自然—社会经济因素驱动下江西省生境质量的时空演变与主控因子

[目的] 基于江西省2000-2020年5期土地利用数据,分析生境质量时空演变特征和研究区域生境质量变化的主要因素,以期为江西省土地利用规划及区域生态系统服务优化提供参考。[方法] 使用InVEST栖息地质量评估模型对江西省生境质量水平进行空间测度,利用全局Moran''s I指数分析生境质量时空关联性,并运用地理探测器模型捕捉影响生境质量的主导因子。[结果] ①2000-2020年,江西省生境质量整体处于较高水平,但呈现缓慢下降趋势。②江西省生境质量具有较高空间正相关性,空间分布差异性逐渐增强。③自然-社会经济驱动体系中,土地利用类型因子中林地所占比例是影响生境质量的主控因子,各驱动因子间交互作用均为非线性增强,其中距建设用地距离和耕地比例两者交互作用最大。[结论] 江西省生境质量整体水平较高,空间分布差异明显,生境质量水平主要受土地利用类型的影响。     

湖南省重点生态功能区生境质量时空变化及其预测

[目的] 对湖南省南岳重点生态功能区土地利用变化及生境质量开展研究,揭示人类活动导致的林地减少与生境质量之间的关系,为该地区生态保护与经济建设的协调发展提供理论支持。[方法] 基于2009,2012,2015,2018和2021年5期土地利用变更数据得到土地利用转移矩阵,借助InVEST模型和CA-Markov模型分析预测南岳重点生态功能区土地利用结构及生境质量时空分布特征,并运用双变量空间自相关分析方法探究林地与生境质量两者的相关性。[结果] ①2009—2021年研究区林地和耕地主要转出为建设用地;建设用地面积增加15.87%,其中45.37%,36.25%分别由林地和耕地转入。②2009—2021年该地区生境质量呈现出“先快后慢”的持续下降趋势和“西部高,东南低”的空间分布特征。③研究区林地与生境质量在空间分布上的正相关性逐渐增强,以林地和优等生境质量的高高聚集为主要表现类型。④南岳区2025年建设用地将增加4.36%,2030年建设用地面积将达到1 563.53 hm²;未来生境质量将缓慢下降。[结论] 生境质量变化与人类活动干扰导致的林地减少,建设用地扩张紧密联系,应加强对南岳重点生态功能区的资源与环境管控。     

基于CA-Markov和InVEST模型的土地利用变化对生境影响评价——以福建省福州新区为例

[目的]研究福建省福州新区近15 a来的土地利用变化并对未来15 a的变化进行预测,并对30 a的生境质量变化进行分析;将预测结果与规划形成对比,为土地利用规划提供参考。[方法]以福建省福州新区为例,基于2000年Landsat_ETM~+和2015年Landsat_OLT遥感影像解译的土地利用数据,对国家级新区——福州新区的土地利用动态变化进行空间分析,运用CA-Markov模型对其2030年的土地利用格局进行预测。在此基础上,进一步采用InVEST模型对新区内过去,现在和未来的生境质量进行评价。[结果]①15 a间福州新区耕地、林地、水域和建设用地变化速度较快,草地和海域变化相对较小,未利用地变化较小但变化较为剧烈;②CA-Markov模型预测显示研究区2015—2030年土地利用变化趋势与2000—2015年大体相同,表现为除未利用地呈现增加的趋势外,建设用地和生态用地分别呈现急剧扩张和持续减少的趋势;③2000—2030年研究区内大量耕地、林地、草地和水域向建设用地转化,导致威胁源的增加,进一步降低了生境质量。[结论]福州新区由于建设用地快速扩张导致区内生境质量严重下降,应加强生态保育,合理控制建设用地的增长,避免生境质量进一步恶化。建议将2030年用地规划中的建设用地边界作为限制建设区边界,将预测结果作为允许建设区边界,提高建设用地的集约利用程度。     

基于土地利用变化的祁连山地区生境质量时空演变分析

[目的]对祁连山地区的生境质量和生境退化状况开展研究,揭示人类活动对该地区生态环境的影响程度,为该地区的生态环境保护和发展提供科学参考。[方法]基于1970s末以来全国1∶10万土地利用数据,分析1970s末至2015年近35 a来祁连山地区的土地利用和景观格局变化特征,并采用InVEST模型评估该地区生境质量变化。[结果]①草地和未利用土地是该区最主要的土地利用类型,其次是林地、耕地、水域、城乡工矿居民用地;其中草地和城乡工矿居民用地的变化较剧烈,前者先减后增,后者持续增加。②在时间变化上,随着土地利用类型的变化,该区的生境质量由恶化的态势逐渐趋于改善,2015年生境质量最好。③在空间分布上,该区的生境质量和生境退化度均表现为东高西低。[结论]优越的自然条件使其生境质量较高;人类活动强度较高则是生境退化度较高的原因。     

基于CA-Markov模型的宁夏沿黄生态经济带土地利用变化及模拟研究

[目的]研究宁夏沿黄生态经济带2009—2017年土地利用变化特点,并模拟2025年土地利用空间格局,为宁夏沿黄生态经济带土地开发、利用与保护提供引导,为国土空间规划编制提供参考。[方法]基于时间尺度和空间尺度,对宁夏沿黄生态经济带2009—2017年各类用地变化情况进行了分析,计算得出了各类用地转移概率矩阵,并基于CA-Markov模型,对自然发展情景、土地规划情景、耕地和生态保护情景下宁夏沿黄生态经济带2025年土地利用格局进行了模拟研究。[结果] 2009—2017年,宁夏沿黄生态经济带土地利用整体呈现出耕地、其他农用地及各类建设用地不断增加,园地、林地、草地、水域及自然保留地均有所减少的特点;除水域、其他建设用地外,其他各类用地转为城乡建设用地概率普遍较高,特别是耕地转为城乡建设用地概率最高,达到10.65%。[结论]在自然发展、土地规划、耕地和环境保护3种情景下,宁夏沿黄生态经济带2025年土地利用结构仍然以牧草地、耕地、自然保留地为主,但随着城镇化进程加快和基础设施持续完善,城乡建设用地和交通水利用地增加幅度较大。     

