硫酸铝改良剂对苏打盐碱土磷素形态的影响

通过室内模拟盆栽改良试验，研究了硫酸铝的改良效果及施用后对土壤中磷素营养状况的影响。硫酸铝配施磷肥和氮肥对小麦的出苗和生长起着明显的促进作用。在硫酸铝及氮肥用量一定的条件下，随磷肥用量的增加，小麦的出苗和生长没有明显变化。无论施磷与否，土壤有效磷曲线均随硫酸铝用量的增加而呈下降趋势。改良剂用量不变，随磷肥用量的增加，土壤有效磷含量也在不断增加。无机磷分级及相关分析结果表明，施加不同用量的硫酸铝后，在不施用磷肥的条件下，各级无机磷平均含量的大小顺序为O—P〉Ca10—P〉Al-P〉Fe—P〉Ca2—P〉Ca8-P，其中Ca8-P是Ca2-P的有效补充；在施用磷肥的条件下，其变化顺序为Ca2-P〉Ca8-P〉Al-P〉O-P〉Fe—P〉Ca10-P，其中Ca8-P和O-P是Ca2-P的有效补充；在硫酸铝为0．3％，施用不同用量磷肥条件下，其顺序为Ca2-P〉Ca8-P〉Al-P〉Fe—P〉O-P〉Ca10-P，其中Ca8-P、Al-P和Fe—P成为Ca2—P的有效补充。     

不同土地利用方式下土壤无机磷形态与酶活性空间变异特征

对陇东黄土高原不同土地利用方式下黄绵土和黑垆土土壤磷形态、无机磷形态和土壤酶活性的空间分布特征及其相关性进行了研究。研究结果表明,土壤无机磷（Pi）含量随土层加深均呈下降趋势;有机磷（Po）含量在果园黑垆土和菜园土中呈下降趋势;农田、苜蓿地全磷（TP）含量随土层加深呈上升趋势;各利用方式0-20cm,2040cm土层速效磷（Polt）与TP．Po呈极显著的正相关。各无机磷形态平均含量依次为Ca10—P〉Ca8-P〉A1P〉Fe-P〉Ca2-P〉O-P。黄绵土利用中Ca8-P,Al-P和Ca2-P随土层加深呈下降趋势。黑垆土农田、果园和菜园土则呈上升趋势。土壤酶活性与土壤无机磷形态相关性强弱依次为：果园〉菜园〉农田、撂荒地〉沙棘林、苜蓿地、烤烟地;与酶活性的相关性强弱的无机磷形态依次为Al-P〉Calo-P〉Ca2P〉Ca8-P〉FeP,O-P。     

外源磷对土壤无机磷的影响及有效性

通过对我国具有代表性的几个典型土类15年长期定位试验的CK和NPK处理以及原始土壤中无机磷组分的分析，研究施磷肥对土壤无机磷形态的影响及有效性。结果表明，原始土壤中闭蓄态磷和Ca10-P占无机磷比例大，土壤磷有效性低；在不施外源磷条件下连续耕作，各个土类的无机磷总量均逐年减少，其中主要是Ca2-P、Al-P和Fe—P明显降低；长期施用磷肥提高了土壤无机磷总量（TIP）和各组分的含量，其中以Ca2-P、Al-P和Fe—P提高比例显著，而0-P和Ca10-P提高的比例少。说明累积在土壤中的肥料磷多以有效性较高的形态存在。     

