沿坝地区3种典型林分类型枯落物层与土壤层水源涵养能力综合评价

为了研究沿坝地区3种典型林分的枯落物层与土壤层的水源涵养能力,利用熵权法对林分的枯落物层和土壤层的相关因子进行了综合评价。结果表明:(1)枯落物层最大持水量:针阔混交林油松林落叶松纯林;有效拦蓄量:针阔混交林油松林落叶松纯林。(2)持水量与浸水时间的回归方程为Q=alnt+b(R~20.97),持水速率与浸水时间的回归方程为V=Kt~n(R~20.94)。(3)3种林分类型土壤总孔隙度的排序为:针阔混交林油松纯林落叶松纯林;土壤持水能力大小排序为:针阔混交林落叶松纯林油松纯林;3种林分土壤层的初渗速率差距比较大,大小排序为:针阔混交林落叶松纯林油松纯林;林分的稳渗速率大小排序为:针阔混交林落叶松纯林油松纯林;入渗速率与入渗时间回归方程为:f=at~(-b)(R0.96)。(4)利用熵权法计算得出的权重大小排序为:枯落物最大持水量枯落物有效拦蓄量=土壤持水力初渗速率土壤毛管孔隙度土壤容重枯落物蓄积量=土壤非毛管孔隙度,3种林分类型综合评分排序为:针阔混交林油松纯林落叶松纯林。针阔混交林为最优的水源涵养林,其在保持水土、涵养水源方面功能最强。     

太行山典型区域不同林分类型枯落物水文效应

采用样地调查和室内浸泡法,对河北易县洪崖山自然保护区葫芦峪林场6种不同林分类型枯落物的水文效应进行研究。结果表明:6种林分类型枯落物的蓄积量范围为5.25～15.70 t/hm~2,蓄积量总体为阔叶林刺槐最大,针阔混交林次之,针叶林最小,各林分半分解层蓄积量总体大于未分解层(油松纯林、黑枣和油松混交林未分解层大于半分解层);最大持水量范围为10.55～25.04 t/hm~2,阔叶林栓皮栎(25.04 t/hm~2)最大,刺槐纯林(23.66 t/hm~2)次之,针叶林油松(10.55 t/hm~2)最小;最大持水率范围是171.19%～260.20%,针叶林油松最大,侧柏最小;有效拦蓄量范围为6.25～17.60 t/hm~2,阔叶林栓皮栎(17.60 t/hm~2)最大,刺槐纯林次之(17.30 t/hm~2),针叶林侧柏(6.25 t/hm~2)最小;有效拦蓄率略有不同,针叶林油松最大,其值为180.29%,阔叶林栓皮栎(162.98%)次之,针阔混交林黑枣和油松最小,其值为77.22%。综合研究分析表明,栓皮栎和刺槐的枯落物层持水能力较佳,该地区栓皮栎林和刺槐林枯落物层水源涵养能力优于其他4种林分类型的枯落物。     

华蓥市山区典型林分水源涵养功能评价

为研究南方丘陵山区典型人工林的生长现状和涵养水源能力,选取华蓥市6种林分作为研究对象,通过测定林下枯落物层和土壤层特征,分析比较不同林地枯落物和土壤的持水能力,对林地水源涵养能力进行评价。结果表明:杉木纯林(近自然经营)枯落物现存蓄积量最大,枯落物持水能力排序为杉木纯林(近自然经营)杉木纯林马尾松—檵木混交林(近自然经营)杉木—响叶杨混交林柏木纯林马尾松—杉木混交林;杉木纯林的土壤层总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、有效持水量均为最优,分别达到67.67%,60.39%,138.11 t/hm~2;6种林地土壤有效持水量大小顺序为杉木纯林杉木纯林(近自然经营)马尾松—杉木混交林杉木—响叶杨混交林柏木纯林马尾松—檵木混交林(近自然经营);综合枯落物层和土壤层持水能力可知,杉木纯林(近自然经营)的水源涵养能力最强,为309.77 t/hm~2,马尾松—杉木混交林最弱。     

滦河典型林分枯落物层与土壤层的水文效应

[目的]研究滦河上游典型林分的枯落物层与土壤层的水文效应,为森林健康监测和评价提供依据。[方法]对滦河上游3种林分的枯落物层未分解层与半分解层进行调查研究。[结果](1)油松林的枯落物生物量为12.03t/hm2,最大持水量为19.4t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为23.52t/hm2;落叶松林的枯落物生物量为9.51t/hm2,最大持水量为11.9t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为17.03t/hm2;落叶松白桦混交林的枯落物生物量为5.54t/hm2,最大持水量为13.0t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为13.7t/hm2。(2)半分解层枯落物浸泡8h已基本达到饱和,而未分解层需浸泡10h。枯落物在浸水的前0.5h内吸水速率最大,6h左右时吸水速率明显减缓。(3)落叶松白桦混交林土壤层持水能力最强,为375.92t/hm2;油松林土壤层的持水能力最差,为248.04t/hm2。利用幂函数对入渗速率与入渗时间进行拟合,其相关系数R2均在0.98以上。[结论]油松林枯落物层的生物量、最大持水量、有效拦蓄量都最大,而落叶松白桦混交林枯落物的土壤持水能力最强。     

