异较大的材料对170条RAPD引物进行筛选,获得20条多态性高、条带清晰、稳定的RAPD引物。20条RAPD引物共扩增出191个位点,其中多态性位点172个;平均多态性位点比率90.1%,平均多态性信息量(PIC)为0.822;栽培品种、地方品种平均PIC分别为0.823和0.814。遗传距离与聚类分析表明：31份材料间平均遗传距离0.4274,变幅为0.1481~0.5852,地方品种间平均遗传距离和变幅均高于栽培品种间,地方品种与栽培品种间平均遗传距离为0.4496;表明地方品种中可能存在更广泛的遗传变异,具有较高的育种利用价值。大部分地方品种出乎意料与栽培品种聚在不同的类中,与供试栽培品种间亲缘关系较远,可能具有较高的杂交组配潜力;而N5-33、N5-38和N6-22可能分别源自于大西洋、疫不加与南湖塔(或米拉),值得深入对比研究。     

基于SNP标记的爆裂玉米农家品种遗传多样性

为了评价广西爆裂玉米农家品种的遗传多样性,利用56K SNP芯片技术对中国广西45个爆裂玉米农家品种、中国2个爆裂玉米杂交种和6个南美爆裂玉米种质进行全基因组扫描,获得多态性标记14 338个,基因分型为6 种类型。其中A/G类型最多,为5 805个;A/T类型最少,为149个。1号染色体的多态性SNP位点最多,为2 302个;10号染色体最少,为848个。45个农家品种间平均遗传相似系数为0.62,变幅为0.41~0.99,总体遗传相似度高。聚类分析将参试品种划分为三大类群,相同来源的农家品种大多聚在一起;主成分分析显示大部分农家品种聚在一起,与杂交品种和南美品种之间没有交集,表明农家品种遗传相似性较高,与杂交品种和南美品种遗传差异较大。     

山东省不同年代栽培大豆SSR标记遗传多样性分析

从分子水平探讨山东省大豆种质资源遗传多样性,为山东大豆今后的大豆育种和遗传改良奠定基础;对山东省36份不同年代材料进行SSR标记,计算遗传相似系数,并对供试品种进行UPGMA聚类分析;20对SSR引物共扩增出138个等位变异,平均每对引物扩增出6.9个等位变异.遗传相似系数的变化范围为0.66～0.97,总体平均值为0.78;相似系数大,品种间遗传差异较小.利用SSR标记的数据结果,对供试品种进行聚类分析,东解1号单独聚为一类,其他品种聚成2个类群,聚类结果表明其多样性与地理来源及系谱关系相关联,但从年代上并没有很好的划分.对山东大豆的多样性分析也有必要采取多种方法对其进行综合有效的鉴定.     

燕山板栗种质资源AFLP遗传多样性分析

为研究燕山板栗的遗传多样性,用扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)技术对44份板栗种质的遗传多样性及遗传距离进行分析,其中36份原产燕山地区的种质中有18份为野生种质和18份为栽培品种,另外8份为原产山东的品种.共检测了384个AFLP位点,有217个是多态性位点,占56.5%,这表明了所检测的板栗材料中存在着明显的遗传多样性.用NT.SYS软件对44份板栗种质进行聚类分析.所有材料聚成4个类群,其中燕山地区原产的板栗材料被聚为3个类群,山东起源的被聚类为1个独立的类群.在所分析的44份材料中,遗传距离在0.0292和0.2214之间.燕山板栗和外来板栗存在着明显的差异,本研究结果与本实验室用RAPD技术分析的结果是一致的.结果对这些板栗材料在育种中的应用具有重要指导意义.     

