采用AFLP和SSR标记对扁蓿豆遗传多样性进行比较分析

为了筛选出优异的扁蓿豆育种新材料,本研究采用AFLP和SSR分子标记技术对来自于中国7个省市自治区的15份扁蓿豆种质资源进行遗传多样性的比较分析,结果表明:18对SSR引物扩增出109个多态位点,8个AFLP引物组合扩增出640条带,其中472条多态带.AFLP标记的平均Nei′s遗传多样性指数、Shannon多样性指数和遗传分化系数均高于SSR标记.15份扁蓿豆种质的遗传距离和遗传相似系数与地理类群很接近.AFLP和SSR数据的聚类分析显示:15份扁蓿豆种质分为4大类,但是聚类结果与地理类群不完全相符,主成分结果与聚类结果相似,Mantel 检测表明:AFLP和SSR数据有较高的显著相关性,AFLP和SSR标记能够有效地对扁蓿豆进行遗传多样性分析,其结果为扁蓿豆育种和资源保护具有指导意义.     

基于RAPD标记的芥蓝种质资源遗传多样性分析

调查了44份芥蓝种质的植物学性状,并利用RAPD分子标记分析了其遗传多样性。结果从150条随机引物中筛选出20个引物,20个引物共扩增出177条谱带,其中多态谱带105条,平均每个引物扩增出8.9条谱带和5.3条多态性谱,多态性比率为59.32%。基于RAPD标记,利用NTSYS-pc2.11构建了聚类树状图谱,遗传距离为0.70时,44份芥蓝资源可聚成六大类群。芥蓝种质存在着一定的遗传多样性,但原产华南而且主要产区也在华南,遗传多样性要小于芸薹属其他蔬菜。     

苏子种质资源的遗传多样性分析

为明确苏子种质资源亲缘关系,本研究以收集的44份苏子种质资源为材料,采用SSR、AFLP和SRAP分子标记对其进行遗传多样性和聚类分析。结果表明,SSR、SRAP和AFLP引物的平均多态性分别为63.6%、85.2%和92.6%,44份种质间的遗传相似系数为0.717～0.967 (平均为0.864);在遗传相似系数0.762处,44份苏子材料可分为2大类,黄陵苏子和玉泉苏子聚为第Ⅰ类,其余42份材料聚为第Ⅱ类;在相似系数0.84处,可将第二类分为4个亚类。从主成分分析二维图结果来看,44份材料分成5个组,黄陵苏子和玉泉苏子为一组,与其它几组距离较远。本研究结果说明这些苏子种质之间遗传多样性较低,但部分材料间存在较大遗传差异,其中黄陵苏子和玉泉苏子与其他42份材料亲缘关系较远。本研究综合采用了3种标记进行苏子遗传多样性的评价,可为优异种质的创新利用提供理论参考,也为后续大规模的评价鉴定提供依据。     

采用AFLP和SSR标记对扁蓿豆遗传多样性进行比较分析（英文）

为了筛选出优异的扁蓿豆育种新材料,本研究采用AFLP和SSR分子标记技术对来自于中国7个省市自治区的15份扁蓿豆种质资源进行遗传多样性的比较分析,结果表明:18对SSR引物扩增出109个多态位点,8个AFLP引物组合扩增出640条带,其中472条多态带。AFLP标记的平均Nei's遗传多样性指数、Shannon多样性指数和遗传分化系数均高于SSR标记。15份扁蓿豆种质的遗传距离和遗传相似系数与地理类群很接近。AFLP和SSR数据的聚类分析显示:15份扁蓿豆种质分为4大类,但是聚类结果与地理类群不完全相符,主成分结果与聚类结果相似,Mantel检测表明:AFLP和SSR数据有较高的显著相关性,AFLP和SSR标记能够有效地对扁蓿豆进行遗传多样性分析,其结果为扁蓿豆育种和资源保护具有指导意义。     

