稻草与生石灰添加介导的温室内土壤团聚体稳定性及碳分布特性

土壤中稳定的团聚体为碳的固定提供良好的物理保护,同时土壤中的碳又会促进团粒结构的形成,二者相辅相成,但在长期稻草和生石灰添加介导的设施内土壤中二者如何变化,却少见报导。以长期施肥定位试验为依托,采用湿筛法研究了施用鸡粪(M)的基础上,配施稻草(R)和生石灰(Ca)对设施土壤团聚体组成、稳定性及碳分布的影响,以不施肥(CK)为对照。结果表明:(1)在鸡粪基础上加入稻草(MR)或生石灰(MCa),与单施鸡粪(M)相比,0.25mm团聚体含量分别增加了123%和37%;稻草和生石灰同时添加可显著增加5~2mm大团聚体含量,较MR、MCa、M分别提高12%,59%,141%。(2)在鸡粪基础上施入稻草或生石灰均可增加MWD、GMD、R_(0.25),提高团聚体的稳定性,其中MR处理最高,MRCa处理次之,二者均显著高于MCa、M、CK处理。(3)在鸡粪基础上加入稻草或生石灰,均可提高土壤全碳含量,其中MRCa处理最高,较MR、MCa、M分别增加20%,40%,55%;稻草和生石灰同时施入可显著增加5~2mm大团聚体中碳含量;加入生石灰可增加0.5~0.25mm团聚体中碳含量;施入稻草或生石灰均可显著增加0.25mm团聚体中的碳对土壤全碳的贡献。(4)土壤全碳含量与5~2,2~1,1~0.5mm团聚体含量呈显著正相关,与0.25mm微团聚体含量呈显著负相关;MWD、GMD、R_(0.25)均与0.25mm团聚体含量呈显著正相关,与0.25mm微团聚体含量呈显著负相关。设施土壤在施入鸡粪的基础上同时加入稻草和生石灰,可改善土壤结构,提高土壤碳水平,有利于缓解设施生产中因长期连作所导致的土壤结构劣变问题。     

长期肥料试验对土壤和水稻微量元素及重金属含量的影响

长期肥料试验会影响土壤中微量元素和重金属状况以及作物对微量元素和重金属的吸收。本文研究了长期的不同施肥处理对土壤、糙米中微量元素Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn和重金属Pb、Cd含量的影响,结果表明:经17a连续施用猪粪及秸秆还田显著增加了土壤Cu、Zn和Cd全量,而土壤Fe、Mn和Pb全量在不同施肥处理间没有显著差异;施肥增加了土壤有效态Cu、Zn和Fe含量,其中施用猪粪及秸秆还田的3个处理显著增加了土壤有效态Cu、Zn和Cd含量,而土壤有效态Pb含量在不同施肥处理间没有显著差异。不同处理糙米Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn和Pb含量变化较小或没有显著性差异,而在3个施猪粪和秸秆还田处理中,糙米Cd含量均超过国家食品卫生标准(>0.2 mg kg-1)。水稻地上部吸收积累Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Pb和Cd总量与其地上部生物量呈正相关,土壤Cu、Zn、Cd有效态与全量含量呈极显著相关关系,而糙米中的镉含量与土壤镉含量有较好的相关关系。长期施用畜粪导致土壤Cd污染问题应引起高度重视。     

吉林省黑土某些微量元素环境地球化学特征

根据吉林省第二次土壤普查资料 ,对黑土中微量元素B、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo和Zn的全量、有效态含量、它们在土壤剖面中的迁移分布等环境地球化学特征及其影响因素进行了研究 ,得出如下结论 :①吉林省黑土B、Mn、Mo、Zn的全量缺乏 ,Cu、Fe的全量略低 ;②黑土B、Cu、Zn的有效态含量缺乏 ,其中Zn严重缺乏 ;③黑土剖面中 ,B、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo、Zn等微量元素全量与有效态含量分布相似 ,均以淋溶层最低 ,表层和淀积层较高 (Mo的全量除外 )。微量元素有效态含量剖面分布中淀积层层次较深 ,表层富集程度稍强 ;④黑土中B、Fe、Mn、Mo、Zn的有效态含量与土壤有机质含量呈显著的正相关 ;B、Mo的有效态含量与 pH值呈显著正相关 ,而Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn的有效态含量则与pH值呈负相关 ;黑土B、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo、Zn有效态含量与其全量均达到显著相关水平。根据吉林省黑土中微量元素全量和有效态含量分布的特点 ,需施用微量元素肥料 ,增加黑土中微量元素的含量 ,促进该地区农业的可持续发展     