中国引进蔓越桔品种的花色苷特征及遗传多样性分析

蔓越桔是一类富含花青素的小浆果,但其花色苷组分及含量尚不清楚。为明确中国目前引进蔓越桔品种的花色苷及遗传多样性特征,本研究以9个蔓越桔栽培品种为试验材料,采用高效液相色谱技术(HPLC-DAD)对其花色苷进行定性与定量分析,同时根据花色苷含量特征对蔓越桔品种进行聚类分析。色谱分析结果表明,9个蔓越桔品种总花色苷含量变化范围为9.140 3~34.620 2 mg/100g,且均含有6种单体花色苷;方差分析结果显示,不同品种总花色苷含量以及单体花色苷比例之间均存在差异显著性。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,9个品种在相对距离为5的水平上,可将其分成3个类群,第Ⅰ类群为‘史蒂文’,第Ⅱ类群为‘森特维尔’,第Ⅲ类群包含‘博蔓’、‘奥斯通’和‘克劳利’等7个品种,该研究将为蔓越桔品种的加工和利用提供科学依据。     

基于ISSR标记的割手密种质资源遗传多样性分析

割手密(Saccharum spontaneum L.)是甘蔗栽培品种的原始亲本之一,当前仍是甘蔗遗传改良的重要种质资源,为了对割手密的遗传多样性进行鉴定,本研究运用ISSR分子标记的方法,测定了24份割手密的遗传多样性,结果表明:14个ISSR引物共扩增出227条带,其中多态性条带为224条,多态性百分率为98.67%;24份材料的Nei指数(h)介于0.27~0.94,遗传相似系数集中在0.3~0.5之间;基于UPGMA聚类分析,在遗传距离0.70处,可以将24个材料分成4个类群;说明割手密有着相对丰富的遗传多样性,能够广泛用于甘蔗的遗传育种改良。     

ISSR分子标记在丝瓜杂交种纯度鉴定的应用

品种纯度鉴定对种子质量的保证十分关键。为了鉴定丝瓜杂交种‘农福丝瓜801’的遗传纯度,本研究利用ISSR分子标记技术对丝瓜杂交种‘农福丝瓜801’及其亲本的DNA指纹进行分析,试验从100条引物中筛选出具有特异性ISSR引物3个(ISSR-820,ISSR-886,ISSR-891)。结果表明,ISSR-820为父母本特异性标记共显性引物,可快速有效地辨别杂交种;ISSR-891能以杂交种是否扩增出父本特征带为依据,可有效地鉴定出杂交种中所混杂的母本自交系种子;ISSR-886能区分父本机械系混杂。并且,ISSR分子鉴定结果与田间鉴定结果相一致,表明这些引物能有效应用于‘农福丝瓜801’种子纯度的快速鉴定。     

蛇龙珠葡萄品种亲缘关系的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术对4个酿酒葡萄品种和11个鲜食葡萄品种的亲缘关系进行了研究。从30个随机引物中筛选出16个扩多态性引物，用于15个样品的正式扩增。共扩增出134条DNA带，其中多态性扩增带99条，占73.9％。根据DNA扩增结果计算出品种的遗传距离，并构建聚类树状图。分析结果表明，红地球、瑞必尔与其它13个品种的遗传距离最远，巨峰系列的葡萄品种间遗传距离值较小，蛇龙珠品种与其它3个酿酒葡萄品种在遗传基因上存在差异，与品丽珠的亲缘关系最近。     

Changes in wheat seed storage protein fingerprint due to soil mineral content

Wheat seed storage protein fingerprint is used to determine the gluten protein pattern in studies aimed at improving flour quality. Wild wheat with high seed protein content is used extensively in wheat breeding programs. Although the wild wheat growth and protein content may be influenced by environmental conditions, the gluten-protein pattern is generally considered as indicative of a genotype, without the superimposition of environmental influences. The effects of soil type, habitat, and deficiencies of N, P, K and S on seed storage protein composition were examined in nine accessions of wild wheat (Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides) and three varieties (two T. aestivum and one T. durum). Soil from ten natural habitats of the wild wheat that had not previously received any fertilizers or manures was sampled and used to grow wheat in a greenhouse. Seed storage protein composition was characterized by SDS-PAGE. Although deficiencies in soil nutrient caused variations in the seed storage proteins, the genotype was the main factor determining the seed storage protein composition. Seed storage protein composition of genotypes varied when grown under different mineral nutrient conditions. Only one genotype was stable showing almost identical protein patterns under all growing conditions studied without any qualitative change in fingerprint pattern. In the other genotypes, as well as the cultivars, the seed storage protein was affected at least to some extent by the soil. The ‘soil effect’ is summarized in terms of three main quantitative changes in the seeds: 1 – the relative amounts of the high-molecular-weight proteins; 2 – the relative amounts of proteins in the range of 45 and 65 kD; 3 – the percentage distribution of the HMW glutenin and other groups of seed storage proteins. The soild induced also qualitative differences in the composition of seed storage proteins, mostly in those of 45–65 kD. These differences were observed whenever a deficiency of S, N, P, K or Mg was identified. Therefore, in breeding programs that use seed storage protein fingerprints of wild wheat germplasms should be exercise caution when the germplasms selected from wild habitats. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Amplified fragment length polymorphism as a tool for molecular characterization of almond germplasm: genetic diversity among cultivated genotypes and related wild species of almond,and its relationships with agronomic traits

