阿什河源头不同类型红松人工林枯落物及其土壤水文特性

采用实地调查与室内试验分析的方法,研究了松花江干流南岸支流阿什河源头4种类型红松人工林的枯落物及其土壤水文特性。结果表明:4种类型红松人工林枯落物总储量从大到小顺序为红松纯林(12.57t/hm~2)、水曲柳—红松林(9.96t/hm~2)、黄檗—红松林(8.27t/hm~2)和胡桃楸—红松林(6.35t/hm~2)。4种类型红松人工林枯落物最大持水率为391.87%~573.93%,降雨有效拦蓄率为262.71%~409.61%,大小排序均为胡桃楸—红松林、黄檗—红松林、水曲柳—红松林和红松纯林。各类型红松人工林枯落物持水量及持水率随浸水时间呈对数形式增长,吸水速率随浸水时间呈幂指数关系下降。在0—30cm土层,土壤平均容重以胡桃楸—红松林(0.99g/cm~3)最小,红松纯林(1.04g/cm~3)最大,土壤总孔隙度均值以胡桃楸—红松林(58.77%)最大,红松纯林(56.22%)最小;土壤非毛管孔隙度均值范围为2.96%~5.85%,从大到小依次为胡桃楸—红松林、水曲柳—红松林、红松纯林和黄檗—红松林;土壤最大持水量和有效持水量的均值以胡桃楸—红松林最大,分别为587.67,58.47t/hm~2;土壤初渗速率、稳渗速率和渗透系数的均值也以胡桃楸—红松林最大,分别为3.64,2.78,1.10mm/min。综合4种类型红松人工林枯落物层和土壤层的水文特性,林分保水蓄水能力以胡桃楸—红松林最强,红松纯林最弱。研究结果可为研究地区的水土保育提供论据。     

辽西海棠山森林枯落物持水与土壤贮水能力研究

从森林涵养水源的角度出发,对辽西海棠山6种林分的枯落物持水能力和土壤贮水能力进行了研究,结果表明,森林枯落物的厚度为1.3～3.0 mm.依次为油松人工林>针阔混交林>五角枫人工林>核桃秋林>黄檗林>杂木林,枯落物蓄积量为3.68～12.46 t/hm2,依次为油松人工林>核桃秋林>黄檗林>针阔混交林>五角枫人工林>杂木林;枯落物最大持水量为1.09～4.33 mm,依次以黄檗林>核桃秋林>油松人工林>五角枫人工林>针阔混交林>杂木林,枯落物最大持水率为285.32 oA～504.01%,依次为黄檗林>核桃楸林>五角枫人工林>油松人工林>杂木林>针阔混交林;枯落物有效拦蓄深为0.27～0.99 mm,依次为:黄檗林>五角枫人工林>核桃楸林>油松人工林>杂木林>针阔混交林,有效拦蓄率为234.35%～421.67%,依次为黄檗林>核桃楸林>五角枫人工林>油松人工林>杂木林>针阔混交林;枯落物持水量在最初的2 h内迅速增加,而后增加速度逐步放缓,未分解层和半分解层枯落物均在18 h左右达到饱和,持水量与浸泡的关系为H=Aln(t)+B;五角枫人工林(123.6 t/hm2)、油松人工林(107.4 t/hm2)和针阔混交林(103.6 t/hm2)的土壤贮水力相对较强,黄檗林(84.4 t/hm2)、核桃秋林(60.6 t/hm2)和杂木林(55.8 t/hm2)的土壤贮水能力相对较弱.     

