不同秸秆还田方式对旱地红壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响

为明确不同秸秆还田方式下土壤细菌群落结构变化特征，以南方典型旱地红壤为研究对象，基于中国科学院鹰潭红壤生态实验站玉米单作系统不同秸秆还田方式的长期试验，利用高通量测序明确了不同秸秆还田方式对土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响。结果表明：1）秸秆还田对土壤肥力提升显著，以秸秆猪粪配施（NPKSM）提升效果最佳；2）常规化肥处理（NPK）对细菌多样性无显著影响，但秸秆还田（NPKS）、秸秆猪粪配施（NPKSM）以及生物质炭（NPKB）处理均显著提升土壤细菌多样性；3）速效磷（AP）和土壤有机碳（SOC）变化是影响细菌多样性指数的主要因素，而速效钾（AK）、pH、总磷（TP）以及总氮（TN）均显著驱动细菌群落结构变异。研究结果从培育红壤肥力与微生物多样性的角度，为农业生态系统生物功能和土壤健康的协同提升提供了科学依据。     

生物质炭和秸秆长期还田对红壤团聚体和有机碳的影响

要 ：秸秆还田和施用生物炭是提高土壤有机碳含量和改良土壤团聚体结构的有效方法,但长期施用生物炭与秸秆还田改良土壤的效率研究仍然缺乏比较。本研究针对中亚热带典型的旱地红壤,基于等碳量不同碳源投入的5年野外定位试验,研究秸秆还田、秸秆-猪粪配施和生物炭还田对红壤团聚体组成、稳定性和有机碳分布的影响,为建立红壤地力快速提升的有机培肥措施提供科学依据。本试验共设置对照、单施化肥、秸秆还田、秸秆-猪粪配施和生物炭还田五个处理,采用干筛和湿筛法分析了连续施用不同碳源5年后对土壤团聚体组成、稳定性和有机碳分布的影响。研究表明,施用等碳量的不同有机碳源5年后显著增加了土壤有机碳含量,其增幅顺序为：生物炭还田>秸秆-猪粪配施>秸秆还田。干筛法分析结果表明：与单施化肥处理相比,秸秆-猪粪配施和生物炭还田处理显著增加>0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量(R_0.25)、平均重量直径(mean weight diameter, MWD)和几何平均直径(geometric mean diameter, GMD);秸秆还田和生物炭还田处理显著增加了0.25-2 mm团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率。湿筛法分析结果表明：与单施化肥处理相比,秸秆还田和秸秆-猪粪配施处理显著增加R_0.25、MWD和GMD,但生物炭还田处理和单施化肥处理相比差异不显著;秸秆还田和秸秆-猪粪配施处理显著降低团聚体破坏率(PAD),生物炭还田处理显著增加了PAD;秸秆配施猪粪处理和秸秆还田处理显著增加了>2mm团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率。总体上,秸秆配施猪粪协同提高团聚体有机质含量和团聚体稳定性的作用比秸秆还田和生物炭还田要强。     

不同施肥处理对长期不施肥区稻田土壤微生物生态特性的影响

采用室内恒温培养方法,研究了不同施肥处理对水稻长期肥料试验中不施肥区（CK）和全肥区（NPK）土壤酶活性及微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明,施肥处理（单施化肥、施猪粪和施秸杆）可以显著提高土壤的微生物量碳以及脲酶、酸性磷酸酶的活性,施用有机肥的效果明显大于单施化肥; 有机肥在无肥区（CK）的施用效果与在全肥区（NPK）的效果接近。PLFA分析表明,施肥使无肥区（CK）土壤微生物群落结构发生了显著的变化,施用有机肥显著增加了土壤微生物群落结构的多样性。与不施肥和单施化肥相比,施有机肥主要增加了细菌和真菌的特征脂肪酸如不饱和脂肪酸、环状脂肪酸cy19∶0等的相对含量,而降低了放线菌标记性脂肪酸10Me18∶0的相对含量。     