有机复混磷肥对石灰性土壤无机磷形态组成及其变化的影响

实验室培养条件下,研究了有机复混磷肥对石灰性土壤无机磷组成变化的影响。结果表明: 1）单独施用有机物料对提高土壤速效磷含量的影响不大,但施用磷肥,无论是磷酸一铵化肥还是有机复混磷肥,均显著提高了土壤速效磷含量;施用有机复混磷肥提高土壤速效磷的幅度（67.5mg/kg～80.4mg/kg）高于施用磷酸一铵化肥处理（62.3mg/kg）;有机复混磷肥中有机物料的含量高低对土壤速效磷含量的影响不大。2）单独施用有机物料具有提高土壤Ca2-P含量的作用,且明显提高了Ca8-P含量,但对Al-P、Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P含量影响不大;施用无机磷肥和有机复混磷肥,显著提高了土壤Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P含量,而对Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P含量的影响很小;与磷酸一铵化学磷肥处理相比,施用有机复混磷肥对Ca2-P含量影响较小,但明显提高了Ca8-P含量,Fe-P含量也表现增加的趋势,而Al-P含量明显降低,O-P和Ca10-P含量的变化则没有明显规律;有机复混磷肥中有机物料的比例高低对土壤无机磷组成变化的影响没有表现出明显的规律性。3）施用磷肥引起速效态Ca2-P和缓效态Ca8-P的变化最大,其它形态无机磷的变化相对较小。与磷酸一铵化肥处理相比,有机复混磷肥处理Ca8-P的变异提高幅度增加,而Al-P的变异提高幅度减小,其它指标库容的变异幅度与之相近。4）施磷处理土壤速效磷含量与土壤Ca2-P、Ca8-P含量呈线性正相关,相关系数分别达到0.9888、0.9867,而Al-P、 Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P与土壤速效磷相关性不显著,磷肥施入土壤后,土壤无机磷库中Ca2-P、Ca8-P的变化对土壤速效磷含量的贡献最大。     

施磷对吉林省西部盐碱土水田土壤无机磷组分的影响

为探明磷肥施用对盐碱土水田土壤无机磷组分的影响,以吉林省西部地区盐碱土水田土壤为研究对象,通过田间试验结合室内分析的方法,研究了不同磷肥施用量的情况下,土壤不同形态无机磷在水稻生育期内含量的动态变化。结果表明:施用磷肥可以在整个水稻生育期间提高盐碱土水田土壤中的有效磷源及潜在磷源的含量,包括Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Al-P和Fe-P等不同形态的无机磷含量;O-P是土壤无机磷组分中含量较高且极稳定的磷,在一个水稻生育期内,施肥不会引起O-P含量的明显变化;虽然以往认为Ca_(10)-P是土壤中不可利用的磷,但本研究中发现,Ca_(10)-P在水稻生育期间仍可发生一定的转化,较高磷肥施用量有利于土壤中Ca_(10)-P的积累。研究表明,盐碱土水田磷肥的施用,在水稻生育前期可以形成可被水稻吸收的有效态磷源和潜在磷源,水稻生育后期则开始向无效态磷转化并在土壤中积累。     

长期施肥对黄土高原旱地土壤无机磷空间分布的影响

研究了18年肥料长期定位试验土壤无机磷的空间分布特征。土壤剖面无机磷占全磷总量的65．0％－79．4％，无机磷以Ca-P为主，Ca2-P,Ca8-P,Ca10-P分别占无机磷总量的2．1％－16．0％，0．6％－2．4％和59．7％－80．5％，Al-P,Fe-P,O-P分别占无机磷总量的1．8％－6．0％，3．9％－6．5％和9．2％－14．7％，土壤Ca2-P,Ca8-P,Al-P空间分布特征总趋势为耕层含量较高，耕层以下含量减少，在120cm土层以下趋于稳定。Ca10-P耕层有一定的积累，耕层以下含量减少，但底土含量略高于耕层。Fe-P,O-P空间分布不明显，长期施肥土壤中磷素大量以O－P累积在剖面各土层，其次主要转化为Ca2-P,Ca8-P和Al－P累积在耕层。     

连续施磷条件下渗育性水稻土无机磷土层分布及移动特征

通过3年田间肥料定位试验,采用顾益初、蒋柏藩的石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法,研究了太湖地区砂壤质渗育性水稻土不同无机磷形态在015.cm、1530.cm和3045.cm土层的分布及移动特征。结果表明,太湖地区砂壤质渗育性水稻土中的无机磷以Ca-P为主,其中Ca10-P含量最高。无论施肥与否,各土层中不同形态无机磷的含量都是Ca10-PO-P、Fe-PAl-P、Ca2-P、Ca8-P。3年定位施磷后,随施磷量增大表层(015.cm)土壤中总磷、Olsen磷、无机磷和无机磷各组分含量显著增加,而1530.cm和3045.cm土层中各无机磷组分的增加相对较小。土壤中总磷、无机磷和Olsen磷在土壤剖面中向下移动性随着土层的加深而减弱。其移动性呈Olsen磷无机磷总磷。植物有效无机磷源(Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P)的下移比植物无效或缓效无机磷源(Ca10-P、Fe-P、O-P)的下移更明显。Olsen磷与土壤各层中的Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P的相关性要比Fe-P、O-P和Ca10-P更大。     