三江平原白浆土中Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn生物有效性的研究

在三江平原上,测定 42 个小区中玉米、大豆、小麦籽实 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 含量和土壤中各形态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和Zn含量.通过相关分析和通径分析,探讨了土壤中各形态Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 的生物有效性,旨在为该地区合理施用微量元素提供科学依据.试验结果表明,玉米、大豆和小麦籽实含 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 量与土壤中有效态和交换态 Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn含量呈显著或极显著正相关.有机态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn含量与玉米、大豆和小麦籽实Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn含量也有很好的相关关系.交换态对有效态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 影响最大,其次是有机质结合态.铁锰氧化物结合态 Fe、Cu 对有效态 Fe、Cu 及碳酸盐结合态 Mn、Zn 对有效态 Mn、Zn 具有一定正效应.而残留态 Fe、Cu 对有效态 Fe、Cu 和铁锰氧化物结合态 Mn 对有效态 Mn 产生负效应.     

石灰用量对酸性土壤pH值及有效养分含量的影响

采用室内培养法,设置不施生石灰和生石灰用量0.3、0.9、1.8、2.4、4.8 g/kg,共6个用量梯度,研究不同生石灰用量对酸性土壤pH值动态变化、有效养分含量的影响及土壤pH值与有效养分含量之间的相关性。结果表明,生石灰的施入,可以显著提高土壤pH值,改善土壤酸度。培养到第90 d,生石灰用量4.8、2.4、1.8g/kg处理较对照分别提高了2.88、1.16和0.74个pH单位。施用生石灰对土壤全氮含量影响不大,但对土壤无机氮影响显著。生石灰用量在0~2.4 g/kg范围内,土壤硝态氮含量随生石灰用量的增加而显著增加,增幅为12.4%~146.8%,当生石灰用量2.4 g/kg时,土壤硝态氮含量显著降低。土壤铵态氮的变化趋势则刚好相反,随着生石灰用量的增加而减少;土壤有效磷含量随着生石灰用量的增加先升高后降低;对于土壤速效钾来说,当生石灰用量0.9 g/kg,其含量随着石灰用量的增加而显著降低,降幅为2.9%~21.7%。施用生石灰可以显著提高土壤有效Ca含量,且随生石灰用量的增加而显著增加,增幅为32.3%~543.0%。生石灰的施用显著降低了土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的含量,且当生石灰用量≥2.4 g/kg时,土壤有效Mn、Zn含量均已处于极其缺乏的状况。土壤pH值与土壤全氮、铵态氮、速效钾、有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn呈显著线性负相关,与有效Ca呈极显著线性正相关,与土壤硝态氮、有效磷和有效Mg则符合二次函数,各相关系数均达到极显著水平。土壤养分与土壤酸度有着较好的相关性,在施用石灰改良酸性土壤时,要特别注意其施用量及土壤有效Mn、Zn等微量元素的及时补充。     

湖北省黄棕壤若干微量元素环境地球化学特征

在湖北省黄棕壤上采集32个土样，研究了微量元素B、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn和Mo的总含量、有效态含量、它们在土壤剖面中的迁移分布等环境地球化学特征及其影响因素。所得结果如下：（1）湖北黄棕壤B、Mn、Fe、Cu的总含量较丰富，Zn的总含量中等，Mo的总含量缺乏；B、Cu、Zn、Mo的有效态含量较缺乏；（2）各微量元素总含量在黄棕壤剖面中的分布均以心土层中最高，而有效态含量均以表土层中最高；（3） Zn、Mo的有效态含量与总含量呈显著或极显著正相关；B、Mo的有效态含量与黄棕壤pH值呈极显著正相关，Fe、Zn有效态含量则与pH值呈显著负相关；除Fe外其他微量元素的有效态含量均与土壤有机质含量呈显著或极显著正相关。     

山东典型植烟土壤微量元素有效态含量研究

为摸清山东典型植烟区土壤微量元素有效态含量分布情况,采集和分析了临朐、蒙阴、诸城、费县、五莲、莒县6个主要植烟县的烟田耕层和剖面土样。结果表明:①耕层土壤有效Fe和Mn含量丰富,有效Cu含量适中,有效Zn含量较低。②石灰性砂页岩发育的土壤中微量元素有效态含量相对较低。③有效态Fe、Mn和Zn主要为表层富集型,有效Cu垂直分布相对均匀。④土壤有效态Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn含量随pH升高而降低,随有机质增加而增加;pH是影响有效态Fe和Mn的重要因素,而有机质是影响有效态Cu和Zn的重要因素。     