2000—2020年南昌市土地利用时空变化及其生态环境效应

[目的] 分析南昌市因土地利用变化引起的区域生态环境效应,定量研究该区域国土资源开发与生态环境的关系,为区域生态环境保护、生态文明建设和绿色发展提供科学支持。[方法] 运用土地利用转移矩阵和核密度分析模型演算土地利用变化时空变动轨迹,用生态环境质量指数和生态贡献率推理出土地利用变化对生态系统的影响。[结果] ①2000—2020年,南昌市土地利用变化主要以草地、耕地转为建设用地,林地、水域转为耕地,耕地转为水域为主; ②2000—2020年,南昌市土地利用变化空间集聚演变主要集中在西北方向,其中耕地转水域是研究区生态环境改善的主要原因,水域转耕地和耕地转建设用地是区域生态环境退化的主要原因。[结论] 南昌市2000,2010,2020年的生态环境质量指数为0.354,0.351和0.352,生态环境质量相对稳定,但区内质量指数呈现下降趋势,有必要及时严格控制城镇开发边界和落实生态红线保护政策。     

西安市泾渭湿地自然保护区生境质量变化评估

[目的]对西安市泾渭湿地自然保护区生境质量变化进行研究,为保护区未来环境保护和发展提供科学参考。[方法]基于InVEST生物多样性模型,结合土地利用/土地覆被变化,从保护区整体、分区到土地利用/土地覆类型分别对保护区生境质量进行分析。[结果](1)2006—2016年,保护区内农田急剧减少,对草地、森林和湿地面积的增加贡献较大。(2)保护区生境质量呈上升趋势,局部有所下降,整体生境质量中等。(3)保护区所在各区生境质量由高到低依次为灞桥区、未央区、高陵区,生境质量指数平均值分别较2006年增长了21.05%,50.01%,37.84%。[结论]人工生境包括交通用地、居住地、工业用地和耕地对生态环境的干扰是生境质量下降的主要驱动因素。天然生境包括湿地和森林对保护区生物多样性维持功能贡献较大,保护区森林面积略显不足。     

沈阳经济区土地利用转型与社会经济发展的关系

[目的]开展沈阳经济区土地利用转型与社会经济发展研究,为助力东北振兴提供科学参考。[方法]以沈阳经济区为研究区,运用GIS,RS技术,采用土地利用转移矩阵和重心转移轨迹模型,探讨1980—2018年研究区土地利用转型与社会经济发展在空间上的转移关系。[结果](1)研究区各种土地利用空间形态存在相互转化关系,耕地、林地和草地面积减少伴随建设用地面积增加;(2)研究区各种土地利用空间形态重心迁移的方向和速度差异明显,特别是2010年林地、草地、建设用地、水域和其他用地的重心迁移方向出现明显转折;(3)研究区人口、GDP重心分别呈现先"Z型"后"C型"迁移和"S型"迁移;(4)研究区各种土地利用空间形态与社会经济发展存在不同迁移形式。[结论]土地利用转型与社会经济发展相互作用,沈阳经济区的设立促进了区域人口、建设用地和耕地重心向研究区几何中心迁移。     

河南黄河湿地国家级自然保护区人类干扰对生境质量的影响及空间优化策略

[目的] 探究自然保护区内人类活动强度对生境质量的影响,为提升自然保护区生境质量和空间优化提供依据。[方法] 基于2021年土地利用数据和其他空间数据,利用InVEST模型、人类影响指数模型和双变量空间自相关模型等方法,分析河南黄河湿地国家级自然保护区(以下简称黄河保护区)内出现的主要用地冲突问题,生境质量与人类活动影响的空间分布特征及其空间上的相关性。[结果] ①研究区主要用地冲突类型为农村建设用地、农田和鱼塘,共占总面积的28.85%。②人类影响指数中等以上面积占总面积的37.97%,人类影响指数呈现“东西两侧高,中间区域低”的空间分布特征。③生境质量指数均值0.65,中级生境质量以下面积比例达52.46%,总体呈中级以下水平。④人类影响指数与生境质量之间呈现空间负相关(Moran’s I为-0.519)。[结论] 今后整合优化过程中黄河保护区需清退农田与鱼塘,将东部平原区河道湿地作为保护重点,优化保护范围,结合人类活动特点制定管控和优化策略,提升生境质量。     

基于土地利用的三峡库区生态屏障带生态风险评价

[目的]揭示三峡库区生态屏障带生态风险,为库区生态风险评估及土地利用优化提供理论依据。[方法]基于遥感影像数据,运用RS与GIS技术,计算土地利用相对合理性指数,同时构建生态风险评价模型,划分高程/坡度带定量评价三峡库区生态屏障带的生态风险情况,划分生态风险等级,并对生态风险进行空间自相关分析。[结果]较低生态风险区占比例最大,为36.77%,高生态风险区及较高生态风险区主要分布在沿长江两岸建设用地及耕地较为集中的区域,土地利用相对合理性指数随高程增高逐渐变大,随坡度增大逐渐减小,研究区生态风险空间自相关分析呈现出十分显著的局部自相关性。[结论]研究区内生态风险总体呈现较低值,沿江高值区需对土地利用进行重点优化。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.