固体磷肥和液体磷肥对石灰性土壤不同形态无机磷及磷肥肥效影响的研究

土壤磷固定是影响石灰性磷肥肥效的主要原因。本文在田间滴灌条件下采用连续浸提的方法对液体磷肥和固体颗粒磷肥及其不同施用方法对石灰性土壤各形态无机磷含量动态变化的影响进行了研究,并比较了不同处理下加工番茄磷素营养效应。结果表明:各施肥处理0—20 cm土层Ca2-P和Ca8-P含量随施肥时间明显下降,而Ca10-P含量则显著上升,表明磷肥在石灰性土壤中不断向Ca10-P转化并被固定。液体磷肥追肥处理0—20 cm土层Ca2-P含量在各时期均显著高于其他施肥处理(P＜0.05),且液体磷肥追肥可以明显保持土壤0—20 cm土层较高的Ca8-P含量。与其他施肥处理相比,液体磷肥追施可减少石灰性土壤对磷的固定,增加0—20 cm土层Ca2-P和Ca8-P含量(P＜0.05),显著提高土壤磷的有效性。液体磷肥追施处理可显著提高加工番茄叶片含磷量和经济产量(91725 kg/hm2)。与传统过磷酸钙颗粒磷肥作基肥处理（CK1）相比,液体肥料全做追肥可使加工番茄经济产量提高26.7%,并明显提高了磷肥利用率。在滴灌条件下石灰性土壤上液体磷肥分次追施比传统的固体颗粒磷肥基施具有明显的优势,是一种非常具有应用前景的施肥方式。     

长期施肥对石灰性潮土无机磷形态的影响

在河北省辛集市马兰农场的肥料长期定位试验点上 ,进行了石灰性土壤在无机磷耗竭和积累状况下 ,无机磷形态的转化及其在土壤剖面中的分步规律和施肥的影响。结果表明 ,在土壤磷处于耗竭的情况下 ,植物主要吸收利用了土壤的Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P和Ca2-P ,只有在极度缺磷的情况下 ,植物才利用土壤中的Ca10-P ,而O-P是土壤中极稳定的无机磷形态 ,植物一般不能利用。长期单施无机磷肥 ,土壤无机磷含量有所提高 ,积累的无机磷约 60%转化成Ca10-P和O-P。有机肥与化肥配合施用 ,积累的无机磷约有占积累无机磷的 2/3转化成Ca2-P和Ca8-P ,而且各形态无机磷的含量在土壤表层和下层均有所提高 ,一般随有机肥用量的增加 ,下层土壤无机磷的增加幅度也大 ,且影响的深度也较深。但在本试验条件下 ,施肥深度的影响不会超过50cm。     

石灰性潮土长期定位施肥对小麦根际无机磷组分及其有效性的影响

在长期定位施肥的基础上，采用网室盆栽试验，研究了石灰性潮土中不同施肥处理对冬小麦根际土壤与非根际土壤中无机磷组分及其有效性的影响。结果表明，不同施肥处理的供试土壤无机磷组分均以磷酸钙盐为主，平均占无机磷总量的73．9％，其它组分占26．1％。不施磷肥的各处理（CK、N、NK）中，小麦生物量和吸磷量均较低，小麦根际土壤与非根际土壤中无机磷总量变化不大，Ca2-P和Ca8—P在各处理的根际土壤中含量均很低。在施用磷肥的各处理（NP、PK、NPK）中，NP和NPK处理小麦的生物量和吸磷量均显著高于PK处理，而PK处理根际与非根际土壤中无机磷各组分的增幅明显高于NP和NPK处理。磷肥和有机肥处理，均显著提高小麦的吸磷量和生物学产量，各处理根际与非根际土壤中无机磷组分含量和总量增加的幅度以1．5（M＋NPK）处理最高。对不同施肥处理的小麦根际各无机磷形态及其与土壤速效磷间的相关分析表明，Ca2-P与土壤速效磷间的相关性达极显著水平，Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe—P达显著水平，O-P、Ca10—P不显著。     

Phosphorus Amendment of a Lead-Spiked Soil with Low Phosphorus Availability: Roles of Phosphorus on Soil and Plant Lead

