拖拉机液压机械无级变速器加速换段过程动力学仿真

拖拉机加速行驶时,破坏了严格意义上的液压机械无级变速器等速换段条件,加之惯性负载的影响,需要对拖拉机加速过程中液压机械无级变速器的换段过程及其影响因素进行研究。首先,在Simulation X下构建了现有试验台架的传动系统模型,包括发动机、变速器、负载以及离合器控制油路,并对其进行了试验验证。考虑到拖拉机加速过程中惯性质量对换段过程的影响,在前述模型的基础上,进一步构建了包括后桥在内的完整拖拉机模型。而后,基于换段期间拖拉机的峰值加速度与离合器摩擦损耗2项指标,对5组可能对换段过程构成影响的拖拉机或变速器工作参数进行了仿真分析。结果表明,在变速器理论换段点之前开始换段（该研究取?0.65 s）,延迟待分离离合器的卸油时间（该研究取0.2 s）,提升待接合离合器的流量水平（该研究取6 L/min）,使用一体式泵控液压马达以及限制换段时的发动机最高转速,均可提升拖拉机在加速换段过程中的换段品质。此外,拖拉机的设计质量应当综合考虑速度冲击与动载冲击的影响。该研究可为拖拉机无级变速器及其控制系统的研究提供参考。     

拖拉机液压机械无级变速器加速换段过程动力学仿真（英文）

拖拉机加速行驶时,破坏了严格意义上的液压机械无级变速器等速换段条件,加之惯性负载的影响,需要对拖拉机加速过程中液压机械无级变速器的换段过程及其影响因素进行研究。首先,在Simulation X下构建了现有试验台架的传动系统模型,包括发动机、变速器、负载以及离合器控制油路,并对其进行了试验验证。考虑到拖拉机加速过程中惯性质量对换段过程的影响,在前述模型的基础上,进一步构建了包括后桥在内的完整拖拉机模型。而后,基于换段期间拖拉机的峰值加速度与离合器摩擦损耗2项指标,对5组可能对换段过程构成影响的拖拉机或变速器工作参数进行了仿真分析。结果表明,在变速器理论换段点之前开始换段(该研究取-0.65 s),延迟待分离离合器的卸油时间(该研究取0.2 s),提升待接合离合器的流量水平(该研究取6 L/min),使用一体式泵控液压马达以及限制换段时的发动机最高转速,均可提升拖拉机在加速换段过程中的换段品质。此外,拖拉机的设计质量应当综合考虑速度冲击与动载冲击的影响。该研究可为拖拉机无级变速器及其控制系统的研究提供参考。     

理论换段点下HMCVT换段离合器转矩交接及控制

针对液压机械无级变速器在换段过程中的动力中断和换段冲击问题,该研究以三段式液压机械无级变速器第二段切换第三段为例,通过建立动力学模型分析理论换段点下两段位的液压路功率方向变化规律,提出基于液压路功率方向的两阶段换段离合器转矩交接方法,并使用分段函数对两阶段离合器转矩交接轨迹进行优化,通过仿真对转矩交接方法正确性进行了验证。为了实现转矩的跟踪控制,基于终端滑模控制的方法设计了离合器控制器,通过对油压的跟踪控制实现转矩的跟踪控制,通过试验验证了控制器有效性。仿真和试验结果表明：在负载换段过程中,所提换段离合器转矩交接方法能够实现动力的平稳过渡,终端滑模控制器能够实现离合器油压的跟踪控制,从而实现转矩控制。在输入轴转速1 000 r/min,负载700 N·m工况下,使用终端滑模控制器控制两换段离合器进行换段,输出轴转速的波动范围为-20.6～7.4 r/min,输出轴转矩波动范围为-117.4～107.9 N·m,换段过程中最大冲击度为-6.16 m/s3,换段离合器的最大滑摩功为508.45 J,换段过程中无动力中断。该研究可为液压机械段变速器的换段控制提供参考。     

油电混合机械液压式拖拉机动力系统节能性

针对大马力拖拉机在道路运输与田间作业过程中由于工况复杂、作业环境恶劣导致油耗高、节能效果差的问题,该研究采用油电混合动力匹配液压机械无级变速器（Hydro-Mechanical Continuously Variable Transmission, HMCVT）的方式,设计了一种油电混合-机液复合拖拉机动力系统,探讨了该系统的驱动模式与传动方式的实现原理并得到液压机械无级变速器的调速曲线;建立了动力系统的数学模型。为实现动力系统最佳性能,制定了整车控制架构,在此基础上提出HMCVT经济性速比控制策略、基于规则的工作模式划分策略和基于自适应等效因子的燃油消耗最小功率分配策略。为验证所提控制策略的可行性,在SimulationX仿真软件中建立系统动力学仿真模型,并基于测功机搭建试验台架进行测试,分别对拖拉机在犁耕、收获和运输3个典型工况下进行仿真与试验。结果表明,所设计的控制策略能够兼顾混合动力源的最佳扭矩分配与电池电量平衡,且动力系统能保持较高的系统效率（40%以上）,犁耕、收获和运输3个工况下油耗仿真值（2.59、6.56和1.69 L）与试验值（2.72、6.80和1.77 L）的误差均不超过5%,模型可靠。与德国农业协会公布的相近功率动力换挡拖拉机和无级变速拖拉机油耗数据相对比,本文所提的控制策略在3种工况下节油9%～20%。研究结果可为多工况作业条件下降低拖拉机能耗提供解决方案。     