大伙房水库流域不同植被类型枯落物层和土壤层水文效应

为了研究大伙房水库流域森林生态系统枯落物层和土壤层水文效应,以流域内3种不同植被类型为研究对象,采用浸泡法、环刀法对其枯落物层和土壤层水文功能进行定量研究。结果表明:(1)3种植被类型枯落物蓄积量为23.20～39.11t/hm~2,表现为刺槐天然次生林油松人工林落叶松人工林,且阔叶林枯落物半分解层蓄积量大于未分解层,而针叶林则相反。(2)枯落物层最大持水量为50.24～109.19t/hm~2,有效拦蓄量为41.70～90.71t/hm~2,均表现为刺槐天然次生林油松人工林落叶松人工林,刺槐天然次生林枯落物层持水功能较好。(3)枯落物未分解层、半分解层分别在浸水10,8h基本达到饱和,持水量与浸水时间呈明显对数关系(R20.91);枯落物在浸水1h内吸水速率变化最大,4h左右吸水速率明显减缓,吸水速率与浸泡时间呈明显幂函数关系(R20.93)。(4)3种植被类型土壤容重均值变化范围为1.10～1.25g/cm~3,总孔隙度变化范围为27.96%～30.19%,土壤有效持水量变化范围为21.11～29.39t/hm~2,不同植被类型土壤层持水能力表现为刺槐天然次生林油松人工林落叶松人工林,土壤入渗速率与入渗时间呈明显幂函数关系(R20.90)。综合3种植被类型枯落物层及土壤层水文功能表明刺槐天然次生林的水源涵养功能较强,建议在该流域加强天然次生林的保护和恢复。     

北京十三陵不同林分枯落物层和土壤层水文效应研究

对北京十三陵林场4种林分枯落物层及土壤层进行了初步研究.结果表明:①侧柏林枯落物的总蓄积量为3.67 t/hm2,最大持水量为8.54 t/hm2.有效拦蓄量为9.83 t/hm2;油松林枯落物的总蓄积量为12.44 t/hm2,最大持水量为20.45 t/hm2.有效拦蓄量为26.75 t/hm2;黄栌林枯落物的总蓄积量为12.29 t/hm2,最大持水量为21.81 t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为26.67 t/hm2;黄栌、油松混交林枯落物的总蓄积量为13.27 t/hm2,最大持水量为21.10 t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为27.29 t/hm2;②未分解层枯落物10 h基本达到饱和.半分解层在8 h已经达到饱和,持水量与浸泡时间的关系为Q=aln(t)+6;枯落物在浸水的0.5 h内吸水速率最大,4 h左右时下降速度明显减缓,枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间的关系为V=ktn.③油松林土壤层持水能力最强,为206.9 t/hm22,黄栌、油松林土壤层的持水能力最差,为130.2 t/hm2,并利用幂函数对入渗速率和入渗时间进行拟合.     

华北土石山区典型森林枯落物层和土壤层水文效应

以河北省围场县北沟林场内4种不同林分的枯落物层和土壤层为研究对象,对其水文效应进行初步研究.结果衰明:(1)落叶松、油松混交林枯落物蓄积量最大,为12.28 t/hm2,最大持水量为24.60 t/hm,2,有效拦蓄量为27.19 t/hm2;油松林的枯落物蓄积量为11.74 t/hm2,最大持水量为19.30 t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为22.21 t/hm2;落叶松林的枯落物蓄积量为9.32 t/hm2,最大持水量为11.60 t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为16.20 t/hm2;落叶松白桦混交林的枯落物蓄积量为5.58 t/hm2,最大持水量为12.90 t/hm,2,有效拦蓄量为13.53 t/hm2.(2)半分解层枯落物浸泡8 h已基本达到饱和,而未分解层需浸泡10 h,通过分析得出持水量与浸泡时间的关系为Q=aln(t)+b;枯落物在浸水的前30 min内吸水速率最大,6 h左右时吸水速率明显减缓,枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间的关系为V=ktn.(3)落叶松白桦混交林土壤层持水能力最强,为377.03 t/hm2;落叶松油松混交林土壤层的持水能力最差,为241.9 t/hm,2,利用幂函数对入渗速率与入渗时间进行拟合,其相关系数均在0.95以上.     