Phosphorus (P) is both a macronutrient for plants and an effective amendment to reduce lead (Pb) toxicity in soil. Thus, in Pb-polluted soil with low P availability, P will act as a nutrient as well as a Pb-immobilizing agent. However, this has not been fully investigated. A soil with 2.50 mg kg^?1 Olsen P was spiked with soluble Pb and then amended with superphosphate to examine the effect of P on soil Pb availability and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Aubisque) growth. It was found that P/Pb = 2 increased ryegrass yield by 804% and decreased root Pb concentration and soil diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Pb concentration by 25.6% and 1.0%, respectively. As P amendment increased to P/Pb = 4, both plant yield and root Pb concentration declined compared with P/Pb = 2. Results of the sequential extraction indicated that the proportion of carbonate phase Pb decreased, while that of the manganese oxide phase increased as P was added. The proportion of residual Pb was little affected by the amendment. The results suggest that in soils with low P availability and high Pb availability, availability of soil Pb and root concentration of Pb are less affected, whereas the toxicity of Pb is greatly depressed by the P amendment; P/Pb = 2 is high enough to alleviate the stresses of low P availability.     

Corn Responses to Phosphorus Application at Different Soil Phosphorus Levels on a Calcareous Soil

Phosphorus (P) in an high-pH soil may not be readily available to a crop, even though soil-testing procedures indicate high levels are present. A 2-year field study was conducted to determine corn yield responses to different rates of P fertilization as a function of soil-test P levels determined using the Mehlich-3 extractant. In 1 of the 2 years of this study, corn yields responded to P application across all soil P levels in a linear plateau fashion, indicating that P availability was limiting regardless of soil P levels. Where soil-test P was less than 40 mg kg^?1, corn yields showed a quadratic response to rate of P applied both years, and when soil-test P was between 40 and 60 mg kg^?1, corn yields showed a response only in the second year, when better growing conditions occurred. Soil-test P levels based on the Mehlich-3 extractant identified deficiencies in soil P availability to the crop, which could be corrected by P fertilization on a high-pH soil. Uptake efficiency of applied P was low, indicating that much of the P applied was not available to the crop.     

土壤磷素分级方法研究评述

讨论了土壤磷素形态和有机磷有效性研究进展,分析了传统土壤磷素分级方法局限性,综述了土壤磷素分级方法的研究进展,特别详细地描述了Hedley法和Guppy法。     

土壤磷素研究进展

从土壤磷素分级研究,土壤磷各组分所占的比例,土壤磷的植物有效性,长期施肥对土壤磷的影响,不同轮作方式对土壤磷的影响几个方面综述了土壤磷素研究进展及现状,以期综合已有的经验和成果,促进土壤磷素今后的研究。     

紫色土磷素流失的环境风险评估-土壤磷的“临界值”

采用室内培养的方法,研究了3种类型的紫色土旱地和淹水土壤磷素流失的环境阈值。结果表明:无论是淹水土壤或旱地生境,3种紫色土Olsen-P与CaCl2-P之间都存在一个"临界值",酸性、中性和钙质紫色土磷素淋失临界点的Olsen-P含量分别为67.2、85.8和113.8 mg kg-1。淹水土壤磷素环境敏感值在酸性、中性和钙质紫色土上,Olsen-P含量分别为49.2、77.9和92.1 mg kg-1。3种紫色土在淹水还原条件下土壤磷环境敏感临界值比旱地低,淹水还原条件提高了紫色土磷向水体释放的风险。淹水土壤Olsen-P含量与田表水TP、DP浓度之间存在"临界值",酸性、中性和钙质土临界值处土壤Olsen-P含量分别为(65±1.41)mg kg-1(、96.7±2.7)mg kg-1和(105.5±1.1)mg kg-1。土壤0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2-P与田表水TP、DP之间呈极显著的线性关系。可以利用这些指标对紫色土区域土壤磷环境风险进行评价,并确定区域磷肥的最佳管理策略。     

Effect of Soil Phosphorus Levels on Phosphorus Runoff Concentrations from Turfgrass