不同类型黄瓜亲缘关系的AFLP分析

用AFLP分子标记对4种不同类型黄瓜种质资源进行了多态性分析.利用NTSYS软件分析遗传相似系数,UPGMA方法聚类,构建亲缘关系系统图.从50对AFLP引物中筛选出24对多态性高、扩增稳定、重复性好的引物.结果表明:24对引物组合共产生1 367条扩增带,平均每对引物组合产生56.96条;共产生多态性位点297个,多态性比率为21.7%.28份材料两两间的遗传相似系数在0.841 3～O.994 9之间.聚类分析结果显示,28份材料被聚成7小组,各组内生态类型基本一致.其中,华北有刺类型黄瓜在DNA水平上的同源性极高,遗传变异度较小,多样性水平较低,不如其他3个类型黄瓜多样性丰富.试验结果表明AFLP标记位点多,重复性好,可以揭示不同类型黄瓜种质之间的遗传基础.     

基于SSR标记构建燕山板栗核心种质

探讨分子水平构建燕山板栗核心种质的适宜方法,以利于燕山种质的保存、保护和研究利用.基于SSR标记,采用非加权算数平均聚类(UPGMA)法对燕山地区10个市(县)的161份板栗种质进行多次聚类抽样分析,比较使用3种遗传相似系数(SM系数、Dice系数和Jaccard系数)和2种取样方法(随机取样法和位点优先取样法)相组合确定的不同样本群的有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei′s多样性指数(H)和Shannon′s信息指数(I)的大小,确定构建燕山板栗核心种质的适宜方法;再分别对核心种质与原种质、核心种质与保留种质的遗传多样性指标进行t检验,以评价核心种质的代表性;通过绘制主坐标分布图观察核心种质和原种质的分布情况,并结合表型特征对构建的核心种质进行确认.结果表明:应用位点优先取样法取得的样本群比随机取样法具有更高的Ne、H和I,应用SM系数取得的样本群,其遗传多样性指标要优于Dice系数和Jaccard系数,综合利用位点优先取样法和SM系数筛选了46份燕山板栗核心种质,保留了原种质28.57％的样品,Ne、H和I分别为1.5317,0.3218和0.4910.t检验表明,核心种质的遗传多样性指标显著大于原种质,经主坐标分析和表型特征确认,核心种质在原种质的主坐标图中分布均匀,能够较全面地代表整个板栗种质资源的遗传多样性.采用位点优先取样法和SM相似性系数进行多次聚类,是构建燕山板栗核心种质较适宜的方法,构建的容量为46份的板栗核心种质,能充分代表原种质的遗传多样性.     

薏苡种质资源的AFLP遗传多样性分析

薏苡是传统药食兼用经济作物,本研究基于AFLP分子标记技术对来自贵州、云南、广西3省24份优良材料的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行分析,以期为薏苡杂交组合选配和种质创制提供遗传基础。结果表明:我们筛选出的8对引物组合共扩增条带996个,其中多态性为792条,多态性百分率的平均为79.52%,揭示薏苡种质中存在丰富遗传多样性;24份种质的遗传距离范围在0.189 6～0.485 4之间,相似系数变异范围为0.615 5～0.840 4,平均相似系数为0.730 9,薏苡种质资源的遗传相似系数较小;根据遗传相似性系数进行聚类分析,当遗传相似系数为0.718 5时,24份薏苡种质资源在遗传聚类上被分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ大类,其中CK与S1种质资源分别为第Ⅰ、Ⅳ类群,由Y81、Y81F组成第Ⅲ类群,第Ⅱ类又可以分为3个亚类有20份种质;主成分分析发现材料间分布分散,说明24份薏苡种质资源之间存在较大遗传变异,分子主效应分析结果与分子聚类结果一致。从而说明AFLP是研究薏苡种质资源遗传多态性及亲缘关系的有效手段之一,为薏苡亲本组合选配、种质创制和遗传育种提供遗传基础数据。     

瓠瓜种质资源遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用RAPD分子标记对源自中国7个省份的38份瓠瓜种质资源进行遗传多样性分析.20个随机引物共扩增出104条多态性带,平均每个引物扩增的多态性带数为5.2条,多态性位点百分率为51.2%.利用NTSYS-pc软件计算种质问的遗传距离,用15PGMA法进行聚类分析,将供试的38份种质可分为3个类群8组,用EIGEN方法进行主坐标分析,将其分为3个类群13组.两种分类方法所获结果基本一致.RAPD分子标记表现出与瓠瓜的农艺性状分类和地区分布有一定的相关性.     

