土壤中植物有效锰的形态分级

用４种方法测定土壤有效态锰含量,并加以比较和评价,从而确定出最优的土壤有效锰测定方法。研究结果表明,采用一种顺序浸提的方法能比较准确地反映土壤的供锰状况,锰组分及其相应浸提剂为：易溶态锰（０．０５ｍｌ／ＬＣａ（ＮＯ３）２）提取、弱吸附态锰（ｐＨ８．５,ＣａＤＴＰＡ－Ｂ４Ｏ７）、碳酸盐束缚态锰（石灰性土壤,用１．６ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＮＯ３快速浸提）或专性吸附态锰（非石灰性土壤,用１．６ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＮＯ３快速浸提）或专性吸附态锰（非石灰性土壤,ｐＨ４．４,０．０５ｍｏｌ／ＬＣａ（ＮＯ３）２＋０．０５ｍｏｌ／ＬＣｕ（ＮＯ３）２提取）和氧化锰（ｐＨ２．０,０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮＨ２ＯＨ．ＨＣｌ）。由盆栽试验辣椒吸收的锰与土壤锰相关分析结果显示,易溶态锰是植物最易吸收的锰,其回归方程为：Ｙ＝－１４．４０９＋２１．６５８Ｘ,ｒ＝０．     

红壤中铝的形态

以改进的连续分级提取方法,用１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,ＫＣｌ,０．２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,ＨＣｌ,０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｎａ４Ｐ２Ｏ７（ｐＨ８．５）,ＤＣＢ溶液,０．３３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,柠檬酸钠和０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮａＯＨ为提取剂,把红壤中可提取的非晶态铝区分为交换态铝,肿附态无机羟基铝,有机配合态铝,氧化铁结合态铝,层间铝和非晶态铝硅酸盐。     

不同水稻品种对钾的吸收及其对钾肥的反应

测定了９个水稻品种在０．１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＫ２ＳＯ４＋０．２ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＣａＳＯ４溶液中吸收２小时和４小时的Ｋ＾＋浓度和ＰＨ值的变化。结果表明溶液的ＰＨ变化与Ｋ＾＋浓度变化呈极显著的正相关，这为建立快速简便地筛选高吸钾速率水稻品种的方法提供了基础。幼苗耗竭试验表明，水稻利用土壤中的钾大部分来自非交换性钾源。各品种的吸钾总量与来自非交换性钾及１ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＮＯ３不能撮的钾和矿物钾均有极显著的相关性，这可     

阳阴离子交换膜测定原状土壤K、Zn、Fe的对比研究

用０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＨＣｌ和０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＥＤＴＡ－Ｎａ２分别饱和处理阳离子交换膜和阴离子交换膜，对比研究春测定原状土壤剖面微区中Ｋ．Ｚｎ和Ｆｅ的释放速率。结果表明，阳离子交换膜提取的Ｋ和Ｆｅ分别能反映土壤速效Ｋ和水溶态与交换态Ｆｅ的释放速率，阴离子交换膜能同时测定土壤有效Ｚｎ和Ｆｅ的释放速率。     

添加碳酸钙对土壤中镉形态转化与玉米叶片镉组分的影响

采用土壤培养、盆栽试验及连续提取测定等方法研究添加碳酸钙对外源镉在棕壤中的转化与玉米叶片镉组分的影响。与不加碳酸钙处理比较，添加碳酸钙处理土壤交换态镉含量显著下降，专性吸附态镉、铁锰氧化物结合态镉和残余态镉含量显著增加；添加碳酸钙处理可显著增加土壤ｐＨ、土壤饱和浸提液［Ｃａ２十］及［Ｃａ２十］／［Ｃｄ２十］，并显著降低饱和浸提液［Ｃｄ２＋］碳酸钙处理玉米根、茎、叶干重和全钙量显著增加，全镉含量及叶片Ｈ２Ｏ提取镉、２ｍｏｌ　Ｌ－１　ＮａＮＯ３提取镉、１０％ＨＯＡｃ提取镉、２ｍｏｌ　Ｌ－１　ＨＣＩ提取镉和残余镉含量均明显减少。上述结果显示，添加碳酸钙可降低土壤─植物体系的镉毒害。     

被土壤吸附的六价铬的最佳提取剂的选取

通过研究土壤中磷酸盐与Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的竞争吸附作用，查明０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＨ２ＰＯ４－Ｋ２ＨＰＯ４溶液是提取被土壤吸附的Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的最佳提取剂。     