西昌市土壤Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn有效性评价及其影响因素分析

在分析西昌市土壤微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn有效含量状况及其分布特征的基础上,从成土母质、土地利用方式、有机质和pH等4个方面探讨其对土壤微量元素有效含量的影响。结果表明:西昌市土壤有效Fe含量丰富,有效Cu和Zn略低且分布不均,有效锰有32.18%的土壤缺乏。成土母质是重要的影响因素,第四纪紫色洪冲积物发育的土壤Fe、Mn、Zn有效含量较高,二迭纪岩浆岩洪冲积物发育的土壤有效Cu含量较高,坡残积物发育的土壤4种微量元素有效态含量均较低;水田土壤各元素有效含量均大于旱地;有机质与有效Fe、Cu间显著正相关;pH值在中性偏碱时,有效Cu和Zn含量较低。     

青岛崂山茶园土壤微量元素有效量及其影响因素研究

青岛市崂山茶种植区土壤调查研究表明,茶园土壤中6种主要微量元素(Zn、Cu、B、Mn、Fe、Mo)的有效量多大于其缺素临界值,有效态铜、锌、锰含量均处于高水平,钼中等,硼较低。统计分析表明,土壤中Zn、B、Mn等元素全量与有效量间具显著正相关性,Fe呈显著负相关性,说明全量并不是有效量的完全控制因素;pH值与有效态Zn、Cu、B、Fe和Mo均有一定的负相关关系,表明土壤酸性增强(酸化)会增加这类元素的生物有效性;有机质含量与有效态Zn、Cu、B、Fe和Mo呈正相关性,说明有机质较高有利于土壤元素活化。     

放牧对冷蒿根际土壤营养元素的影响

为了揭示放牧扰动对内蒙古典型草原冷蒿(Artemisia frigida Willd.)根际土壤的影响,采用小区控制放牧强度(对照CK、轻度放牧LG和重度放牧HG)处理,测定了不同放牧强度冷蒿根际土壤和非冷蒿根际土壤养分状况和微量元素含量的变化。结果表明:冷蒿根际土壤pH值显著小于非冷蒿根际土壤,随放牧强度的增加冷蒿根际土壤pH值呈降低趋势,有机质含量显著高于非冷蒿根际土壤;冷蒿根际土壤有效N、P、K和全N含量极显著高于非冷蒿根际土壤,轻度放牧冷蒿根际土壤与对照相比分别增加了41.7%,20.6%,5.3%和47.0%(P0.05);冷蒿根际土壤微量元素Fe、Mn和Zn含量与非冷蒿根际土壤无显著差异,有效微量元素含量极显著高于非冷蒿根际土壤,随放牧强度的增加冷蒿根际土壤有效微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量逐渐升高,重度放牧与对照相比分别增加了32.4%,39.5%,53.0%和37.3%(P0.05);土壤有效N、P、K及微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量与土壤pH值呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。重度放牧后冷蒿可通过改变土壤pH值,促进有机质的分解,提高土壤有效养分及有效微量元素的含量,改善冷蒿根际土壤中养分状况,这可能是冷蒿形成单一优势种群的原因之一。     

Soil micronutrient availability to crops as affected by long-term inorganic and organic fertilizer applications

Micronutrient status in soils and crops can be affected by different fertilization practices during a long-term field experiment. This paper investigated the effects of different fertilization treatments on total and DTPA-extractable micronutrients in soils and micronutrients in crops after 16 year fertilization experiments in Fengqiu County, Henan Province, China. The treatments of the long-term experiment included combinations of various rates of N, P and K in addition to two rates of organic fertilizer (OF) treatments. Winter wheat and summer maize were planted annually. Soil macro- and micronutrients along with pH and organic matter (OM) were analyzed. Grains and above ground parts of both crops in the final year were harvested and analyzed for Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn. The results showed that soil Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations did not change among the different treatments to a significant level, except for a slight decrease of soil Zn in the CK (no fertilizer application) compared to the OF treatment. The DTPA-extractable soil Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations increased from 0.41 to 1.08 mg kg⁻¹, from 10.3 to 17.7 mg kg⁻¹, and from 9.7 to 11.8 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, with increasing soil OM content, thus showing the importance of soil OM in micronutrient availability for crops. The NPK treatment also had higher DTPA-extractable micronutrient concentrations in soil. Deficiency of N or P resulted in a low yield but high micronutrient concentrations in crops except Cu in maize stalks. Higher available soil P significantly decreased crop micronutrients, possibly because of their precipitation as metal phosphates. Maize stalks contained higher concentrations of micronutrients than those of wheat straw, whereas wheat grain had higher micronutrients than those of corn grain. The transfer coefficients (TCs) of micronutrients from straw to grain were significantly different between winter wheat (1.63–2.52 for Cu; 2.31–3.82 for Zn; no change for Fe; 0.55–0.84 for Mn) and summer maize (0.24–0.50 for Cu; 0.50–1.21 for Zn; 0.02–0.04 for Fe; 0.07–0.10 for Mn). In conclusion, application of organic matter significantly increased the DTPA-extractable concentrations of Zn, Fe and Mn compared to the CK, grain and vegetative tissue in the CK and NK had higher micronutrient concentrations than those in other treatments.     