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis is a rapid and efficient method for producing DNA fingerprints and molecular characterization. Our objectives were to: estimate genetic similarities (GS), marker indices, and polymorphic information contents (PICs) for AFLP markers in almond cultivars; assess the genetic diversity of almond cultivars and wild species, using GS estimated from AFLP fingerprints and molecular characterization; and facilitate the use of markers in inter-specific introgression and cultivar improvement. The genetic diversity of 45 almond cultivars from Iran, Europe, and America, were studied assaying 19 primer combinations. In addition, several agronomic traits were evaluated, including flowering and maturity times, self-incompatibility, and kernel and fruit properties. Out of the 813 polymerase chain reaction fragments that were scored, 781 (96.23%) were polymorphic. GS ranged from 0.5 to 0.96, marker indices ranged from 51.37 to 78.79, and PICs ranged from 0.56 to 0.86. Results allowed the unique molecular identification of all assayed genotypes. However, the correlation between genetic similarity clustering as based on AFLP and clustering for agronomic traits was low. Cluster analysis based on AFLP data clearly differentiated the genotypes and wild species according to their origin and pedigree, whereas, cluster analysis based on agronomic data differentiated according the pomological characterization. Our results showed the great genetic diversity of the almond cultivars and their interest for almond breeding.     

西瓜同工酶及可溶性蛋白分析

对京欣一号西瓜的亲本及杂种一代的几种同工酶系统及可溶性蛋白进行了分析。结果表明，在种子萌发过程中，过氧化物酶、酯酶和可溶性蛋白随发育阶段或营养状况的改变而改变；而在相同萌发时期，过氧物酶工酶、酯酶同工酶、过氧化氢酶同工酶和淀粉酶同工酶在亲本及杂种间未见差异，杂种的可溶性蛋白图谱表现与母本相同，而与父本有差异。此外，对６个品种的西瓜、非洲西瓜和瓠瓜的分析结果表明，非洲西瓜和瓠瓜的过氧化物酶酶谱、酯酶     

Genetic variation in seed production and its components in four cultivars of the pasture grass Setaria sphacelata

Variation in seed production and its components was investigated between and within four cultivars of the pasture grass Setaria sphacelata, in two experiments over two years, as a basis for future cultivar improvement. The study sought to determine the basis for the considerable differences in seed production of the four cultivars Nandi, Narok, Solander and Kazungula, to determine the extent of genetic variation in the four cultivars in attributes which contribute to seed yield, and to investigate genotypic consistency in seed production over years and seasons. Each experiment comprised 50 genotypes of each cultivar. In the first experiment, plants were harvested a set number of days after median flowering date whereas in the second experiment, which was unreplicated, each genotype was harvested a set number of days after it had flowered. In the first experiment, seed yields were generally highest for Kazungula, lowest for Narok and intermediate for Nandi and Solander. All measured attributes contributing to seed yield exhibited a high order of variation between and within cultivars, but the basis for the large difference in seed yield per plant between cultivars was tiller fertility rather that total tiller number. Averaged over the four harvests, there was a six fold to > 100–fold intra-cultivar genetic range in seed production, associated with differences in tiller fertility, which were associated with differences in date of first flowering. Broad sense heritability for seed yield averaged 0.68 for the four cultivars and showed little change over the four harvests. Genotypes which produced high seed yields in summer were also more productive of seed in autumn and the 0ore productive genotypes in the first year were also more productive in the second year. Cultivars differed in the relative importance of factors which contributed to the high seed yield of high-yielding genotypes. In the second experiment, genotypes with a high seed yield also generally had the highest tiller fertility, even though all genotypes were harvested the same number of days after first flowering. Within-cultivar correlations in seed yield between the two experiments were generally significant and the elite 20% of genotypes from this experiment had 1.2–2.9 times the seed yield of the same genotypes with a very different harvesting regime in the first experiment. It is concluded that opportunities exist in all four cultivars for improvement in seed production and that the selection criterion offering the best opportunity for advance would be fertile tiller number. In Narok, Solander and Nandi, this would result in increased tiller fertility, whereas in Kazungula, it would result in an increase in total tiller number. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