基于同步信号的液压机械无级传动控制器硬件在环仿真

液压机械无级传动仿真模型含有非线性换段过程,模型实时求解困难,致使传统控制器硬件在环仿真难以实现。该文提出基于同步信号的控制器硬件在环仿真方法,定义了基于同步信号的硬件在环仿真时钟、同步信号周期,分析了基于同步信号的控制器硬件在环仿真时序误差,建立了基于同步信号的液压机械无级传动控制器硬件在环仿真系统,两段液压机械无级传动控制器硬件在环仿真试验表明,发动机节气门变化时,采用相同控制策略的在环控制器与控制器模型的控制效果基本一致。     

液压机械无级变速器动态特性的影响因素研究

为了深入研究液压机械无级变速器的动态特性,建立了液压机械无级变速器的调速模型,并通过分析油液黏度、液压路工作容积以及输出轴负载惯量对调速系统阻尼比、上升时间以及调节时间的影响,揭示了这3个因素对系统动态特性的影响.理论分析与试验结果表明:增大油液黏度或者减小输出轴负载惯量,将使响应速度变快,超调量增大;减小液压路工作容积,将使响应速度变快,超调量减小.因此,减小液压路的工作容积是提高系统综合性能的最好方法.     

两段式分速汇矩式液压机械传动设计

提出了一种由双行星排组成的新型两段式液压机械传动方案。基于某车型参数,分析了传动系统的速比特性、力矩特性,以及平稳换段条件和系统功率流状态。通过分析研究表明该系统具有较宽的调速范围和较高液压功率放大系数,并且具有方便回收制动能量的潜在优势,在民用车和农用领域均具有广阔的发展前途。     

液压机械全功率换段方法及功率过渡特性

为了解决液压机械无级传动换段过程中存在的动力中断和换段冲击等问题,基于当前段与目标段双制动器结合重叠,提出全新的液压机械全功率换段方法,并深入探究全功率换段过程功率过渡机理及控制方法。该文以两段等差式液压机械为研究对象,在双制动器结合重叠的动力换段方式的基础上,提出了五阶段液压机械全功率换段方法,通过理论分析与试验相结合的方法,研究了换段过程中液压机械转矩特性和功率特性随液压回路压差的变化规律,液压回路压差随变排量液压元件排量的变化规律。结果表明,在双制动器结合重叠的动力换段中,通过调节变排量液压元件的排量比,能够控制液压回路的高低压侧压差改变、互换,进而控制当前段制动器转矩向目标制动器有序转移,在双制动器结合重叠中完成换段,实现换段过程传递全功率。输入转速保持1 000 r/min不变,进出换段时定排量液压元件转速无波动,输出扭矩波动量约为5 N·m(负载扭矩为60 N·m和150 N·m)。该研究揭示了液压机械全功率换段的功率过渡机理,可为全功率换段的后续研究及液压机械应用提供了参考。     

提高燃油经济性的拖拉机变速控制策略

为实现对液压机械无级变速拖拉机的最佳燃油经济性控制,分析发动机及液压机械无级变速器(hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission, HMCVT)对拖拉机燃油经济性的影响,研究拖拉机最佳燃油经济性无级变速控制策略,该文针对发动机和HMCVT二元调节无级变速拖拉机,分析了发动机燃油消耗率和变速器的效率变化特性,提出了以发动机有效燃油消耗率g_e与HMCVT传动效率η_b的比值g_e/η_b为指标的最佳燃油经济性无级变速控制策略及拖拉机负载反馈控制原理。采用参数循环算法,求算出拖拉机在负载特性场内任意工作点下的最佳发动机转速、转矩、HMCVT的最佳变速比,保证了二元协同调节下拖拉机最佳燃油经济性变速控制策略的工程实现。计算结果显示:最佳变速比的分布呈现梯田状,平台部分的最佳变速比对应HMCVT纯机械传动时的工作状态,此时HMCVT处于传动效率最高点,并且在变速器传动效率高于0.92的工作区,最佳变速比的分布比例高达72.84%。相比较一元调节下分别以g_e、g_e/η_b为指标、二元调节下以g_e为指标的3种变速控制策略,明显降低了拖拉机燃油消耗率。牵引功率范围内,当拖拉机在某一目标车速下稳定工作时,在基于g_e/η_b最小化的二元调节变速控制策略调控下,拖拉机更可能在较低油耗状态下工作。表明以g_e/η_b为指标的二元调节拖拉机最佳燃油经济性变速控制策略能够提高拖拉机在任意工况下的燃油经济性。     

液压机械无级传动全功率换段过程排量比调节模型

为了解决液压机械换段过程中存在的转速波动和瞬时动力中断等问题,该文以两离合器结合重叠的五阶段全功率动力换段方法为基础,分析了液压机械全功率换段过程变排量液压元件排量比调节规律。以某等差两段式液压机械为研究对象,建立了液压机械全功率换段过程变排量液压元件排量比调节模型,通过仿真分析和全功率换段过程试验,获得了换段过程液压回路压力从当前段到目标段随排量比变化的动态响应过程。结果表明,排量比变化量的仿真与试验结果基本一致,最大偏差为8.93%,验证了模型的正确性;排量比调节模型能够根据当前段状态参量和目标段压力预测出目标段排量值;阶跃排量比调节规律能有效缩短液压回路建压时间,建压时间为0.93 s,压力波动量较小,为0.64 MPa;按阶跃调节排量比至目标值,能在换段过程完成液压回路高低压侧压力平稳互换,换段前后输出转速几乎无波动、转矩连续传递。经增速机后的输出转矩为100和150N·m时,换段时间分别为1.00和1.10s,该转矩的最大波动量分别为6.80和6.84N·m,换段过程中功率连续且平稳传递。研究结果可为实现液压机械无级传动全功率换段控制及后续研究提供参考。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.