抗草甘膦EPSPS转基因棉花的研究

林敏教授课题组从具有草甘膦抗性的荧光假单胞菌G2中克隆了EPSP合酶基因aroAG2，根据aroAG2的氨基酸序列，按照双子叶植物偏爱密码子人工合成aroAG2M基因。我们利用aroAG2M基因和Impactvector1.4，构建了以菊花Rubisco启动子和叶绿体信号肽驱动aroAG2M基因高效表达的植物表达载体Pim1.4-epsps-plus，以农杆菌介导法转化烟草，转基因烟草经PCR和Southern检测，证明外源基因已整合到基因组中，转基因烟草具有草甘膦抗性。以花粉管通道法转化棉花，经草甘膦抗性筛选得到T1代转基因棉花3株，转基因棉花的PCR和Southern检测结果均为阳性，说明目的基因已通过花粉管通道法导入棉花。     

拟南芥5-烯醇式丙酮酰-莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶基因(EPSPS)的定点突变及抗草甘膦转基因拟南芥获得

目前商业化种植的抗草甘膦转基因作物中使用的基因主要是来自土壤农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)CP4和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的5-烯醇式丙酮酰-莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶(5-enolpyruvyshikimate-3-phosphate synthase,EPSPS)基因,抗性基因资源过于狭窄,有必要拓宽可用基因种类。本研究通过PCR方法克隆了拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)EPSPS基因,对其进行定点突变,并将野生型基因(AtEPSPS)和突变基因(AtTIPS)分别转化EPSPS基因缺陷型大肠杆菌菌株ER2799。草甘膦抗性鉴定结果表明,含AtTIPS基因的重组菌株在20 mmol/L草甘膦胁迫条件下长势良好(P0.01),而含AtEPSPS基因的重组菌株在5 mmol/L的草甘膦胁迫条件下即受明显抑制(P0.01)。同时将两个基因分别构建到植物表达载体中,并转化野生型拟南芥。对T1代转基因植株进行PCR验证和转录水平分析,证明外源基因已整合到拟南芥基因组中并正常表达。对转基因拟南芥进行草甘膦抗性分析结果表明,在0.5 mmol/L草甘膦处理下,转AtTIPS基因拟南芥相比转AtEPSPS拟南芥有更高的植株鲜重和存活率(P0.05),表明转AtTIPS基因拟南芥有更高的草甘膦抗性。以上结果表明AtTIPS具有较高的草甘膦抗性能力,可以用于抗草甘膦转基因作物的培育。     

Leafy启动子控制下5-烯醇式丙酮酰-莽草酸-3-磷酸合酶基因(CP4EPSPS)的表达增强芽对草甘膦的抗性

抗草甘膦基因在转基因植物体内持续高效表达,不但增加植物代谢压力,有的甚至改变植物形态造成植物的生长发育畸形。为了减少转基因植株的代谢负担和能源浪费,从拟南芥菜(Arabidopsis thaliana)基因组中克隆了Leafy组织特异性启动子替代CaMV35S启动子,用其驱动改造后加二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(rubisco)小亚基引导肽的5-烯醇丙酮酰-莽草酸-3-磷酸合酶(CP4EPSPS)基因,同时调控报告基因gus的编码区构建植物表达载体p3300-Leafy-gus和p3300-Leafy-CP4EPSPS,嵌合基因经农杆菌(Agrobacterium)介导转化烟草。稳定表达后经GUS组织染色分析表明,Leafy驱动的gus表达仅局限在植物茎尖和幼叶部分,转基因植株成熟的叶片、茎部和根系均未能检测到GUS活性。草甘膦试验分析表明,Leafy驱动的CP4EPSPS的转基因植株幼芽部位有草甘膦抗性。结果表明,Leafy启动子驱动CP4EPSPS表达增强植株芽端对草甘膦的抗性。     

PHAs合酶phaC2基因转化烟草叶绿体的研究

中长链羟基脂肪酸聚酯 (medium-chain-length-PHAs, mcl-PHAs) 属于微生物聚酯。Ⅱ型PHA合酶是mcl-PHAs生物合成途径中的关键酶。将编码Ⅱ型PHA合酶的基因phaC2与水稻(Oryza sativa )叶绿体psbA基因的启动子和终止子构建表达盒(RpsbA-pro-phaC2-RpsbA-ter)，连同壮观霉素抗性基因aadA表达盒(prrn-aadA-TpsbA-ter)一起克隆进烟草叶绿体基因组同源片段rbcL和accD中，构建了烟草叶绿体转化表达载体pTC2。基因枪法转化烟草(Nicotiana tobacum L.)叶片，获得具有壮观霉素抗性的转基因烟草。对T0代和T1代转基因植株的PCR和Southern blot鉴定结果表明, 外源基因确已整合进烟草叶绿体基因组中，T1代转基因植株已达同质化。RT-PCR分析结果证实phaC2基因已在转录水平上表达。转基因植株的正反交试验证明外源基因在转基因后代中遵循母性遗传规律，不存在转基因的花粉漂移现象。通过叶绿体遗传转化, 实现中长链羟基脂肪酸聚酯合成关键酶基因phaC2在烟草叶绿体基因组中的稳定转化。     