土壤有机矿质复合体研究Ⅵ.胶散复合体的化学组成及其结合特征

本文研究水热条件渐变的地带性土壤中Ｇ１、Ｇ２组胶散复合体有机、无机物的化学组成及其结合特点。结果表明：Ｇ２组中铁有积累现象，游离态铁、铝氧化物含量为Ｇ２＞Ｇ１，但均随土壤类型变化。松结态腐殖质（Ｈ１）为Ｇ１＞Ｇ２，紧结态腐殖质（Ｈ３）则为Ｇ１＜Ｇ２。可提取腐殖质中，松、稳结态腐殖质之比值Ｈ１／Ｈ２和胡敏酸、富里酸之比值ＨＡ／ＦＡ，除个别土壤之外，都相关不大。Ｇ１、Ｇ２两组复合体中都含有一定数量的络     

原子吸收分光光度法测定植株中钙,镁的几种样品前处理方法的比较

本文比较了原子吸收分光光度法测定植株中钙、镁的三种样品前处理方法：干灰化法、１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＨＣｌ振荡提取法（振荡法）和１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＨＣｌ静止浸泡提取法（浸泡法）。结果表明，振荡法和浸泡法对钙的测定结果平均分别为干灰化法的１０１％和９２．０％，对镁的测定结果平均分别为１０３％和９７．６％。振荡法和浸泡法与干灰化法之间不存在显著性差异（α＝０．０５），它们之间有极显著的正相关性（相关系数在０．９９以     

快速冷冻牛体外受精胚胎

本文研究不同类型的防冻剂及其浓度对快速冷冻牛胚胎的效果。试验Ⅰ：７日龄囊胚先分别放入含１０％（Ｖ／Ｖ）甘油或１０％（Ｖ／Ｖ）乙二醇改良的磷酸盐缓冲液（ＰＢＬ）中，室温下平衡１０ｍｉｎ。然后，分别移入１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，２．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油或２．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，３．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ乙二醇＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖ＰＢＬ液中，１０ｍｉｎ后将胚胎放进冰箱的结冰层（约─２３℃），３５ｍｉｎ后直接投入液氮。冻后孵化率最高的处理组为１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖（８２．４％），其极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）地高于２．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖（１５．４％），２．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ乙二醇＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖（６３．９％），３．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ乙二醇＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖（３８．７％）。试验Ⅱ：７日龄胚胎先在１０％（Ｖ／Ｖ）甘油中平衡１０ｍｉｎ，而后，分别移入１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油＋０，０．２５，０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖，停留１０ｍｉｎ后快速冷冻。解冻后，胚胎分别用０．５，０．２５，０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖除甘油。结果表明：解冻液中的蔗糖浓度对胚胎的存活力无显著影响。当冷冻处理为１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖时，胚     

HGMS技术与NaOH溶液浓缩土壤铁锰氧化物的效果比较

以我国中南地区几种土壤和土壤锰结核为材料，比较了高梯度磁分选仪与５ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１ＮａＯＨ溶液对土壤铁锰氧化物的浓缩效果。结果表明：（１）以１：１型高岭石为主的土样，经５ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１ＮａＯＨ溶液处理后，其氧化铁浓缩倍数高于ＨＧＭＳ处理后的样品，以２：１型层状酸盐矿物为主的土壤浓缩倍数则相反。（２）ＨＧＭＳ处理浓缩土样锰结核中的锰氧化物，其浓缩倍数比５ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１ＮａＯＨ溶液处理的低；但前者     

Composition and Characteristics of Organo—Mineral Complexes of Red Soils in South China

