腐殖质对白浆土中Fe、Mn、Al形态转化及磷生物有效性的影响

在三江平原布置长期试验，研究连年施用有机肥后土壤腐殖质变化及其对白浆±Fe、Mn、Al形态转化及磷生物有效性的影响。结果表明，施用牛粪后土壤腐殖质含量升高，且以松结态腐殖质的增长为主；土壤的DTPA提取态和有机络合态Fe、Mn、Al含量上升，使土壤有效态磷含量上升。因此，生物措施是治理白浆土，促进土壤磷素养分有效性上升，增大土壤缓冲容量和抗逆性的有效措施。     

三江平原白浆土中Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn生物有效性的研究

在三江平原上,测定 42 个小区中玉米、大豆、小麦籽实 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 含量和土壤中各形态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和Zn含量.通过相关分析和通径分析,探讨了土壤中各形态Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 的生物有效性,旨在为该地区合理施用微量元素提供科学依据.试验结果表明,玉米、大豆和小麦籽实含 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 量与土壤中有效态和交换态 Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn含量呈显著或极显著正相关.有机态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn含量与玉米、大豆和小麦籽实Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn含量也有很好的相关关系.交换态对有效态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 影响最大,其次是有机质结合态.铁锰氧化物结合态 Fe、Cu 对有效态 Fe、Cu 及碳酸盐结合态 Mn、Zn 对有效态 Mn、Zn 具有一定正效应.而残留态 Fe、Cu 对有效态 Fe、Cu 和铁锰氧化物结合态 Mn 对有效态 Mn 产生负效应.     

长期施肥对关中塿土微量元素有效性的影响

以28年的长期肥料定位试验为基础,探讨了对照不施肥(CK),单施有机肥(M2),单施氮、磷肥(N2P2),有机肥+氮、磷肥配合施用(M2N1P1和M2N2P2)5个施肥处理对关中塿土微量元素Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu有效性的影响。结果表明,长期施肥对耕层土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn含量影响较大,在耕层土壤(0—20 cm)中,长期不施肥土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn含量均处于亏缺边缘;长期单施氮、磷化肥处理的土壤Fe,Cu,Zn也接近亏缺边缘;而长期单施有机肥、有机肥与氮、磷化肥配合处理,土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn含量丰富。与CK相比,M2、M2N1P1、M2N2P2均可显著增加0—10 cm土层中有效Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn含量,10 cm以下土层中,土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn在一定程度上也有增加趋势;N2P2也可增加0—10 cm土层中土壤有效Fe和Mn含量(有效Mn达到显著水平),有效Cu含量降低,对有效Zn含量没有影响,而10 cm以下土层中土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn与CK无明显差异。因此,塿土在不施用有机肥的情况下,应施用微肥以保证作物需求;即使施用有机肥,也应适当补充铁肥和锰肥。有机肥和氮、磷化肥配合施用的土壤微量元素养分状况较好。     

长期施肥对关中土微量元素有效性的影响

以28年的长期肥料定位试验为基础,探讨了对照不施肥（CK）,单施有机肥（M2）,单施氮、磷肥（N2P2）,有机肥+氮、磷肥配合施用（M2N1P1和M2N2P2）5个施肥处理对关中土微量元素Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu有效性的影响。结果表明,长期施肥对耕层土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn含量影响较大,在耕层土壤（0—20cm）中,长期不施肥土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn含量均处于亏缺边缘; 长期单施氮、磷化肥处理的土壤Fe,Cu,Zn也接近亏缺边缘; 而长期单施有机肥、有机肥与氮、磷化肥配合处理,土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn含量丰富。与CK相比,M2、M2N1P1、M2N2P2均可显著增加0—10 cm土层中有效Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn含量, 10 cm以下土层中,土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn在一定程度上也有增加趋势; N2P2也可增加0—10 cm土层中土壤有效Fe和Mn含量（有效Mn达到显著水平）,有效Cu含量降低,对有效Zn含量没有影响,而10 cm以下土层中土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn与CK无明显差异。因此,土在不施用有机肥的情况下,应施用微肥以保证作物需求; 即使施用有机肥,也应适当补充铁肥和锰肥。有机肥和氮、磷化肥配合施用的土壤微量元素养分状况较好。     