8份剑麻种质亲缘关系的ISSR和RAPD分析

为了揭示剑麻栽培品种的遗传多样性,利用ISSR和RAPD分子标记技术对8份剑麻种质的亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明,筛选后选用的8条ISSR引物和8条RAPD引物,分别产生了53条和66条扩增条带,其中多态性条带分别为44条和61条,多态性条带百分率分别为83.02%和92.42%。根据2种标记的扩增结果,用UPGMA法对8份剑麻种质进行聚类分析,供试材料之间具有较高的遗传多样性,其品种间遗传相似系数分别为0.59~0.80和0.52~0.76。2个标记的聚类结果基本一致,但有点差异,可将供试的8份剑麻种质划分为2类群,而且2个标记聚类结果呈显著相关性,相关系数为0.70。可见,剑麻种质资源的遗传多样性丰富。     

马铃薯品种遗传多样性分析

为解析一套(559份)从世界各国收集的马铃薯种质资源的遗传多样性,用16个表型性状和36个SSR标记进行了聚类和多样性参数分析。对454份表型数据完整材料的UPGMA聚类分析表明,在欧氏距离14.66处被聚成2个类群(A_1和A),其中A_1在欧氏距离12.74处被分为A_(11)和A_(12)亚群;454份材料在欧氏距离11.73处被划成9个类群,包括4个小类(A、B、C和H)和5个大类(D、E、F、G和I),其中类群I所包括的材料占总数的57.5%,该结果较好地揭示了马铃薯种质材料之间的形态差异,区分生态类型不同和遗传差异明显的亲本。36个SSR标记在559份材料中共检测出134个多态性位点,每对引物检测1~7个等位变异,平均3.72个,引物多态性信息量(PIC)为0.1545~0.7743,平均为0.5783,说明品种间有丰富的遗传多样性。NJ系统进化树分析表明,559份材料可分为3个大群。类群I为一个混合群,各地区品种均有分布,包括133份马铃薯材料,占总数的23.8%;类群II中欧洲、北美及中国东北和西北地区的材料所占比重较大,数量为187,占33.5%;类群III中北美、南美以及中国东北和西南地区马铃薯材料所占比重较大,包含239份材料,占42.8%。表型性状聚类与SSR分子标记聚类结果相似,均与地理位置有很大相关性,应结合共同用于评价马铃薯品种遗传多样性。     

燕山板栗和太行山板栗品质差异的研究

从外观品质、营养品质和风味品质对燕山板栗和太行山板栗品质的差异进行研究。结果表明,燕山地区和太行山地区的板栗品质间存在显著差异,主要表现在燕山组的板栗单果重、还原糖、矿质元素Zn,Cr含量明显低于太行山组,而燕山组栗果中的蛋白质、矿质元素P,Cu含量明显高于太行山组。     

燕山地区板栗果实香气成分的GC-MS分析

以燕山地区特有板栗品种“大板红”、“冀栗1号”和“燕山早丰”果实为试材,采用固相微萃取技术结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术进行果实香气成分的测定分析。结果表明,“大板红”、“冀栗1号”和“燕山早丰”3个品种中共检测到62种香气成分,分别为33种、38种和34种,化合物的成分以醛类、醇类、酮类为主;3个品种中共有的香气成分有10种;不同品种间香气物质种类及相对含量不同。“大板红”中检测出其他两个品种中均未检测出的乙酸丁酯、乙酸己酯,故乙酸丁酯和乙酸己酯可能是其特有香气物质。研究结果有助于深入了解板栗的特征香气成分及组成,亦为不同板栗品种的香气物质指纹图谱研究提供理论指导。     