生物质炭和秸秆长期还田对红壤团聚体和有机碳的影响

生物质炭和秸秆还田是提高土壤有机碳含量和改良土壤团聚体结构的有效方法,但在长期尺度上生物质炭与秸秆还田改良土壤的效率仍不清楚。本研究针对中亚热带第四纪红黏土发育的红壤,基于等碳量不同碳源投入的5 a田间定位试验,包括对照、单施化肥、秸秆还田、秸秆–猪粪配施和生物质炭还田5个处理,采用干筛和湿筛法分析了不同施肥处理对土壤团聚体组成、稳定性和有机碳分布的影响。研究表明:施用等碳量的不同有机碳源5 a后显著增加了土壤有机碳含量,其增幅顺序为:生物质炭还田秸秆–猪粪配施秸秆还田。干筛法分析结果表明:与单施化肥处理相比,秸秆–猪粪配施和生物质炭还田处理显著增加0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量(R0.25)和平均重量直径(mean weight diameter,MWD);秸秆还田和生物质炭还田处理显著增加了0.25~2 mm团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率。湿筛法分析结果表明:与单施化肥处理相比,秸秆还田和秸秆–猪粪配施处理显著增加R_(0.25)和MWD,但生物质炭还田处理和单施化肥处理相比差异不显著;秸秆还田和秸秆–猪粪配施处理显著降低团聚体破坏率(PAD),生物质炭还田处理显著增加了PAD;秸秆配施猪粪处理和秸秆还田处理显著增加了2 mm团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率。总体上,秸秆配施猪粪协同提高团聚体有机碳含量和团聚体稳定性的作用比秸秆还田和生物质炭还田要强。     

长期施肥对旱作区农田土壤细菌群落组成和多样性的影响

为阐明长期有机、无机施肥对旱作区土壤细菌群落组成及多样性的影响机制,以农田土壤生态系统为研究对象,采用单因素随机区组设计,利用长期定位试验(11年)和高通量测序的方法,研究了不施肥(对照,T0)、单施化肥(T1)、化肥配施羊粪有机肥(T2)和化肥配施生物有机肥(T3)对土壤的影响,分析了处理间土壤细菌群落组成及多样性的差异,探究了驱动土壤细菌群落组成及多样性变化的主要土壤环境因子。结果表明:与T0相比,羊粪有机肥、生物有机肥与化肥配施能显著提高土壤全氮、全磷、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和铵态氮的含量,其中T2处理效果最显著(P<0.05)。各施肥处理下土壤放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi) 细菌为优势菌门;羊粪有机肥、生物有机肥与化肥配施处理降低了土壤放线菌门的相对丰度,增加了绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度,T2处理与T0处理间有显著差异(P<0.05)。与T1处理相比,羊粪有机肥、生物有机肥与化肥配合施用使土壤硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度显著降低。类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、KD4-96和Subgroup_6为土壤细菌群落的优势菌属。T2处理较T3处理更显著地降低了土壤类诺卡氏菌属(41.15%)、芽球菌属(41.67%)和红杆菌属(27.45%)的相对丰度。与T0处理相比,T2处理更显著增加了细菌群落物种数、群落辛普森指数、香农指数和Chao1 指数(P<0.05)。冗余分析表明,土壤有机质(P=0.001)、pH(P=0.003)是驱动土壤细菌群落组成及多样性变化的主要因素。土壤pH以及有机质含量高低对驱动旱作区土壤细菌群落组成以及土壤细菌多样性变化均产生直接效应。因此,化肥与羊粪有机肥相结合的长期施肥管理是优化旱作区区域农田养分管理、提升土壤肥力的有效途径。     

秸秆还田与施肥方式对稻麦轮作土壤细菌和真菌群落结构与多样性的影响

为探索秸秆还田与施肥方式2种农田措施对水稻-小麦(稻麦)轮作土壤微生物群落的影响,阐释其对土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和多样性的影响机制,本研究通过7年稻麦轮作长期定位监测试验,设置无肥空白(CK)、常规施肥(RT)、秸秆还田+常规施肥(RS)和秸秆还田+缓释肥(SS) 4个处理,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,分析土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和多样性,探索影响微生物群落的主控环境因子。结果表明, SS作物产量在2016年和2017年分别比RT显著提高11.6%和8.2%(水稻)、4.8%和3.6%(小麦),与RS无显著差异。相比RT,秸秆还田处理显著降低了土壤pH,提升了土壤有机碳和铵态氮含量;与RS相比,SS处理提高了铵态氮含量。秸秆还田处理提升了真菌群落多样性,但对细菌群落多样性无显著影响。SS与RS在细菌真菌群落多样性方面均无显著差异。相关性分析表明,细菌群落多样性与土壤pH呈负相关,与总氮含量呈正相关;真菌群落多样性则与土壤有机碳含量显著正相关。NMDS分析表明,施肥对于细菌群落结构影响较大(55.61%),真菌群落结构则对秸秆还田响应更明显(26.94%)。与RT相比,秸秆还田显著提升了细菌放线菌门、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门的相对丰度,同时显著提升了真菌中子囊菌门的相对丰度,降低了担子菌门和接合菌门的相对丰度,加强了土壤碳氮循环能力并抑制了病原菌。SS与RS相比,仅提升了真菌中子囊菌门的相对丰度。综上,秸秆还田配施缓释肥有助于维持或者提高土壤养分有效性、作物产量及细菌真菌群落多样性,可以促进土壤碳氮循环。     