EGCG溶液浓度与酸碱度对黄壤Al、Fe和Mn形态的影响

植物多酚可通过络合作用改变元素的存在形态。采用双因素完全随机试验设计,通过浸提试验研究表没食子儿茶素没食子酸脂(EGCG)溶液浓度、酸碱度、浓度与酸碱度互作对黄壤可溶态、游离态、无定形态和络合态铝(Al)、铁(Fe)和锰(Mn)的影响。结果表明:EGCG溶液浓度对黄壤可溶态和络合态Al、Fe、Mn及无定形态Al、Fe均产生极显著影响,EGCG溶液酸碱度对黄壤可溶态及无定形态Al、Fe、Mn均产生显著或极显著影响,EGCG溶液浓度与酸碱度对黄壤可溶态Al、Fe、Mn,无定形态和络合态Al也有极显著或显著的互作效应。相关分析结果显示,土壤中3种元素的无定形态氧化物含量与对应的可溶态氧化物含量呈显著或极显著负相关,表明EGCG溶液主要通过改变氧化物形态,特别是无定形态氧化物含量,影响元素活化,进而改变其可溶态含量;Al和Mn的活化会使土壤滤液pH降低,在pH降低幅度较大时,可能导致土壤酸化。本试验一方面为研究酸性茶园土壤酸化的来源提供了方向,另一方面也可为植物Al/Mn毒害的防治提供参考,但在利用植物多酚类物质防治土壤Al/Mn毒害的同时要处理好土壤酸化与治理毒害的关系。     

黄土高原地区长期施用微肥土壤Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe含量的时空变化

以19年微肥定位试验为基础,研究了长期施用微肥条件下冬小麦土壤Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe含量的时空变化。结果表明,长期施用微肥能增加土壤耕层相应微量元素含量,施铜肥的土壤耕层有效Cu含量增加5倍以上;施锌肥的土壤耕层有效Zn含量增加3.58倍。从剖面变化看,不同处理土壤有效Cu的变化趋势一致,且耕层以下各土层有效Cu含量低于耕层,土壤有效Zn的变化趋势与之相似;土壤有效Mn在80cm土层含量较高,80cm以上以及下面的土层中Mn含量明显低于80cm土层,在土壤剖面上有效Mn存在淋溶和累积现象。施用不同微肥对土壤有效Fe含量的影响各不相同。     

畜禽粪肥对土壤有效铜锌铁锰含量的影响

采用室内培养和DTPA浸提法研究了鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪等有机肥料对土壤有效Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量的影响。结果表明,在供试条件下施用鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪均可使土壤中有效Cu、Mn含量增加,但有效Zn含量降低;施用鸡粪可使土壤有效Fe含量增加,而施用牛粪和猪粪使土壤有效Fe含量降低。增加鸡粪施用量,可使土壤中有效Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量增加;培养期间有效Cu、Zn含量变化幅度较小,有效Fe、Mn含量变化较大。     

长期肥料试验对土壤和水稻微量元素及重金属含量的影响

长期肥料试验会影响土壤中微量元素和重金属状况以及作物对微量元素和重金属的吸收。本文研究了长期的不同施肥处理对土壤、糙米中微量元素Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn和重金属Pb、Cd含量的影响,结果表明:经17a连续施用猪粪及秸秆还田显著增加了土壤Cu、Zn和Cd全量,而土壤Fe、Mn和Pb全量在不同施肥处理间没有显著差异;施肥增加了土壤有效态Cu、Zn和Fe含量,其中施用猪粪及秸秆还田的3个处理显著增加了土壤有效态Cu、Zn和Cd含量,而土壤有效态Pb含量在不同施肥处理间没有显著差异。不同处理糙米Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn和Pb含量变化较小或没有显著性差异,而在3个施猪粪和秸秆还田处理中,糙米Cd含量均超过国家食品卫生标准(>0.2 mg kg-1)。水稻地上部吸收积累Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Pb和Cd总量与其地上部生物量呈正相关,土壤Cu、Zn、Cd有效态与全量含量呈极显著相关关系,而糙米中的镉含量与土壤镉含量有较好的相关关系。长期施用畜粪导致土壤Cd污染问题应引起高度重视。     