Diagnosis of Micronutrient Imbalance in Lime Crop in Semi-arid Region of Rajasthan,India

Low and unstable fruit yield, poor quality of fruits, and excessive fruit dropping are major problems in a lime crop and are due to either micronutrient deficiencies or nutrient imbalance. A study was conducted to assess the micronutrient status in a lime orchard at the Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute (CSWCRTI)’s research farm in Kota, Rajasthan, India. Plant and soil samples were collected during September and October in 2006–2007. The micronutrients extracted with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) in soils were in the order of manganese (Mn) > iron (Fe) > zinc (Zn) > copper (Cu). The mean values of DTPA Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu in surface soils varied from 13.98 to 22.70, 2.48 to 8.66, 0.79 to 1.19, and 0.14 to 0.46 mg kg^?1, respectively, whereas in subsurface soils they varied from 12.94 to 23.06, 4.84 to 6.52, 0.51 to 0.83, and 0.07 to 0.20 mg kg^?1, respectively. Results reveal that except for Fe, the other DTPA-extractable micronutrients decreased with depth. Total Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu in plant leaves varied from 22 to 83, 70 to 630, 40 to 932, and 37 to 3057 mg kg^?1, respectively, indicating greater or toxic concentrations of total micronutrient in leaf samples. Total Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu in petiole samples varied from 7 to 60, 235 to 574, 70 to 827, and 101 to 2623 mg kg^?1, respectively. High concentration of Cu and Zn in leaves resulted in Fe and Mn deficiencies (exhibited as leaf chlorosis) in lime plants. Results of the study indicated that Fe and Mn deficiencies are major disorders in lime plantation. Similarly, the measure of DTPA-extractable micronutrients showed the low statuses of Fe and Cu and marginal status of Zn in soils along the Chambal region.     

长期施肥对潮土耕层土壤和作物籽粒微量元素动态的影响

Micronutrient status in soils can be affected by long-term fertilization and intensive cropping.A 19-year experiment (1990-2008) was carried out to investigate the influence of different fertilization regimes on micronutrients in an Aquic Inceptisol and maize and wheat grains in Zhengzhou,China.The results showed that soil total Cu and Zn markedly declined after 19 years with application of N fertilizer alone.Soil total Fe and Mn were significantly increased mainly due to atmospheric deposition.Applications...     

长期不同施肥对南方黄泥田水稻子粒与土壤锌、 硼、 铜、 铁、 锰含量的影响

在福建黄泥田长期定位施肥试验的第26年,研究了不同施肥模式对水稻子粒与土壤微量元素含量的影响。结果表明,与不施肥（CK）相比,化肥+牛粪（NPKM）、 化肥+秸秆还田（NPKS）及单施化肥（NPK）处理的水稻子粒Zn、 B、 Cu含量均有不同程度的提高,并尤以NPKM处理最为明显,三种微量元素含量分别提高14.3%、 25.1%、 465.2%,均达差异显著水平。NPKM与NPKS处理还不同程度地提高了子粒Mn含量,但各施肥处理的子粒Fe含量均显著降低。各施肥处理尤其是NPKM与NPKS均显著提高了子粒微量元素吸收量。NPK处理的土壤有效B、 Fe、 Zn、 Cu含量与CK相比均呈下降趋势,且有效Zn、 Mn含量较试验前土壤分别降低了36.4%与24.6%,而NPKM与NPKS处理缓解了下降趋势,且NPKM处理的土壤有效Zn、 B、 Mn含量分别较CK提高46.6%、 52.0%、 43.0%,均达差异显著水平。土壤有机质与子粒B、 Cu、 Zn含量呈显著正相关,子粒必需氨基酸、 粗蛋白与子粒Zn含量呈显著正相关。以上结果说明,长期化肥配施牛粪或秸秆还田有利于提高水稻子粒Zn、 B、 Cu等微量元素含量和产量,改善子粒营养品质,一定程度上又可缓解土壤有效微量元素含量的下降,是适合南方黄泥田的施肥模式。     

