天麻赤砂糖饼干加工工艺优化

在单因素试验的基础上,选择天麻粉添加量、赤砂糖添加量、泡打粉添加量、烘烤时间为自变量,天麻饼干感官品质评分为考察指标,进行L_9(3~4)正交试验,优化天麻赤砂糖饼干的加工工艺。结果表明,天麻赤砂糖饼干的最佳工艺条件为:天麻粉添加量14%,赤砂糖添加量15%,泡打粉添加量2%,烘烤时间10 min,在此工艺条件下,制备的天麻赤砂糖饼干呈棕黄色,表面光滑,组织细密均匀,天麻味适中,酥脆且甜而不腻。     

基于正交试验和模糊评价的豆渣膳食面包研制

豆渣中含有丰富的营养物质,其中膳食纤维尤为丰富,具有减少肠道中的胆固醇、降低结肠癌风险、预防便秘等功效。我国每年通过大豆加工产生的豆渣约为800×104 t,大多数被当成废弃物丢弃,因此对豆渣的利用具有现实意义。以大豆豆渣、小麦粉为主要原料,研究豆渣添加量、酵母添加量、发酵时间、烘烤温度对豆渣面包品质的影响,并在单因素试验的基础上通过正交试验确定豆渣膳食面包的最佳工艺条件,以面粉100 g为基准,豆渣15 g,酵母1.1 g,发酵时间110 min,烘烤方法和温度为先以底火120℃,面火120℃的温度烘烤20 min,将面包内部的水分去除,再将底火和面火同时升温至180℃烘烤15 min。豆渣膳食面包的研制,丰富了面包的营养物质,同时豆渣被充分利用,节约了资源,具有良好的市场前景。     

蛋壳粉低糖蛋糕的研制

将蛋壳粉添加到蛋糕中研制蛋壳粉低糖蛋糕,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验筛选出蛋壳粉低糖蛋糕的最佳配方和生产工艺条件为:面粉100 g,鸡蛋4个,蛋壳粉0.7 g,白糖50 g,植物油45 g,烘烤温度180℃,烘烤时间17 min。制得的蛋壳粉低糖蛋糕色泽自然均匀,形态周正不粘边,口感松软、甜度适中,无异味,蛋壳粉均匀地分散在蛋糕组织中,组织富有弹性,气孔均匀一致,感官品质评分达93分,具有一定的营养保健功能。     

小米豆渣低糖纤维饼干工艺条件的优化

以面粉、小米粉、豆渣粉为主料,木糖醇为甜味剂制作小米豆渣低糖纤维饼干。以感官评价为指标,通过单因素试验确定各因素的最适条件,通过正交试验确定饼干的最佳配方为小米粉用量15 g,豆渣粉用量15 g,低筋面粉用量26 g,鸡蛋液用量22 g,木糖醇用量20 g,黄油用量22 g,擀压成5 mm厚的面坯后,于上层温度105℃,下层温度115℃的烤箱中烘烤10 min。此条件下可获得色泽焦黄、香味浓郁、口感松脆、硬度适中的小米豆渣饼干。     

酸枣叶保健饼干的研制

以低筋面粉为主要原料，添加不同量的酸枣叶粉、绵白糖、鸡蛋，设置不同的烘烤温度及烘烤时间，以感官品质评价为指标，采用单因素试验和正交试验相结合的方法确定酸枣叶保健饼干最佳工艺条件。结果表明，酸枣叶饼干最优工艺为：低筋面粉100 g，酸枣叶粉3 g，绵白糖35 g，鸡蛋50 g，碳酸氢钠0.8 g，泡打粉2 g，淀粉3 g，烘烤温度为145 ℃，烘烤时间为17 min，所烘烤的饼干具有良好的感官品质，色泽均匀，有酸枣叶独特的风味，甜度适中，质地细腻。     