持续六年施用不同磷肥对稻田土壤磷库的影响

以草甸棕壤稻田为研究对象,采用磷素分级方法研究持续6年施用不同磷肥对稻田土壤磷库组成及磷有效性的影响,明确最有效培肥稻田土壤的磷肥品种。结果表明,持续6年施用不同磷肥土壤无机态磷占土壤磷库的65.64%~81.30%,有机态磷占土壤磷库的18.70%~34.36%;施用不同磷肥均可增加土壤无机磷含量,其中施用磷酸二铵、重钙、过磷酸钙等常规无机磷肥土壤有机磷含量显著增加。施用包膜或含有机酸磷肥的土壤有机磷含量显著低于施用常规无机磷肥土壤。施用包膜或含有机酸磷肥可显著提高磷有效性,施用包膜重钙效果最好。含有机酸磷肥尽管能活化磷素,但也会导致养分流失。施用包膜或含有机酸磷肥是提高土壤磷素库容的有效措施。     

安徽省土壤无机磷组分状况及施肥对土壤磷素的影响

采用石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法，研究了安徽省不同类型土壤无机磷组分含量状况、土壤无机磷组分在土壤剖面中的含量分布以及施用磷肥对土壤无机磷组分含量的影响，结果表明：安徽省土壤无机磷含量高低排序为菜园土〉潮土〉水稻土砂姜黑土〉黄褐土〉黄棕壤〉红壤〉紫色土；土壤无机磷含量的地域分布特征明显，皖北地区土壤无机磷含量明显高于皖南地区。石灰性土壤无机磷组分以Ca—P为主，占土壤无机磷总量的60％左右，其次为O-P，而Fe—P和Al～P含量较少；酸性土壤无机磷组分以O-P为主，占土壤无机磷总量的50％左右，其次为Fe—P和Al—P，Ca—P相对含量小于10％。菜园土无机磷积累特别明显，特别是积累了较多的Ca2—P和Ca8-P。水稻土无机磷组成变化较大，其含量主要取决于水稻土的成土母质。在菜园土的土壤剖面中，上部土层磷素积累明显，菜园土0～20cm土层中无机磷含量与60～80cm土层的比值为4．12，其他类型土壤表土层也有无机磷积累现象。施用磷肥可以明显提高土壤无机磷含量，在作物生长前期，施用的磷主要转化为生物有效性较高的Ca2-,Ca8-P,Al-P和Fe—P，在作物生长后期，O—P和Ca10—P才出现积累。     

Der Einfluß der natürlichen organischen Substanzen auf die Metallverteilung zwischen Boden und Bodenlösung in einem sauren Waldboden

The influence of organic matter in the translocation of metals between soil and soil solution of an acid forest soil Water extracts were prepared from soil samples which were collected from a soil profile showing very little variation in the texture down to a depth of 120 cm and thus only little translocation of clay in the soil profile. The aim of the study was to describe the distribution between soil and soil solution of several metals like Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Al and Mn as a function of humic substances, electrolyte concentration and pH. From the experimental results the following hypothesis on the reaction mechanisms involving metals and humus derived substances has been deduced. The metals Cu, Fe, Al and Pb are mobilized through complexation by soluble humus substances in addition to the usual pH dependent desorption and dissolution of hydroxides. This mobilization determines the solution concentration of Cu and Fe at pH > 3.7 and Al and Pb at pH > 4.2. Al, Fe and Pb are complexed selectively by high molecular weight humus derived substances which undergo adsorption on soil mineral surfaces. Cu interacts with low molecular weight humus derived substances which are not easily adsorbed by the mineral surfaces. Zn, Cd and Mn primarily undergo sorption and are thus controlled by pH and electrolyte concentration of solutions because their complexation with humus derived substances seems to be weak or nonexistant. It is further postulated that the humus derived substances mobilize Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions. By this, other metals like Cd, Zn, Mn, Ca and Mg can occupy the free exchange sites.     

