我国中亚热带毛竹林土壤微生物群落的空间分布特征及其影响因素

针对我国中亚热带毛竹林主要分布区,在福建、浙江、湖南、江西沿经度和纬度设置2个采样带,从5个县(市)采集了15个表层(0~20 cm)土样和15个土壤剖面(0~60 cm),利用磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs)和聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)方法研究毛竹林土壤微生物群落空间分布特征与剖面分布特征。结果表明:毛竹林表层土壤微生物生物量和细菌α多样性指数的地带性变化趋势不显著,但不同地点的土壤微生物群落结构存在显著差异;气候因子和土壤理化性质共同影响了土壤微生物的群落结构,但气候因子的影响随土壤剖面深度增加而减弱。毛竹林土壤细菌β多样性与距离之间存在显著的衰减关系,表层(0~20 cm)土壤细菌群落结构相似度(β多样性)随空间距离的衰减速率低于亚表层(20~40 cm)土壤,这可能与毛竹林根系的影响有关。总体上,环境选择和扩散限制共同影响了毛竹林土壤微生物的空间分布状况。     

中国农田生态系统的碳足迹分析

采用1990-2009年农作物产量、农田生产投入等统计数据,对中国农田生态系统碳排放、碳吸收和碳足迹进行估算,得到以下主要结论：碳排放量和碳排放强度、碳吸收量、碳足迹呈现增加趋势,碳吸收强度表现稳定,随着农用化石能源的大量使用,单位面积碳足迹从1990年的0.08hm2/hm2增加到2009年的0.13hm2/hm2。各省（市、自治区）单位面积碳足迹差异十分明显,2009年最高的福建为0.27hm2/hm2,最低的黑龙江为0.08hm2/hm2。中国农田生态系统存在碳生态盈余,碳足迹占同期生产性土地面积（耕地）的比例在10%左右,但随着年份的递进,所占比例有增大的趋势,1990年为8.46%,2009年为12.75%。     

大岗山森林生态系统服务功能及其价值评估

 通过构建适合大岗山森林生态系统服务功能的评估指标体系,依据大岗山森林生态站长期、连续观测数据及多年科研成果、2次二类森林资源调查资料及社会经济公共数据估算大岗山"九五"和"十五"期间森林生态系统服务功能的总价值。结果表明:"九五"期间大岗山森林生态系统服务功能总价值平均为1亿8495.00万元/a,单位面积价值为7.89万元/(hm2.a),"十五"期间为1亿9180.00万元/a,单位面积价值为8.09万元/(hm2.a),总价值增长3.70%,单位面积价值增长2.63%;在7项森林生态系统服务功能中,"九五"和"十五"期间大小顺序依次均为涵养水源>固碳制氧>保护生物多样性>净化大气环境>保育土壤>林木营养积累>森林游憩与生态文化,"九五"和"十五"期间各森林类型总价值大小顺序均为毛竹林>杉木>硬阔类>软阔类>针阔混交类>灌木>马尾松,单位面积价值大小顺序均为硬阔类>软阔类>毛竹林>灌木>马尾松>针阔混交类>杉木。     

不同管护模式毛竹林碳氮分布特征及其耦合关系

以福建省永安市不同管护模式的毛竹林为研究对象,对毛竹林Ⅰ(挖笋+劈草)、Ⅱ(挖笋+劈草+专用肥)和Ⅲ(挖笋+劈草+专用肥+灌水)的碳氮分配格局及其耦合关系进行了研究。结果表明:毛竹林不同组分碳氮比差异较大,其排列顺序为竹秆竹根竹蔸竹枝竹鞭鞭根竹叶,分别为293.64,223.11,163.83,158.53,128.97,93.04和41.73。管护模式不仅可以影响毛竹林碳氮年分配量,而且对碳氮比值也有重要影响。碳氮年分配量的排列顺序为ⅡⅢⅠ,碳年分配量分别为31 130.42,23 152.67,14 466.17kg/(hm2.a),氮年分配量分别为264.19,210.53,104.06kg/(hm2.a),且其差异达到极显著水平;碳氮比的排列顺序为ⅠⅢⅡ,分别为139.67,129.10,117.83,林分Ⅰ碳氮比显著高于林分Ⅱ和Ⅲ,Ⅱ和Ⅲ之间差异不显著。土壤中碳氮随着经营强度的增加呈降低趋势,而碳氮比呈增加趋势。3种管护模式毛竹林地土壤碳氮比在24～38之间,说明3种管护模式林地微生物分解能力较强,林地肥力较好。毛竹林年分配碳氮量以及土壤中碳氮元素含量存在着很强的耦合性,碳氮元素之间的耦合关系可以用一次线性模型来模拟。     