Effects of lime,phosphorus, manganese,copper, and zinc on plant mineral composition,yield of itarley,and level of extractable nutrients for an acid Swedish mineral soil

Abstract

A pot experiment was performed during the 1992 growing season on an acid, sandy topsoil taken from a Swedish liming experiment. A central composite experimental design was used in order to study the effects of supply of phosphorus (P) and micronutrients at different liming levels on yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. c.v. Golf), mineral content in plant, straw, and grain, and level of soil extractable nutrients. The results showed no increase of yield due to liming despite the fact that lime increased the yield significantly in the field experiment. The soil appeared initially to have a good balance between the nutrients included in the experimental design with the exception of P. An excessive supply of manganese (Mn) decreased the yield. The contents of calcium (Ca) and aluminum (Al) in the plant were hardly affected by the treatments, while the contents of P, Mn, copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) more than doubled compared to no supply. The contents of P, Cu, and Zn were mainly influenced by the supply of the actual element, while the content of Mn was more closely related to the supply of lime. Soil pH(H₂0) and CaCl₂‐extractable P, Mn, Cu, and Zn were highly related to the supplies of lime, P, Mn, Cu and Zn, respectively. Only a few interactions were observed.     

Micronutrients distribution in salt-affected soils of the Punjab in relation to soil properties

Salt-affected soils in arid and semi-arid tracts of the Indian Punjab are prone to deficiency of micronutrients. Nine profiles from alluvial terraces, sand dunes and palaeochannels in the southwestern Punjab were investigated for total and diethylenetriamine-penta-acetic acid (DTPA) extractable Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe. Soil physiography exerted significant influence on the spatial distribution of micronutrients. Total contents varied from 20–78 for Zn, 8–32 for Cu, and 88–466 mg kg^?1 for Mn and 0.82–2.53% for Fe. DTPA-extractable contents varied from 0.10–0.98 for Zn, 0.14–1.02 for Cu, 0.54–13.02 for Fe and 0.82–9.4 mg kg^?1 for Mn. Total contents were higher in fine-textured soil than in coarse-textured soils. Concentration of micronutrients in the surface layer was low and there occurred more accumulation in the Cambic horizon. Organic carbon, pH, clay, silt and calcium carbonate exerted strong influence on the distribution of micronutrients. DTPA extractable Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe increased with increasing organic carbon but decreased with increase in pH and calcium carbonate content. Total micronutrient contents increased with increase in clay, silt and calcium carbonate contents and decreased with increase in sand content.     

Long-Term Influence of Nutrient Management on Carbon and Nutrients In Typic-Ustochrept Soils

ABSTRACT

Continuous incorporation of green manure (GM) and rice straw residue (RSR) over a long period of time generally improved soil physico-chemical properties. To generate this information, laboratory studies were conducted during 2014 on the soil samples collected from an on-going long-term experiment on rice–wheat sequence in progress since 2001. The results of the study reported improvement in bulk density, water holding capacity, and total porosity with green manuring. The maximum organic carbon build up was recorded in manure @ 15 t ha^?1 which was applied through GM. The application of fertilizers, GM and RSR incorporation improved the buildup of the available and total N, P, and K contents of surface soil. The data further indicated that the DTPA-extractable and total Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn in soil increased significantly in all the fertilizer and manurial treatments over recommended practice. The integrated use of GM and RSR in combination with chemical fertilizers improved the soil fertility status, as well as its physical environment. To sustain the soil health of rice–wheat system in loamy sand soil, it is imperative to apply GM and RSR in combination with chemical fertilizers. Also the increase in DTPA-extractable and total Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn may be attributed to chelating action of organic compounds released from manures applied in the form of GM and RSR under rice–wheat system.     

Long-Term Effects of Straw and Manure on Crop Micronutrient Nutrition under a Wheat-Maize Cropping System

Management practices have significant effects on crop micronutrient contents. This study examined effects of applying chemical fertilizers of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) (NPK), alone or supplemented with straw or manure, under a wheat-maize cropping system in a 18-year experiment, on the crops’ iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) contents throughout the crops’ development. The micronutrient contents of both wheat and maize were above critical values during vegetative development, but Zn contents of maize ear leaves were sub-sufficient under all treatments. The wheat grain Mn, Cu, and Zn contents were lower under fertilized treatments than in unfertilized controls. Nutrient balance calculations showed that NPK application alone or with straw resulted in deficits of the four micronutrients, but not application of NPK supplemented with manure. Hence, application of micronutrients, such as Zn, through organic or inorganic fertilizers is recommended for this cropping system.