长期施用有机肥料对紫色水稻土有机无机复合性状的影响

连续九年施用有机肥料，紫色水稻土壤及＜０．００２ｍｍ的有机无机复合体中无定形铁，铝和铬合态铁，铝的含量呈不同程度的增加，铬合态铁和铝间具拮抗作用（ｒ＝０．７９９８ｎ＝７）；土壤的有机质含量增加主要是由于轻组有机质含量增加，而有机无机复合度下降，土壤重组腐殖质的含量为０．２５－０．０１ｍｍ＞＜０．００２ｍｍ＞１－０．２５ｍｍ＞０．０１－０．００２ｍｍ；有机无机复合度及重组腐殖质中松结态与紧结态的比值     

有机肥及化肥(土娄)土中微量元素平衡的影响

本文以长期定位试验为基本材料，研究了１２年连续施用有机肥及化肥对土壤中Ｚｎ，Ｍｎ，Ｆｅ，Ｃｕ丰缺的影响。     

Transformations and Availability of Iron to Wheat as Influenced by Phosphorus and Manganese Fertilization in a Typic Haplustept Soil

An investigation was conducted using Typic Haplustept, sandy loam soil, to investigate the interactive effects of phosphorus (P) and manganese (Mn) fertilization on native iron (Fe) pools in soil and their availability to wheat (cv. PBW-343) crop. Phosphorus fertilization moved Fe from residual mineral fraction of Fe to manganese oxides (MnOX), organic matter (OM), amorphous (AMPOX), and crystalline (CRYOX) Fe and Al oxide fractions. However, Mn application decreased specifically adsorbed (SAD)–Fe and CRYOX–Fe but increased OM–Fe and mineral fraction of Fe. Available Fe in soil decreased as Olsen P and P:Mn ratio increased in the soil. Higher Olsen P (>60 mg P kg^?1soil) reduced mean Fe uptake by shoot. P content and P:Mn ratio in soil as well as in root and shoot were inversely related to Fe concentration in both the plant parts. The role of soil Fe associated with oxides and organic matter was found most notable in Fe nutrition of wheat.     

Fluoride-induced changes in chemical properties and microbial activity of mull,moder and mor soils

Summary Fluoride-induced changes of chemical properties and microbial activities in humus soils were investigated in 12-week lysimeter experiments. The mull soil showed the highest F-adsorption capacity, in which 94% of the fluoride added was retained after addition of 4.5 mg F/cm² as NaF. The moder and mor soils only adsorbed 52% and 41%, respectively. F-additions induced leaching of organic matter, Fe, Al and P and increases in soil pH in the moder and mor. In contrast no Al, Fe and P was leached from the mull and only minor amounts of organic matter dissolved after a single application of 4.5 mg F/cm². Treatments with NaF up to 3700 mg F/kg did not significantly reduce respiration in any of the humus forms. Dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities as well as nitrification were inhibited at much lower F-additions in the moder and mor soils. A significant decrease in ammonification was observed in the moder. In contrast, microbial processes in the mull soil were not inhibited. This is due to its high adsorption capacity and the relatively low toxicity of F-ions. According to computations using GEOCHEM, the F-ion was the most abundant species in mull lysimeter leachates. Leachates of moder and mor soils contained mainly AIF-complexes (90%–99%). The lack of any effects from NaF treatment on soil respiration is attributed to the observed positive effects, e.g. dissolution of organic matter, desorption of P and increases in soil pH.     