抗青枯病转群体感应猝灭基因烟草的培育

利用具有猝灭青枯菌群体感应信号分子功能的aac基因构建高效植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导的方法转化烟草,获得了卡那霉素抗性植株57株。经PCR及RT-PCR检测,筛选得到30株阳性转基因再生苗,并证实了目的基因已经整合到烟草基因组中,且在转录水平上得到表达。转基因植株苗期抗青枯病试验表明,16天后转基因烟草较对照植株病情指数降低了51,相对病情指数为56.5％。     

高粱5-烯醇式丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸合酶基因(EPSPS)叶绿体转运肽(CTP)的克隆及其在转基因玉米中的功能验证

5-烯醇式丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸合酶(EPSPS)催化莽草酸-3-磷酸(S3P)与磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP)合成5-烯醇式丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸(EPSP),具有与草甘膦结合的活性位点,且结合后会抑制EPSPS的活性,在植物抗除草剂基因工程中具有重要的应用价值.为了培育抗草甘膦玉米(Zea mays),本研究通过对高粱(Sorghum bicolor)EPSPS基因的结构分析,克隆了该基因5'端的叶绿体转运肽(chloroplast transit peptide,CTP).将该转运肽与来源于农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)菌株CP4 EPSPS基因整合,以Ubiquitin为启动子,35S polyA为终止子,构建表达载体,同时以不含有转运肽的CP4 EPSPS基因为对照,遗传转化玉米得到稳定转基因株系;用PCR、Southern blot、ELISA等方法检测转基因玉米CP4 EPSPS基因的表达量并对其进行草甘膦抗性检测,研究发现,不含转运肽的转化事件虽然CP4 EPSPS基因表达量与含有转运肽的基本一致但却不具有草甘膦抗性,而含有转运肽的转化事件则抗性明显.说明转运肽并不影响CP4 EPSPS基因的表达,但对转基因植株草甘膦抗性起着重要作用,说明本研究克隆的叶绿体转运肽能够正常行使其生物学功能.研究结果为利用EPSPS基因培育抗草甘膦作物提供了重要参考资料.     

植物表达载体构建和转基因烟草抗除草剂及耐盐性的分析*

利用基因重组,将来自于拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana)的发生单个碱基突变的als基因插入含有AtNHXI1基因的质粒pCAMBIA1300中,由CaMV35S启动子分别启动AtNHX1和als的表达,得到了兼有除草剂抗性基因和耐盐相关基因的植物表达载体。用烟草叶盘转化法获得了转基因植株。Southern杂交检测表明,外源基因已经整合到烟草(Nicotiana tobacum)基因组中。抗性测定发现,转基因植株除草剂抗性至少提高了1000倍,而耐盐性提高了约1．0％NaCl浓度,即带有同样启动子的不同外源基因赋予转基因植株的抗性程度有明显差异。     

大熊猫生长激素基因AmGH的植物表达载体构建及其在烟草中的表达

以大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)生长激素基因AmGH构建到植物表达载体pCAMBIA13011-GH上,用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium turaefacicas)GV3101介导转化烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)无菌叶片外植体,经过两轮潮霉素(hygromycin,Hyg)筛选,从50株再生植株中筛选到12株抗性植株,经GUS组织化学检测和PCR鉴定,其中4株为阳性,表明AmGH基因已成功地转化并整合到烟草基因组中,RT-PCR检测表明,大熊猫生长激素基因AmGH已在转基因烟草中表达.这是首次报道大熊猫生长激素基因在植物系统中表达.     

玉米花青素调节基因Lc对转基因烟草和矮牵牛花色的影响

利用PCR方法从油菜(Brassica napus)基因组中扩增得到花瓣特异性启动子XY355,构建该启动子与玉米(Zea mays)花青素调节基因Lc的植物表达载体pXY60。通过根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导,将pXY60分别转化烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)和矮牵牛(Petunia hybrida)。对再生植株进行PCR检测,结果表明,外源基因已经整合到转基因烟草和矮牵牛的基因组中。观察发现,转基因植株的表型发生了明显变化:转基因烟草的花色由浅红变成了红色,转基因矮牵牛的花色由白色变成了浅紫色。     

转柽柳金属硫蛋白基因（MT1）烟草的获得及对重金属镉的抗性分析

将柽柳（Tamarix. sp）金属硫蛋白基因（MT1）插入到植物表达载体pBI121，利用农杆菌（Agrobactrium tumefaciens）介导法将MT1导入烟草基因组。对转基因T1植株的卡那霉素抗性分析表明，多数转基因植株后代表现为3:1的分离比例，只有少数转基因植株的抗性分离表现为15:1或不符合孟德尔遗传的分离比例。说明整合到烟草基因组的外源基因多为单拷贝基因，也有少数为多拷贝基因。对具有卡那霉素抗性的转基因植株进行PCR-Southern检测和Northern杂交分析表明，外源MT1基因已整合到烟草基因组，并且得到了正确表达。转基因植株对重金属镉的抗性比对照显著提高，表现为转基因植株的株高和鲜重均明显优于非转基因株系。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.