三峡库区不同类型马尾松林枯落物层持水特性比较

为了研究三峡库区不同林分类型马尾松林的枯落物持水性能,采用野外调查和室内浸泡法,对马尾松纯林(Ⅰ)、马尾松+香椿混交林(Ⅱ)、马尾松+檫木混交林(Ⅲ)、马尾松+盐肤木混交林(Ⅳ)、马尾松+槲栎+檫木混交林(Ⅴ)、马尾松+光皮桦混交林(Ⅵ)、马尾松+木姜子混交林(Ⅶ)7种马尾松林分类型枯落物持水特性进行了研究。结果表明:三峡库区不同林分类型马尾松林枯落物储蓄量为5.39~11.77t/hm~2,枯落物总厚度变化范围为2.14~3.73cm,枯落物总蓄积量排列顺序为ⅢⅣⅥⅡⅤⅠⅦ,最大持水量变化范围为11.94~23.42t/hm~2,最大持水率变化范围为198.53%~266.17%,7种类型马尾松林枯落物有效拦蓄量范围为8.34~15.90t/hm~2,有效拦蓄率范围为135.79%~195.81%,不同类型马尾松林枯落物有效拦蓄量排序与最大持水量排序相一致,均表现为ⅢⅤⅣⅠⅡⅥⅦ。而枯落物有效拦蓄率排序除了类型Ⅶ和类型Ⅱ,其他类型大小顺序与最大持水率保持一致。7种类型马尾松林枯落物持水量随着浸泡时间延长呈对数形式增加,浸泡5min时,不同林分类型枯落物吸水速率最大,浸泡1h后,不同层次枯落物吸水速率均呈现缓慢下降。吸水速率V与浸泡时间t以幂函数拟合效果较好,吸水速率随着浸泡时间延长以幂函数形式降低。     

江西退化红壤区3种森林恢复模式的枯落物和土壤表层水文功能研究

为探讨退化红壤区植被恢复对枯落物层及土壤层的水源涵养功能影响,进一步揭示退化生态系统植被恢复的功能效应,采用室内浸水法和环刀法分别测定了3种恢复模式(木荷纯林、马尾松纯林、马尾松间伐补木荷林)的枯落物层与0—20 cm土层的持水能力。结果表明:(1)马尾松纯林的枯落物层蓄积量最大(7.91 t/hm~2),持水能力最强(15.39 t/hm~2),但持水率不如木荷纯林(246.69%)。(2)马尾松纯林的枯落物层有效拦蓄量和最大拦蓄量均为最大(7.75,10.02 t/hm~2),木荷纯林的最小(3.83,5.36 t/hm~2)。(3)3种恢复模式的枯落物层持水量随浸水时间的变化均遵循对数函数Q=aln(t)+b,R~20.90,枯落物持水速率随浸水时间变化均符合幂函数:V=at~b,R~20.95,拟合效果均较好。(4)马尾松间伐补木荷林、马尾松纯林、木荷纯林0—20 cm土层的水分最大滞留量分别为10.49,9.83,8.28 mm;木荷纯林土壤最大吸持贮水量(38.39 mm)高于马尾松间伐补木荷林(31.13 mm)和马尾松纯林(30.35 mm)。从枯落物最大持水量、有效拦蓄量及土壤毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度多个因素的计算综合推断可知,3种恢复模式中马尾松纯林的枯落物和土壤表层的水源涵养能力最佳,马尾松间伐补木荷林次之,木荷纯林第三。在水土流失较为严重的退化红壤区,种植合适密度的马尾松林,可以通过地表枯落物层有效减缓水土流失。     

华蓥市山区典型林分水源涵养功能评价

为研究南方丘陵山区典型人工林的生长现状和涵养水源能力,选取华蓥市6种林分作为研究对象,通过测定林下枯落物层和土壤层特征,分析比较不同林地枯落物和土壤的持水能力,对林地水源涵养能力进行评价。结果表明:杉木纯林(近自然经营)枯落物现存蓄积量最大,枯落物持水能力排序为杉木纯林(近自然经营)杉木纯林马尾松—檵木混交林(近自然经营)杉木—响叶杨混交林柏木纯林马尾松—杉木混交林;杉木纯林的土壤层总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、有效持水量均为最优,分别达到67.67%,60.39%,138.11 t/hm~2;6种林地土壤有效持水量大小顺序为杉木纯林杉木纯林(近自然经营)马尾松—杉木混交林杉木—响叶杨混交林柏木纯林马尾松—檵木混交林(近自然经营);综合枯落物层和土壤层持水能力可知,杉木纯林(近自然经营)的水源涵养能力最强,为309.77 t/hm~2,马尾松—杉木混交林最弱。     