发芽糙米米面包的加工工艺研究

试验以发芽糙米粉和小麦粉为原料,按一定比例采用直接发酵法制成米面包。工艺中通过添加转谷氨酰胺酶(TG)和谷朊粉提高面包品质、增加发芽糙米粉的添加量。通过单因素试验和正交试验确定发芽糙米米面包的最佳配方(质量分数)为:转谷氨酰胺酶(TG)0.15%,谷朊粉12%,发芽糙米粉22%,水55%(以小麦粉和发芽糙米粉的总量为基准);最佳工艺参数为:发酵时间2.5 h,醒发时间60 min,烘烤温度(底火)220℃(180℃),烘烤时间22 min。     

巴旦木原浆制备工艺优化研究

采用单因素和正交试验优化巴旦木原浆制备的去皮和磨浆工艺,试验表明巴旦木最佳的去皮参数为质量分数0.3%的NaOH溶液煮沸3 min;巴旦木最佳的磨浆工艺参数为NaHCO3浸泡液质量分数0.6%,磨浆温度60℃,料液比1∶10,在此工艺条件下巴旦木蛋白质的提取率为86.472 8%,原浆中蛋白质含量为2.39 g/100 mL.     

汤种法制作莜麦吐司面包的工艺研究

通过单因素试验和正交试验确定了汤种法制作莜麦吐司面包的最佳原料配方及工艺条件,即以莜麦粉、面包粉总质量为基准(100%),莜麦粉与面包粉的质量比15∶85,汤种添加量35%,水添加量26%,鸡蛋添加量24%,植物油添加量14%,白砂糖添加量10%,酵母添加量3%,食盐添加量1%,二次发酵时间40 min,烘烤温度180℃,烘烤时间30 min,制得莜麦吐司面包的感官品质最佳。在此条件下制备的面包酸度1.6°T,水分35.1%,比容3.83 m L/g,均符合国家质量标准。莜麦吐司面包存放3 d后的硬度低于添加15%杂粮粉的其他杂粮面包,口感松软。     

菠萝蜜种子海绵蛋糕的研制

将菠萝蜜种子粉加入传统海绵蛋糕中，制成菠萝蜜种子海绵蛋糕，通过单因素试验结合正交试验对菠萝蜜种子海绵蛋糕配方进行优化，确定该蛋糕最优配方为：菠萝蜜种子粉30 g，低筋粉70 g，鸡蛋180 g，细砂糖90 g，水10 g。烘烤温度为面火200 ℃，底火170 ℃，烘烤时间15 min，按此配方制作出的蛋糕组织均匀，口感柔软，香味浓郁。     

新型烤蛋关键工艺参数的研究

为了研发口感好、风味独特的新型烤蛋制品,对烤蛋采用冷冻、卤制、烘烤、上色4种关键工艺参数进行了研究。结果表明,在-5^-16℃冷冻24 h后的鸡蛋不会出现破裂的现象,冷冻温度为-16℃时蛋黄的弹性最大;最佳的卤制温度和时间组合为70℃,4 h;最佳的烘烤温度和时间组合为190℃,17 min;麦芽糖质量分数5%,其浸泡时间45 min时,成品颜色最佳。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Breeding barriers between the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, and related wild germplasm

Five-hundred interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed among accessions of the wild strawberries Fragaria vesca(2x), Duchesnea indica (8x), Potentilla tucumanensis (2x) and 9 genotypes of the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria×ananassa (8x), following an incomplete diallele mating design. Crosses between D. indica and F.×ananassa produced many putative hybrids when D. indica was used as female but a few achenes and plants when used as male; therefore, pollen-pistil compatibility relations were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy in this direction of the cross. Of the genotypic combinations, 78.6% were incompatible at the stigma level and 17.2% at the first third of the style. Only 3.6% were pollen-pistil compatible and produced fruits with achenes (seven did not germinate or originated short-lived plants and nine produced normal plants). F.vesca×F.×ananassa crosses produced 35 hybrid achenes but only 14% germinated, yielding short-lived plants; histological analyses revealed that inviable seeds had less developed (or collapsed) endosperms and smaller embryos than control plump F. vesca seeds. P.tucumanensis was only used as male, with negative results. These species and genera are partially isolated by a complex system of pre- and post-zygotic barriers. Knowledge of their nature would allow the breeder to devise strategies to put the genetic variability available in the group into a useful form. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.