河北省北部森林植被碳储量和固碳速率研究

为了了解河北省北部森林植被固碳能力,本文以该区域阔叶林、针叶林、混交林、经济林和灌丛为研究对象,基于政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)推荐采用的加拿大林业碳收支模型(CBM-CFS3),利用第7次全国森林资源连续清查数据和野外森林植被调查样地数据,拟合出研究区的蓄积-生物量转换参数和林木器官生物量比例参数,建立研究区内不同森林植被类型的蓄积生长方程、蓄积-干材生物量转换方程、生物量组分比例方程,采用这些方程评估了2010年河北省北部森林生态系统植被碳储量、碳密度和固碳速率。结果表明:拟合的不同森林植被蓄积生长方程的决定系数均大于0.7,蓄积-干材生物量转换方程的决定系数均大于0.8,生物量组分比例方程拟合效果较好,可用于评估该区域森林植被碳汇功能和潜力。2010年河北省北部森林植被碳储量为59.66 Tg(C),平均森林植被碳密度为25.05 Mg(C)×hm~(-2),森林植被固碳速率为0.07~1.87Mg(C)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1);其中阔叶林、针叶林、混交林、经济林碳储量和碳密度分别为30.97 Tg(C)、12.36 Tg(C)、15.73Tg(C)、0.60 Tg(C)和26.09 Mg(C)×hm~(-2)、26.14 Mg(C)×hm~(-2)、24.50 Mg(C)×hm~(-2)、7.53 Mg(C)×hm~(-2)。河北省北部森林植被碳密度与固碳速率均从西北到东南呈升高趋势。造林后森林面积增加6 400 km2,森林植被碳储量增加19.54 Tg(C)(不包括灌丛);林龄结构以中幼龄林为主,未来森林固碳潜力巨大。说明造林在增加森林植被碳储量和提高森林的固碳速率中起到了重要作用。     

长江流域森林碳储量的时空变化及其驱动因素分析

为了评估森林碳储量在全球碳循环中的重要作用,基于1993—2012年遥感估算和LPJ(Lund-Potsdam-Jena)模型模拟的植被碳储量数据,使用简单线性回归和相关性分析的方法,研究了长江流域森林地上碳储量(Aboveground Biomass Carbon,ABC)的时空分布特征及其驱动因素。结果表明:(1)近20年来,遥感估算的长江流域森林地上碳储量呈显著增长趋势,森林碳库从1993年的2 563.91 Tg C增加到2012年的2 893.17 Tg C,增长率为12.84%。嘉陵江流域和汉江流域森林ABC值较高,长江流域西部山区较低;(2)长江流域森林ABC对气候变化比较敏感。总体来看,长江流域森林ABC与温度呈正相关关系,但与降水呈负相关关系;(3)遥感估算的森林碳库增长率由1993—2000年的3.15%提高到2001—2012年的8.01%,但LPJ模型模拟的森林碳库从1993年的4 159.06 Tg C增加到2012年的4 210.88 Tg C,增长率仅为1.25%,明显低于遥感估算的森林碳库。长江流域重大生态工程实施可能是引起2000年后长江流域森林地上碳储量显著增加的主要因素之一,表明重大生态工程实施有助于加快中国植被变绿的速度。     