The objective of the present study is to reveal the composition and characteristics of organo-mineral complexes in red soils (red soil,lateritic red soil and latosol) of south China in terms of chemical dissolution and fractional peptization methos.In the combined humus,most of the extractable humus could dissolve in 0.1 M NaOH extractant and belonged to active humus (H1),and there was only a small amount of humus which could be further dissolved in 0.1 M Na4P2O7 extractant at pH 13 and was stably combined humus (H2).The H1/H2 ratio ranged from 3.3 to 33.8 in red soils,and the proportions of both H1 and total extractable organic carbon (H1 H2) in total soil organic carbon and the ratios of H1 to H2 and H1 to (H1 H2) were all higher in lateritic red soil and latosol than in red soil.The differences of combined humus composition in various red soils were directly related to the content of Fe and Al oxides.In organo-mineral complexes,the ratio of Na-dispersed fraction (G1) to Na-ground-dispersed fraction (G2) was generally smaller than 1 for red soils,but there was a higher G1/G2 ratio in red soil than in lateritic red soil and latosol.G1 fraction had a higher content of fulvic acid (FA),but G2 fraction had a higher content of humic acid (HA).The ratios of H1 to H2 and HA to FA were higher in G2 than in G1.The differences in the composition and activity of humus between G1 and G2 fractions were related to the content of free Fe and Al oxides.The quantities of complex Fe and Al,the Fe/C and Al/C atomic ratios were higher in G2 than in G1,and the ratio of Al/C was much higher than that of Fe/C.It may be deduced that aluminum plays a more important role than iron in the formation process of organo-mineral complexes in red soils.     

Interactions of aluminium and fulvic acid in moderately acid solutions: stoichiometry of the H+/Al3+ exchange

Complexation with organic matter controls the activity of dissolved Al³⁺ in many soils. The buffering intensity of these soils is largely dependent on the H⁺/Al³⁺ exchange ratio, i.e. the number of protons consumed by the solid phase when one Al³⁺ is released. Here, the H⁺/Al³⁺ exchange ratio was determined from batch titrations using solutions of fulvic acid (FA) as a model for soil organic matter. Aluminium was added, from 1.04 to 6.29 mmol Al per g FA, which is within the range of humus‐bound Al found in the upper B horizon of podzolized soils. Furthermore, pH was varied with NaOH to give values between 3.5 and 5.0. The H⁺/Al³⁺ exchange ratio ranged between 1.49 and 2.23 with a mean of 1.94. It correlated positively with pH and the total concentration of Al present. Theoretically, this can be explained with a partial hydrolysis of bound Al. The slope of logAl (log₁₀ of Al³⁺ activity) against pH generally underestimated the actual exchange ratio, which can partly be attributed to the systems being diluted (100 mg FA l^?1). However, where 4 mmol Al or more had been added per g FA, the logAl slope gradually approached ?3 between pH 4.5 and 5.0. This might be the result of a shift from Al³⁺ activity control by humus complexation to control by Al(OH)₃(s).     

土壤中钙结合和铁铝结合腐殖质的组成及结构特征

Calcium-bound and iron- and aluminium-bound humus extracted from different soils collected from north to south of China were characterized by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Meaningful differences in the composition and structure between them were revealed by ¹³C NMR, visible spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Results showed that the contents of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen were higher in iron- and aluminium-bound humus than in calcium-bound humus while oxygen content in calcium-bound humus was shown to be higher. The calcium-bound humus had higher C/N and O/C ratios than iron- and aluminium-bound humus. The calcium-bound humic acid (HA1) showed higher E₄/E₆ ratios than iron- and aluminum-bound humic acid (HA2) while iron- and aluminum-bound fulvic acid (FA2) showed higher E₄/E₆ ratios than calcium-bound fulvic acid (FA1). An inverse relationship between E₄/E₆ ratios and aromaticity as determined by ¹³C NMR spectra was observed for HA and FA from black soil. The ¹³C NMR spectroscopy revealed that HA2 was more aromatic than HA1. On the other hand, FA1 exhibited a higher aromaticity than FA2.     

长期施用有机肥料对紫色水稻土有机无机复合性状的影响

连续九年施用有机肥料，紫色水稻土壤及＜０．００２ｍｍ的有机无机复合体中无定形铁，铝和铬合态铁，铝的含量呈不同程度的增加，铬合态铁和铝间具拮抗作用（ｒ＝０．７９９８ｎ＝７）；土壤的有机质含量增加主要是由于轻组有机质含量增加，而有机无机复合度下降，土壤重组腐殖质的含量为０．２５－０．０１ｍｍ＞＜０．００２ｍｍ＞１－０．２５ｍｍ＞０．０１－０．００２ｍｍ；有机无机复合度及重组腐殖质中松结态与紧结态的比值     

Soil pH,extractable aluminum and tree growth on acid minesoils

Abstract

Paper birch and hybrid poplar were grown in acid minesoils amended with different rates and types of lime. Growth of the trees was correlated with soil pH, Ca, Mg, K, P and three measures of extractable Al ‐ 1 N KCl, 0.01 M CaCl₂ and H₂O extractable Al. Correlations between soil pH and extractable Al and between the three measures of extractable Al were also determined. Soil pH accounted for the largest share of the total variation in root and shoot growth of both species over all soils. Correlations between tree growth and extractable Al for all soils combined were low and generally non‐significant. Significant correlations were obtained between soil pH and extractable Al and between the three measures of extractable Al, however, the relationships varied among soils.     