用于区别不同棉花品种基因组特征的微卫星位点筛选

保守性强、重复性好、多态性高的微卫星位点可被有效用于构建作物DNA条形码。选取目前生产上主要推广种植、代表不同来源系统的12个棉花品种作为微卫星位点筛选材料,参考我室构建的四倍体栽培棉种种间高密度遗传图谱信息,从376对覆盖全基因组的SSR引物中,筛选出51对引物可扩增出带型清晰且多态性高的微卫星位点。这些引物在12个供试品种中共产生155个等位位点,每对引物揭示的等位基因位点在2~7之间,平均值为3.04。参照微卫星位点的染色体定位和多态信息,在每条染色体上选择一个多态性相对高的SSR位点,其相应的26对SSR引物被推荐为构建棉花品种DNA条形码的一套首选引物,并初步应用于12个品种的DNA条形码编制。其余25对引物作为候选引物。使用该套引物扩增出的微卫星位点可用于大量棉花品种DNA条形码构建,为棉花品种真实性和纯度的分子鉴定奠定基础。     

中国栗AC/GT微卫星的提取和多态性及对安徽省板栗品种的分析

运用富集技术构建富集中国栗微卫星的基因组文库,从富集(AC)。微卫星的基因组文库中筛选出的10个微卫星中设计出5对引物。使用安徽省的14个板栗品种分析5个SSR位点的多态性,从5个微卫星位点得到29个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数量在4～7个之间,微卫星位点的平均PIC为0．63。利用微卫星数据进行聚类分析,14个品种分为2个类群,聚类结果与品种来源基本一致。(AC)a微卫星的高多态性表明其在板栗遗传图构建和品种指纹分析方面具有优越性。     

Postharvest noninvasive assessment of fresh chestnut (Castanea spp.) internal decay using computer tomography images

X-ray computed tomography (CT) is an effective noninvasive tool to visualize fresh agricultural commodities’ internal components and quality attributes, including those of chestnuts (Castanea spp). There is no procedure to automatically, effectively and efficiently classify fresh commodities from a continuous inline flow through a CT system. If the information obtained by CT scanning of fresh agricultural commodities is to be used in an industrial application (e.g. inline sorting), automated interpretation of CT images is essential. For this purpose, an image analysis method (algorithm) for the automatic classification of CT images obtained from 2848 fresh chestnuts (cv. ‘Colossal’ and ‘Chinese seedlings’), during the harvesting years from 2009 to 2012, was developed and tested. Classification accuracy was evaluated by comparing the classes obtained from six CT images per chestnut to their internal quality assessment. An experienced human rater performed internal quality assessment by visually and invasively rating fresh chestnut internal decay severity (quality) into 5-, 3- and 2-classes.After CT image preprocessing, cropping and segmentation, 1194 grayscale intensity and textural features were extracted from six resultant CT images per sample. Relevant features were selected using a sequential forward selection algorithm with the Fisher discriminant objective function. 86, 155 and 126 features were effective in designing a quadratic discriminant classifier with a 4-fold cross-validation with a performance accuracy of 85.9%, 91.2% and 96.1% for 5, 3 and 2 classes, respectively. This method is accurate and objective in determining fresh chestnut internal quality, and the methodology is applicable to automatic noninvasive inline CT sorting system development.     

建国以来山东省小麦品种及其亲本Glu-1位点的亚基组成和多样性分析

探讨建国以来山东省小麦品种Glu-1的亚基特点及其多样性,并有针对性地筛选含有优质亚基的亲本。用SDS-PAGE法对山东省建国以来推广的主要品种及其亲本的HMW-GS组成和多样性进行了分析。山东省小麦品种及骨干亲本在Glu-A1位点主要为两种等位变异类型“Null”和“1”;Glu-B1有“7+8”、“7+9”、“14+15”、“17+18”、“6+8”5个等位变异类型,但主要以“7+8”和“7+9”为主;Glu-D1有“2+12”、“2+10”、“5+10”、“4+10”、“4+12”、“2+11”6个等位变异类型,以“2+12”为主。在3个位点中,Glu-B1位点的多样性最丰富,其次为Glu-D1位点,Glu-A1位点的多样性最差。Glu-1的多态性指数从50年代的高点开始下降,在60年代达到最低点,之后缓慢上升,在90年代达到最高点,当前表现为下降的趋势。山东省小麦品种及其亲本缺少优质亚基组合,这为山东省小麦品种的改良提供了方向。     