Phosphorus (P) loss from urban areas has been identified as a major contributor to declining surface water quality. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between extractable soil P, depth of soil sampling, and dissolved reactive P (DP) concentration in runoff from turfgrass areas. At each site, runoff was generated on turfgrass and adjoining areas where turfgrass cover was removed. Across all six locations and the wide range of nutrient management schemes, variation of extractable soil P concentration and saturation ratios of 0–2cm samples accounted for 49–59% (r ² = 0.49–0.59, n = 92) of variation of DP concentration in runoff from bare soil and soil with turfgrass cover. Despite a high degree of soil P stratification, changing sampling depth generally did not improve the relationship between soil test P and runoff DP concentrations. Across the narrower range of soil P levels common to lawns in New York (0–50mg kg^?1 Morgan extractable soil P), none of the soil tests or P saturation levels (for 0–2cm depth) could accurately predict runoff P concentrations from soil with turfgrass cover (r ² = 0.02 to 0.23, n = 72). For bare soil plots, restricting the analysis to the same range (<50mg kg^?1 Morgan extractable P) did not alter the relationship between soil test P and runoff DP concentrations observed for the entire range (0–658mg kg^?1) of soil-test P concentrations. These results suggest soil testing will not be an effective tool to predict runoff from turfgrass areas across the range of soil P levels common to New York State.     

未开垦干扰黑土土壤磷素形态垂直分布特征

以典型黑土区未经干扰的天然次生林土壤为研究对象,采用修正的Hedley分级方法,研究了0~190 cm土壤剖面中不同磷素形态的分布特征。结果表明:未开垦干扰黑土土壤剖面有机磷含量高于无机磷,不同形态磷素含量以中活性有机磷Na OH-Po比重较大,占土壤全磷总量的50.78%,而活性磷H2O-Pi、Na HCO3-P含量及分别占土壤全磷总量的比重较低;垂直空间上,土壤各磷素形态含量以0~10 cm土层含量显著高于其他土层(P0.05),并且除Na OH-Po除外,其他磷组分随土壤深度的增加均表现为0~70 cm土层范围内逐渐降低,之后先增加后下降的一致性变化规律;相关分析表明,不同形态磷素与土壤有效磷均呈显著的相关关系,均可以作为植物吸收利用磷素的重要来源,其中Na HCO3-Pi、Na OH-Pi和Na OH-Po对有效磷的贡献较大。研究结果可为黑土区土壤磷素有效性评价提供本底值参考。     

Cover Crops and Soil Phosphorus Availability

Plants affect soil phosphorus (P) solubility through root exudates, but studies are lacking on species used as relay or cover crops in tropical environments. We evaluated the effect of cover crops on soil phosphorus (P) availability in an oxisol. Ruzigrass (Brachiaria ruziziensis), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), crambe (Crambe abyssinica), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were grown in pots with soil. Phosphorus uptake, soil inorganic and organic P, maximum P adsorption capacity, and plant root systems were assessed. When root length density is high, the efficiency of P uptake is low due to root competition. Crambe results in greater soil P availability, while peanut and sorghum decrease the soil maximum P adsorption capacity, probably by exuding or stimulating microbial production of organic acids and phenolic compounds. Hence, crambe, peanut, and sorghum are species that may be of interest to increase P use efficiency in cropping systems.     

影响土壤磷有效性变化作用机理

土壤磷有效性对植物生长以及磷的生态系统生物循环过程具有重要意义,一直以来也是国内外磷素研究的重点之一,文章综合介绍了土壤环境中影响磷有效性的一些因子及其作用机理,以期为系统的认识土壤中磷的有效性的变化提供借鉴。     

橡胶林土壤中磷的动态变化特征规律研究

对西双版纳橡胶林保护带土壤种植距瓣豆豆科绿肥覆盖、野生杂草生长覆盖、及橡胶割胶和不割胶对种植带和保护带土壤中不同层次全磷和有效磷含量影响的季节动态变化进行了研究(2009年7月～2010年8月)。结果表明,橡胶林土壤中全磷和有效磷因橡胶生长,割胶及植被覆盖影响呈现垂直性空间变化和季节性动态变化。全磷和有效磷含量呈现表层(0～20 cm)>中层(20～40 cm)>底层(40～60 cm)的趋势。全磷7～10月变化趋势较大;11～12月变化趋势较小。未割胶条件下橡胶林土壤全磷含量高于割胶土壤,割胶对土壤中有效磷含量影响较大,7月份较低,12月份较高。割胶杂草覆盖土壤中有效磷含量>未割胶杂草覆盖和割胶绿肥覆盖。种植带土壤全磷含量高于保护带,未割胶杂草覆盖种植带有效磷高于保护带;绿肥覆盖条件下全磷与酸性磷酸酶呈显著正相关。说明割胶促进了橡胶对土壤中磷的吸收,绿肥覆盖能促进土壤中磷的循环,杂草生长和橡胶根系对土壤中磷具有富集作用。