Effects of acid irrigation and liming in a norway spruce stand (Picea abies [L.] KARST.)

Acid irrigation (pH 2.7 to 2.8; mean annual input 4.1 kmol H⁺ ha^?1 as H₂SO₄) has caused significant changes in the chemistry of the soil of a mature Norway spruce stand (Picea abies [L.] KARST.) after 4 years of treatment. In the surface humus layer around 20% of the exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Mn ions were leached. This was connected with a decrease of pH and cation exchange capacity. In the mineral soil no changes of pH and cation adsorption were observed. However there was a significant increase of Al³⁺ ions in the soil solution, exceeding 20 mg L^?1, mainly caused by dissolution of Al-hydroxides and Al-hydroxosulphates. Also the concentrations of ionic Cu, Zn and Cd were nearly doubled. Manganese concentrations are fluctuating according to periods with and without acid irrigation, showing reduction and oxidation phases. In contrast to microorganisms, certain moss species and Oxalis acetosella, the mature spruce stand was not severely damaged up to now. It is hypothesized that Ca/Al and Mg/Al ratios of single horizons are insufficient for characterizing Al stress in the field. Liming (4 Mg ha^?1) led to a significant increase of dissolved organic C, which is associated with mobilization of metals such as Pb, Cu and Al in organic complexation. Also nitrification increased in the surface humus layer. As a consequence the nitrate concentrations in the seepage water exceeded 250 mg NO₃ L^?1.     

我国几种土壤中腐殖质性质的研究

研究了几种土壤腐殖酸的基本性质,其中包括土壤的腐殖质组成,胡敏酸以及富里酸的元素组成,含氧官能团含量,光密度值与芳化度等,计算了E₄与E₄/E₆比值与上述性质的相关系数。结果表明土壤腐殖质组成和性质与其形成条件有着密切的联系,并且有一定的地带规律性。水稻土中有机质含量增加,HA/FA比值变高,其活性HA显著降低,说明水稻土有利于有机质的积累并改变了腐殖质的组成。E₄、E₄/E₆比值与元素组成,C/H比值,含氧官能团及芳化度之间的相关系数表明E₄除了与C%,O%,酚羟基-O%,醌基-O%呈极显著或显著相关外,还与C/H比值及芳化度呈极显著相关,因此E₄值可作为腐殖物质芳化度的一个指标。     

Distribution of aluminum in black spruce saplings growing on two New Brunswick forest soils with contrasting acid sulfate sorption

Two adjacent soils with contrasting sulfate sorption were examined in terms of (i) water-soluble and ion-exchangeable Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Mn and Zn, (ii), water- and bicarbonate-extractable sulfate, (iii) Truog-extractable P, (iv) dithionite-extractable Al, Mn and Fe and (v) treatment response to irrigation with simulated acid precipitation. The biomass of 8 year old black spruce saplings growing on the soils, and the distributions of Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Mn, P and Zn within these plants, were also examined. The soils were well to moderately-well drained, with the mineral soil exposed by site preparation prior to planting. The exposed soil underneath individual saplings was treated with acid sulfate solutions (75 mm containing 2 to 50 mg L^?1 H₂SO₄) applied during each of three consecutive growing seasons. The results indicate that Al, much like Fe, Ca, Mn and Zn, accumulated with time in the foliage, but K, Mg and P were highest in young plant tissues. Much of Al and Fe taken up remained in the fine roots. Aluminum uptake increased with the amount of dithionite-extractable Al (free Al oxide) in the soil. Growth of the black spruce saplings was not visibly affected by readily accessed Al in each soil, or by acid irrigation.Instead, growth was restricted by factors other than soil Al and acid irrigation in spite of (i) low soil pH, (ii) high levels of exchangeable Al, and (iii) high levels of Al in fine roots. Sulfate retention across and within the two soils was positively correlated with free Al oxide. The two soils responded to acid irrigation by accelerated silicate weathering and enhanced ion leaching. Sulfate sorption reduced these effects.