浅谈毛竹山的水土保持

随着人们对毛竹价值的进一步认识和开发利用,毛竹林种植面积在扩大,但在对毛竹从粗放管理转向集约经营的过程中,出现一些违背自然规律的管理现象,竹林林份日趋单一,毛竹林生态系统防御力越来越脆弱,其水土流失面积有扩大的趋势。本文针对当前毛竹山的水土流失现状,提出了相应的水土保持措施。     

集约经营毛竹林土壤活性有机碳库研究

为了解毛竹林集约经营后土壤有机碳库发生的变化,采集了集约经营历史5～10年竹林的土壤样品进行分析,并与粗放经营毛竹林进行比较。研究结果表明:毛竹林集约经营后土壤总有机碳、水溶性有机碳和微生物量碳含量都明显减少,与粗放经营毛竹林之间有显著差异(P<0.05),并且微生物量碳占总有机碳比例也显著降低,水溶性有机物质的分子量也明显变小。集约经营后竹林土壤矿化态碳数量及其占总有机碳比例增强,说明毛竹集约经营使土壤有机物质稳定性变差,矿化率增加。毛竹林土壤总有机碳、水溶性碳、微生物量碳及矿化态碳两两之间相关性均达极显著水平(P<0.01),土壤各类有机碳含量与土壤全氮、水解氮含量间相关性也达显著或极显著水平。毛竹集约经营未改变各类有机碳的剖面变化特征。     

乌鲁木齐南山森林生物量和碳储量空间分布特征

乌鲁木齐南山分布有大面积的雪岭云杉林,探究其生物量和碳储量的空间分布特征,能够为该地区碳储量的研究和森林生态系统管理提供依据。以2015年4—5月的Landsat TM遥感影像为主要数据源,结合样地实测数据,基于遥感统计模型法,利用逐步回归法建立模型估算了乌鲁木齐南山雪岭云杉林的生物量。以此为基础,分析了生物量的空间分布规律和碳储量的空间分布格局。结果表明:生物量模型估算值与实测值的平均相对误差为12.72%,精度较高。雪岭云杉林的平均生物量为91.21t/hm,生物量总量为8.2×10~6 t,山区生物量密度的分布总体呈现西南高、东北低的趋势。森林生态系统碳储量为4.1×106 t,平均碳密度为45.61t/hm,山区及其周边的森林碳密度分布不均衡。研究表明,乌鲁木齐南山生物量密度分布不均可能和人类活动有关,且碳储量主要集中在中高密度等级。     

赤水河下游不同林地类型土壤物理特性及其水源涵养功能

对赤水河下游地区毛竹林、杉木林和马尾松林的土壤容重、孔隙度、枯落物累积量与持水量以及林地土壤贮水性能等进行了研究.结果表明,不同林分类型的土壤容重和土壤孔隙度差异明显,且土壤容重均随土壤深度的增加而不断增加,土壤总孔隙度与毛管孔隙度均随土壤深度的增加而不断减小;杉木林(1.52 g/cm3)与马尾松林(1.54 g/cm3)平均土壤容重是毛竹林(1.18 g/c,3)的约1.3倍,土壤总孔隙度为:毛竹林>马尾松林>杉木林,非毛管孔隙度为:毛竹林>杉木林>马尾松林;枯落物持水量表现为杉木林(18.01 t/hm2)>马尾松林(14.04 t/hm2)>毛竹林(10.59 t/hm2);土壤平均最大蓄水量为:毛竹林(878.92 t/hm2)>马尾松林(652.80 t/hm2)>杉木林(643.18t/hm2),非毛管蓄水量为毛竹林(49.32 t/hm2)>杉木林(34.65 t/hm2)>马尾松(33.77 t/hm2),平均土壤稳渗速率为:毛竹林>杉木林>马尾松林;根据林地总贮水量的大小,水源涵养能力依次为:毛竹林(889.51 t/hm2)>马尾松林(666.84 t/hmz)>杉木林(661.19 t/hm2).在相同的立地条件下,毛竹林的水源涵养功能最好.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.