大伙房水库流域不同植被类型枯落物层和土壤层水文效应

为了研究大伙房水库流域森林生态系统枯落物层和土壤层水文效应,以流域内3种不同植被类型为研究对象,采用浸泡法、环刀法对其枯落物层和土壤层水文功能进行定量研究。结果表明:(1)3种植被类型枯落物蓄积量为23.20～39.11t/hm~2,表现为刺槐天然次生林油松人工林落叶松人工林,且阔叶林枯落物半分解层蓄积量大于未分解层,而针叶林则相反。(2)枯落物层最大持水量为50.24～109.19t/hm~2,有效拦蓄量为41.70～90.71t/hm~2,均表现为刺槐天然次生林油松人工林落叶松人工林,刺槐天然次生林枯落物层持水功能较好。(3)枯落物未分解层、半分解层分别在浸水10,8h基本达到饱和,持水量与浸水时间呈明显对数关系(R20.91);枯落物在浸水1h内吸水速率变化最大,4h左右吸水速率明显减缓,吸水速率与浸泡时间呈明显幂函数关系(R20.93)。(4)3种植被类型土壤容重均值变化范围为1.10～1.25g/cm~3,总孔隙度变化范围为27.96%～30.19%,土壤有效持水量变化范围为21.11～29.39t/hm~2,不同植被类型土壤层持水能力表现为刺槐天然次生林油松人工林落叶松人工林,土壤入渗速率与入渗时间呈明显幂函数关系(R20.90)。综合3种植被类型枯落物层及土壤层水文功能表明刺槐天然次生林的水源涵养功能较强,建议在该流域加强天然次生林的保护和恢复。     

冀西北地区4种纯林枯落物及土壤水文效应

为改善冬奥会赛区(张家口市崇礼区清水河流域)水生态环境,提高(崇礼)赛区森林涵养水源功能,以崇礼区和平林场的云杉、白桦、山杨和华北落叶松4种纯林为研究对象,布设50m×50m样地,枯落物水文效应测定采用浸泡法,土壤层水文效应测定采用环刀法。结果表明:(1)枯落物总蓄积量最大为云杉林(38.46t/hm~2),各林分半分解层的蓄积量均大于未分解层;(2)枯落物最大持水量云杉林(3.03t/hm~2)最大,有效拦蓄量云杉林(2.57t/hm~2)最大,最大持水率山杨林(384.22%)最大,枯落物持水量与持水时间呈对数关系,枯落物吸水速率与持水时间呈幂函数关系;(3)土壤容重华北落叶松林(1.00g/cm~3)最大,山杨林(0.67g/cm~3)最小,土壤总孔隙度白桦林(67.14%)最大,山杨林(58.77%)最小。土壤入渗速率与入渗时间呈明显的幂函数关系。(4)林地总持水能力排序为:白桦林(887.45t/hm2)华北落叶松林(840.94t/hm~2)云杉林(800.03t/hm~2)山杨林(768.58t/hm~2),土壤层的持水能力占99%以上。综合分析得知,阔叶林涵养水源功能优于针叶林,土壤层的持水能力强于枯落物层。     