麦地土壤线虫群落结构对有机肥和秸秆还田的响应

通过猪粪有机肥的施用和秸秆还田,研究其对农田土壤线虫数量、属的种类及群落结构的影响。田间试验处理为CK(不施肥对照)、HF(施化肥)、ZH(猪粪堆肥 化肥)、JHB(秸秆 化肥 秸秆伴侣)、ZHJ(猪粪堆肥 化肥 秸秆)、ZDH(猪粪堆肥有机无机复合肥 化肥)6个处理。结果表明：在6个施肥处理中共鉴定出4目11科22属线虫,其中食细菌线虫9属,食真菌线虫5属,植食线虫4属,杂食-捕食线虫4属。JHB、ZHJ和ZDH处理的土壤线虫数量显著高于CK和HF处理,而HF与CK处理之间没有显著差异;化肥、有机肥和秸秆配施可以增加食细菌线虫的丰度,抑制植食线虫垫刃属和螺旋属的繁殖;除了ZDH外,其他4个处理的植食线虫丰度明显低于CK。 JHB、ZHJ和ZDH的线虫通路比值(NCR)显著高于CK,表明有机管理的农田土壤腐屑食物网的分解途径主要依靠细菌分解途径。CK、JHB、ZHJ和ZDH的的成熟指数(MI)显著高于HF,表明单施化肥对土壤环境干扰较大。多样性指数(H′)、优势度指数(λ)、均匀度指数(J) 和瓦斯乐斯卡指数(WI)在6个处理中均没有显著差异。在6个施肥处理中,均以c-p 2类群的土壤线虫比例最高,其次是c-p 3-5,c-p 1类群比例最低。通过线虫营养类群、群落结构及生态指数综合分析得出,JHB和ZHJ为最佳施肥方式。     

长期施肥对旱地红壤细菌群落的影响

为探讨长期不同施肥对旱地红壤细菌群落的影响,以中国农业科学院祁阳红壤实验站的冬小麦—夏玉米定位试验为研究对象,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、施化学氮磷钾肥(NPK)和化学氮磷钾+有机肥配施(NPKM)4个处理,于试验开展25年(2015年)小麦收获后采集各处理0~20 cm的土壤样品,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对土壤细菌群落进行测定,并深入揭示影响旱地红壤细菌群落的关键因素。结果表明:(1)长期不同施肥显著改变了旱地红壤的化学性质,N和NPK处理的土壤pH显著降低至4.02和4.15,而NPKM处理的土壤pH显著上升至5.99。NPK和NPKM处理均显著改善土壤肥力,但后者效果明显优于前者,而N处理对土壤肥力的提升效果微弱。(2)长期不同施肥改变了旱地红壤优势菌的相对丰度,非度量多维度分析(NMDS)和相似性分析(ANOSIM)表明不同处理的土壤细菌群落发生显著变化。(3)与CK相比,N处理的4种多样性指数(物种丰富度、Chao1指数、系统发育多样性和香农指数)显著降低了21.4%~49.4%,而NPKM处理显著增加了7.0%~66.9%,NPK处理也会使系统发育多样性和香农指数显著降低10.3%和13.0%。(4)逐步回归分析表明土壤pH是决定优势菌相对丰度及4种多样性指数的首要因素,多元回归树分析(MRT)探明土壤pH共解释了83.1%的细菌群落变异,不同处理间细菌群落转变均由土壤pH驱动。(5)STAMP分析发现,N、NPK和NPKM处理与CK分别有11、14和8个显著差异细菌属。综上所述,长期施肥后旱地红壤细菌群落主要受土壤pH的影响,而土壤肥力的作用相对较弱,长期施用化学氮肥造成的红壤酸化的负面效应已远超肥力改善的正面效应。因此,旱地红壤施肥应以防治土壤酸化为前提,长期化肥有机肥配施是一项适宜的施肥措施。     