Phosphorus in humus acids

The distribution of phosphorus among humus acid groups in different soil types was studied. It was shown that the binding of P with acid-soluble and-insoluble organic components is determined by the acid-base status of soils, which controls the predominant interaction of P with Fe and Al or with Ca and Mg, and the solubility of the resulting organic phosphates in acid and alkali. The major part of P is associated with the group of humic acids (HAs) in the acid soils and with fulvic acids (FAs) in the neutral and calcareous soils. During the fractionation of organic matter from acid soils, the amount of P redistributed from the HA to the FA group can increase with an increasing acid or alkaline impact on the soil, which breaks the bonds of the phosphorus-bearing organic components with metals.     

湖南两个小流域土壤中铝和铁的形态分布及其相关性研究

分别在湖南的郴州和长沙选定两小流域(SZY 和 LKS),从小流域规模分析了酸雨频降区两小流域土壤的主要理化特性和土壤 Al、Fe 形态。结果表明:在小流域 SZY 土壤中,各种形态的 Al、Fe 含量均高于小流域 LKS 土壤中对应形态的 Al、Fe 含量;在同一剖面, 各种形态的 Al、Fe 含量有表土高于底土的趋势。两小流域土壤中,除 Feox外各种形态的 Al、Fe 均与土壤有机质呈正相关,酸沉降能影响 Al、Fe 形态的转化和淋溶。酸沉降影响 Al、Fe 的溶出可能是通过形成可溶性的有机物-Al、Fe 的复合物而从难溶性 Al、Fe 转化而来。土壤中各种形态的 Al 与对应形态的 Fe 呈线性正相关,酸沉降增加了毒性元素 Al 的溶出,同时也可能增加营养元素 Fe 的有效性。     

土壤有机矿质复合体研究 Ⅶ．土壤结合态腐殖质的形成特点及其结合特征

本文系统剖析了熊毅－傅积平改进区分的土壤结合态腐殖质的形成特点，胡，富组成及其结合特征。结果表明：（１）用０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＯＨ及０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＯＨ＋０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａ４Ｐ２Ｏ７混合液连续浸提的松结态（Ｈ１）和稳结态（Ｈ２）腐殖质所占的比例随土壤ｐＨ升高分别呈减少和增加趋势。统计分析显示Ｈ１与游离态铁，铝呈极显著的正相关，与交换性钙呈极显著负相关，Ｈ２则与交换性钙呈极显著正相关，而与游离     

Composition and Characteristics of Organo—Mineral Complexes of Red Soils in South China

The objective of the present study is to reveal the composition and characteristics of organo-mineral complexes in red soils (red soil,lateritic red soil and latosol) of south China in terms of chemical dissolution and fractional peptization methos.In the combined humus,most of the extractable humus could dissolve in 0.1 M NaOH extractant and belonged to active humus (H1),and there was only a small amount of humus which could be further dissolved in 0.1 M Na4P2O7 extractant at pH 13 and was stably combined humus (H2).The H1/H2 ratio ranged from 3.3 to 33.8 in red soils,and the proportions of both H1 and total extractable organic carbon (H1 H2) in total soil organic carbon and the ratios of H1 to H2 and H1 to (H1 H2) were all higher in lateritic red soil and latosol than in red soil.The differences of combined humus composition in various red soils were directly related to the content of Fe and Al oxides.In organo-mineral complexes,the ratio of Na-dispersed fraction (G1) to Na-ground-dispersed fraction (G2) was generally smaller than 1 for red soils,but there was a higher G1/G2 ratio in red soil than in lateritic red soil and latosol.G1 fraction had a higher content of fulvic acid (FA),but G2 fraction had a higher content of humic acid (HA).The ratios of H1 to H2 and HA to FA were higher in G2 than in G1.The differences in the composition and activity of humus between G1 and G2 fractions were related to the content of free Fe and Al oxides.The quantities of complex Fe and Al,the Fe/C and Al/C atomic ratios were higher in G2 than in G1,and the ratio of Al/C was much higher than that of Fe/C.It may be deduced that aluminum plays a more important role than iron in the formation process of organo-mineral complexes in red soils.