北京九龙山8种林分的枯落物及土壤水源涵养功能

为了阐明森林植被的水源涵养功能,对北京九龙山油松纯林、华北落叶松纯林、侧柏纯林、樟子松纯林、栓皮栎纯林、五角枫纯林、油松日本落叶松混交林、油松华北落叶松混交林等8种林分类型的枯落物和土壤持水性能进行研究.结果表明：各林分枯落物总储量变化范围为8.87 ～47.87 t/hm^2,其中未分解层储量大于半分解层储量;综合枯落物未分解层和半分解层最大持水量和有效拦蓄量的变化规律来看,油松纯林最大持水量最大（36.46t/hm^2）,其次为华北落叶松纯林（36.06 t/hm^2）,侧柏纯林最小（11.83 t/hm^2）;油松日本落叶松混交林的有效拦蓄量最大（23.51 t/hm^2）,其次为樟子松纯林（19.85 t/hm^2）,侧柏纯林最小（9.53t/hm^2）;综合考虑不同林分枯落物与土壤涵养水源能力发现,华北落叶松纯林和油松华北落叶松混交林具有良好的水源涵养功能;不同层次枯落物持水量、吸水速率与浸水时间均存在较好的函数关系;8种林分土壤容重均值在0.89～ 1.41 g/cm3之间变动,总孔隙度在39.43％ ～54.23％之间变动;林地土壤的入渗速率与人渗时间通过回归分析得出,二者呈幂函数关系,且R2值均在0.90以上.     

接坝地区9种典型林分类型枯落物层和土壤层水文效应

以八英庄林场9种典型林分类型为研究对象,对其枯落物层、土壤层水文效应进行研究,结果表明:（1）9种典型林分类型枯落物蓄积量在5.79~24.97 t/hm²的范围内,排序为白桦纯林 > 白桦山杨混交林 > 油松纯林 > 山杨纯林 > 蒙古栎纯林 > 落叶松油松混交林 > 白桦黑桦混交林 > 落叶松纯林 > 落叶松白桦混交林。（2）9种典型林分类型枯落物持水能力有一定差异,排序为白桦山杨混交林 > 山杨纯林 > 油松纯林 > 白桦纯林 > 白桦黑桦混交林 > 落叶松油松混交林 > 蒙古栎纯林 > 落叶松白桦混交林 > 落叶松纯林。（3）枯落物持水量与浸水时间呈较好的指数关系,相关系数在0.95以上,吸水速率与浸水时间呈较好的幂函数关系,相关系数大于0.9。（4）白桦山杨混交林枯落物有效拦蓄量最大为52.63 t/hm²,落叶松白桦混交林枯落物有效拦蓄量最小为14 t/hm²。（5）蒙古栎纯林土壤持水能力最强为117.42 t/hm²,其次是白桦山杨混交林为104.75 t/hm²,白桦纯林土壤持水能力最差为37.80 t/hm²。（6）土壤初渗速率在2.3~56.8 mm/min范围内,土壤入渗速率与入渗时间呈较好的幂函数关系,相关系数大于0.95。     

半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区几种不同人工水土保持林枯落物储量及持水特性研究

通过对土桥沟流域SW33-SW75坡向的4种类型人工水土保持林（油松纯林、刺槐纯林、侧柏纯林、油松刺槐混交林）林下枯落物储量的调查结合室内持水试验,运用数理统计的方法分别得到4种林分林下枯落物的储量、最大储水量、吸水速率等水文特征参数。结果表明:①4种林分的单位面积枯落物蓄积量2.35～3.32 t/hm²,其由大到小的排列顺序为:油松林>油松刺槐混交林>侧柏林>刺槐林;②4种林分枯落物的最大持水量存在一定的差异。油松刺槐混交林、油松林、刺槐林、侧柏林的枯落物最大持水量分别相当于0.739,0.73,0.663,0.524 mm的降雨。这4种林分枯落物最大可吸收其自身重量2.11～2.90倍的降雨;③4种林分枯落物的未分解层和半分解层的持水量与时间呈线性相关,在浸水的前2 h内,吸水速度较快,随着时间的延长趋势逐渐变缓,当枯落物在水中浸泡8 h时,持水量基本上达到最大值;④枯落物未分解层和半分解层的吸水速率与时间之间存在一定的相关关系,在浸水的前0～2 h,吸水速率较快,4～6 h后下降速率逐渐减缓。     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

Role of hydrocolloids in the creaming of oil in water emulsions

The influence of guar gum and xanthan gum on the creaming of 10% oil in water emulsions has been investigated. The presence of very low concentrations of the polysaccharides (typically < approximately 0.075%) was found to induce depletion flocculation of the emulsion droplets and increased the rate of creaming. However, at higher polysaccharide concentrations (typically > approximately 0.1%) the creaming rate was reduced due to the increased viscosity of the aqueous phase. For most systems a delay period was noted before creaming started, which was found to be dependent on the zero shear viscosity of the continuous phase and independent of polysaccharide type. The delay period increased significantly at zero shear viscosities approaching 1 Pa s. A mathematical model has been used to fit the creaming rate profiles and a simple exponential relationship obtained between delay time and polysaccharide concentration.