黄土残塬沟壑区3种林地枯落物和土壤水源涵养功能

为了研究黄土残塬沟壑区典型林地枯落物和土壤水文特性,并对黄土残塬沟壑区造林树种的选择及功能导向型林分改造提供依据,于2017年在山西省吉县蔡家川流域选择刺槐林、油松林、刺槐×油松混交林为研究对象,分别采用浸泡法、环刀法对林地枯落物层和土壤层持水性能进行定量化研究,探究其水源涵养功能。结果表明:(1)3种林地枯落物总储量在105.49~148.38t/hm~2之间变动,且半分解层储量大于未分解层储量;油松×刺槐混交林地枯落物总厚度最大(3.8cm),刺槐林次之(3.6cm),油松林最小(3.4cm);(2)枯落物最大持水量(率)均为油松×刺槐混交林最大,刺槐纯林次之,油松纯林最小,分别为117.99t/hm~2(387.12%),106.19t/hm~2(324.31%),82.86t/hm~2(305.76%);(3)枯落物有效拦蓄量与持水量(率)表现一致,均为阔叶林优于针叶林,有效拦蓄量为83.66~195.72t/hm~2,有效拦蓄率为121.75%~292.21%;枯落物持水量、吸水速率与浸水时间分别符合对数函数和指数函数;(4)3种林地土壤容重均值在0.99~1.01g/cm~3浮动,总孔隙度为49.39%~50.09%,土壤有效持水量为32.99~81.73t/hm~2,林地土壤入渗速率与入渗时间呈幂函数关系。综合3种林地枯落物层和土壤层的涵养水源能力表现为油松×刺槐混交林较高,油松纯林较差。建议在现有林分改造中,宜将刺槐纯林和油松纯林逐渐向混交林模式改进。     

松花江干流四种珍贵树种阔叶林的土壤水文特性

通过实地调查与试验分析,研究了松花江干流四种珍贵树种阔叶林的土壤水文特性。结果表明:(1)四种阔叶林枯落物储量为25.88～48.81thm-2,大小顺序为糠椴次生林、蒙古栎次生林、水曲柳山杨林与胡桃楸混交林。枯落物持水量为83.1～120.1thm-2,大小顺序为糠椴次生林、水曲柳山杨林、蒙古栎次生林与胡桃楸混交林。(2)0～10cm土层有机质含量最高为水曲柳山杨林,其次为糠椴次生林,然后为胡桃楸混交林,最低为蒙古栎次生林;10～20cm土层有机质含量最高为水曲柳山杨林,其次为糠椴次生林,然后为胡桃楸混交林,最低为蒙古栎次生林;平均土壤有机质含量为55.54～90.59gkg-1,最高为水曲柳山杨林,其次为糠椴次生林,然后为胡桃楸混交林,最低为蒙古栎次生林。(3)土壤最大蓄水量高低顺序为水曲柳山杨林(3184.31thm-)2、糠椴次生林(3049.71thm-)2、胡桃楸混交林(2981.30thm-)2与蒙古栎次生林(2693.50thm-2)。(4)四种阔叶林的土壤平均渗透系数皆小于9mmmin-1,土壤渗透性能以糠椴次生林为最好。(5)综合枯落物持水能力、土壤持水能力和渗透性能评出松花江干流四种珍贵树种阔叶林的土壤水文特性优劣顺序为:水曲柳山杨林、糠椴次生林、胡桃楸混交林与蒙古栎次生林。     

镜泊湖区主要森林类型的土壤水文特性

 通过实地调查与试验分析方法,研究镜泊湖区原始红松林、杨桦林、蒙古栎林和人工红松林地的土壤水文特性。结果表明:1)枯落物总储量变化范围在22.32～34.15t.hm-2之间,依次为原始红松林>人工红松林>蒙古栎林>杨桦林;全部枯落物最大持水率、最大持水量与有效拦蓄量均为原始红松林>人工红松林>杨桦林>蒙古栎林。2)原始红松林枯落物吸水速度最快,杨桦林和蒙古栎林次之,人工红松林最慢。3)在同一土层,土壤密度从小到大,土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、饱和持水量和田间持水量由大到小的顺序基本为杨桦林、原始红松林、蒙古栎林和人工红松林。4)相同土层的初渗速度、稳渗速度和渗透系数依次为杨桦林>原始红松林>蒙古栎林>人工红松林;到达稳渗的时间是杨桦林最短,其次为原始红松林,再次为蒙古栎林,人工红松林最长。5)综合枯落物持水能力、吸水速度、土壤持水能力和渗透性能评价镜泊湖区4种森林类型的水文特性,原始红松林和杨桦林最佳,其次为蒙古栎林,人工红松林最差。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.