苦瓜未授粉子房的胚状体诱导

苦瓜常规育种获得纯合株系耗时长、成本高,通过离体雌核培养途径获得单倍体可加速苦瓜育种进程。为建立苦瓜未授粉子房离体培养再生体系,本研究利用苦瓜未授粉子房为外植体,研究基因型、接种方式、激素配比、胚囊发育时期、预培养处理对胚状体诱导效果的影响。结果表明:MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA1.00 mg/L+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L+TDZ 0.04 mg/L培养基胚状体的诱导率最高,为19.60%;在8个苦瓜品种中,2个植株生长势强的品种‘桂农科3号’和‘泰国山’苦瓜胚状体诱导率较高,适合作为离体雌核诱导的实验材料;开花当天的子房去除表皮后横切成2 mm的薄片可有效降低愈伤组织的形成,提高胚状体的诱导率;在黑暗和33℃条件下热激3 d有利于子房的转绿和出胚。本研究对苦瓜未授粉子房的胚状体诱导关键因子进行优化,为创制苦瓜单倍体育种材料提供帮助。     

Relationships among seed quality characteristics in a collection of western wheatgrass germplasms

Although western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.)] is an important perennial grass species for agriculture and conservation management in central and western North America, its lack of adequate seed production and seedling vigor limits its effectiveness. To address the weaknesses a study was conducted to assess rhizome spread, seed production, seed weight, germination percentage, and emergence rate of seed produced from 48 western wheatgrass cultivars and germplasm accessions at a field site near Nephi, UT, USA during 2007 and 2008. The western wheatgrass cultivars had approximately two times higher seed production than the germplasm accessions during both 2007 and 2008 and also had higher seed weight in 2007 and emergence rate in 2008. The germplasm accessions had higher seed weight in 2008. For the remaining traits there were no differences among the different germplasm sources. Based on principle component analysis a subset of cultivars and germplasm accessions with high seed production and emergence rate were identified that could be used to produce improved cultivars and germplasms. There was little evidence of strong relationship between geographic, genetic, and phenotypic distances among the various lines examined. Additionally, based on genetic marker data, a subset of lines was grouped into three populations. Based on these results, selection among lines could occur to maximize agricultural performance regardless of site of origin, or within population selection could be practiced to meet conservation goals of minimizing hybridization among populations.     

西瓜和甜瓜的SSR引物对三种瓜类作物的通用性分析

利用西瓜的1 824对SSR引物和甜瓜的259对SSR引物,对丝瓜、冬瓜和苦瓜的DNA进行了PCR扩增,分析了西瓜和甜瓜SSR引物对三种瓜类作物扩增的通用性以及三种瓜类作物中不同类型之间的多态性.结果表明,西瓜和甜瓜SSR引物对丝瓜、冬瓜和苦瓜的DNA扩增通用性分别是15.31％、23.04％和14.74％.但是,在三...     

建立小麦品种DNA指纹的方法研究

建立小麦DNA指纹对遗传资源评价、品种权益保护、种子质量鉴定具有重要的意义。本研究采用15个SSR标记和20个AFLP-SCAR标记，分析了来自我国不同麦区的455个小麦品种，证明用两种分子标记建立小麦DNA指纹可以更加全面地反应品种的遗传多样性。从而，在提出采用SSR标记与AFLP-SCAR标记构建小麦品种DNA指纹的技术路线的基础上，建立了构建DNA指纹的方法模式。按此方法获得的品种指纹代码可以经条形码软件转换为条形码，使为每个品种建立身份证的设想成为可能。