新疆彩色棉23个品种指纹图谱的构建及遗传多样性分析

以新疆截止2012年审定的23份新彩棉品种为材料,利用SSR标记进行DNA指纹图谱的构建和遗传多样性分析。从5000对SSR引物中,挑选出多态性高、稳定性好、均匀分布在棉花26条染色体上的52对引物,在23份新彩棉品种中筛选出核心引物47对,SSR扩增检测到多态性基因型位点数共计162个,每个标记检测到的基因型位点数在2~7之间,平均为3.45个;引物多态信息量(PIC)值介于0.4537~0.8686之间,平均值为0.7096。结果显示:在23份新彩棉品种中,14份品种采用特异或特征引物可以一次性区分开,其余9份品种需要采用引物组合来实现区别该品种与其他品种。最少选用18对特异引物及组合引物就可以完全区分开新彩棉1~23号品种。利用18对SSR标记构建了新彩棉1号至23号品种的指纹图谱。利用NTSYS-pcV2.10软件聚类分析表明:23个新彩棉品种遗传相似系数变化范围是0.3781~0.9298,平均为0.5511,表明新彩棉品种之间存在着丰富的遗传多样性。     

Relation of computerized tomography Hounsfield unit measurements and internal components of fresh chestnuts (Castanea spp.)

Little is known about Chestnut (Castanea spp.) in vivo cultivar characterization and morphology, the effect of mechanical harvesting, peelability, postharvest mold, physiological kernel decay, and quality. Thus, there is a need to develop a nondestructive technique able to assess fresh chestnut internal components, especially disorders. In this study, a medical grade computed tomography (CT) was used to obtain transversal two-dimensional (2D) images from decayed and healthy fresh chestnuts, from the hybrid cultivar ‘Colossal’ and ‘Chinese seedlings’. Attenuation coefficients, referred to as Hounsfield-units (HU) or CT numbers, were acquired from different 2D CT image regions including air, and several chestnut components containing decayed tissue, healthy tissue, various imperfections such as pellicle invagination into healthy kernel, and void spaces. Results offer an in vivo accurate insight of fresh intact chestnuts, and suggest that CT technology is appropriate for inline sorting. HU measurements can be used as a nondestructive predictor of fresh chestnut internal components with a 90.6% overall accuracy rate.     

Identification of two types of differentiation in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) detected by polymorphism of isozymes and hybrid sterility

Magnitudes of genetic variation within each of major varietal groups of cultivated rice were surveyed in terms of isozyme polymorphism and allelic differentiation of hybrid sterility loci, both of which are considered to have litt le selective value. Allelic differences for 20 isozyme loci were examined in a total of 337 accessions, including Indica and Japonica rices. Aus cultivars from India, Javanica cultivars and both landraces and cultivars from China. Eleven out of the 20 isozyme loci were polymorphic. The Aus cultivars contained more alleles per locus than others. The hybrid sterilities in the crosses among Chinese cultivars, Indica and Japonica cultivars were mainly controlled by locus S-5, whereas the hybrid sterilities of Aus cultivars, when they were crossed to Indica, Japonica or Javanica cultivars, were found to be controlled by allelic interaction at hybrid sterility loci S-5, S-7, S-9 and S-15. Also in terms of the number of alleles at S-5 and S-7, Aus cultivars contained more alleles than others. While the Aus group showed an extreme diversity for both hybrid sterility alleles and isozymes, modern cultivars from the south of YangZi River in China were classified into Indica type and those from the north were into Japonica, which were almost the same as those in Japan. On the basis of the measured polymorphism the Indica-Japonica differentiation was explained by founder effects, i.e., through selection and distribution of two original sources each with a unique set of markers. Contrastingly, the continuous and pronounced diversity in the Aus group was attributed to the absence of such a process. The intermediate groups in Yunnan province and Tai-hu Lake region of China are considered to be isolated from such founder effects, retaining an intermediate diversity in terms of isozymes and hybrid sterility genes. Since hybrid sterility hampers the exchange of genes between cultivars of different groups, the understanding of its genetic basis will be important in rice breeding, particularly in hybrid rice breeding. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.