长期施用有机和无机肥对红壤微生物群落特征及功能的影响

以建于1990年的湖南祁阳长期有机无机定位试验为平台,选择不施肥、无机肥、有机肥及有机肥化肥配施4个处理,利用高通量测序和实时荧光定量技术,研究了长期施用有机肥和无机肥祁阳红壤细菌和真菌的群落特征;利用常规分析方法,研究了土壤微生物呼吸、酶活性和土壤基本理化性质,探索了长期施肥的土壤微生物群落结构与其功能以及土壤养分之间的关系。结果表明,长期施肥改变了土壤的pH值和养分循环;长期施用有机肥增加细菌与真菌种群丰度和多样性;单施化肥增加了真菌种群丰度与多样性,但是对细菌的种群丰度与多样性影响不大;施肥显著改变了土壤细菌与真菌的群落结构,细菌群落结构的改变显著影响土壤微生物呼吸、β-纤维素二糖水解酶以及酚氧化物酶的活性,而真菌群落的改变对微生物的功能影响不明显。本研究表明,施用有机肥不但可以缓解化肥引起的土壤酸化,还能支持更大、更丰富的微生物群体,从而维持更高的土壤活性,对维持或提高土壤肥力具有重要意义。     

生物炭与有机肥、无机肥配施对采煤塌陷区复垦土壤理化性状的影响

为了研究施用生物炭对采煤塌陷复垦土壤的熟化效果,以山西省晋城市采煤塌陷复垦区土壤为研究对象,连续3年采用生物炭与有机肥、无机肥配施等方式研究其对复垦土壤主要理化性状的影响。结果表明:不同施肥处理均不同程度改善了土壤的理化性状,有机肥配施生物炭处理明显降低了复垦土壤容重(降幅10%),提高了土壤孔隙含水率(增幅7.14%),但对土壤pH影响不明显。有机肥处理和无机肥处理的土壤全氮、全磷含量差异不显著;无机肥配施生物炭处理与单施无机肥处理相比,速效磷增加了8.33%,速效钾增加了6.34%,增幅较明显,对碱解氮影响则不明显。有机肥配施生物炭,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量增幅不明显;无机肥配施生物炭,真菌数量增幅最为明显(11.7%)。有机肥、无机肥配施生物炭处理玉米产量分别提高了3.03%和2.70%,生物炭的增产作用有限。因此,在复垦土壤上施用生物炭后可以提高有机肥和无机肥的培肥效果,单施生物炭效果不明显。     

功能菌剂与生物炭配施对沙化土壤的影响

研究生物炭和功能菌剂协同调控沙化土壤养分和微生物多样性与功能，可为沙化土壤肥力培育提供理论依据。选择毛乌素沙地典型生态经济林沙化土壤为研究对象，采用田间定位试验，运用高通量扩增测序技术，解析不同添加量(2%,4%,8%)生物炭处理及其配施定量功能菌剂(枯草芽孢杆菌+巨大芽孢杆菌+胶质芽孢杆菌)处理对土壤化学性质及细菌菌群多样性与功能的影响。结果表明：(1)与单一生物炭处理相比，生物炭+功能菌剂处理组土壤有效氮、磷养分含量分别提升44.71%和187.36%;(2)生物炭单施或者配施功能菌剂均使酸杆菌门相对丰度显著降低，而生物炭+功能菌剂处理中厚壁菌门的相对丰度，分别增加163.80%,155.15%,100.21%,并且不同程度上调土壤细菌物种丰富度和多样性；(3)功能菌剂与生物炭配施改变土壤细菌介导的碳氮循环功能，如显著提高土壤细菌的有机物质分解功能，壳聚糖和木聚糖分解过程较对照组分别上升186.54%,242.46%,增强细菌的氨化和呼吸功能，而单施生物炭处理提升细菌的反硝化与固氮功能。综上，生物炭和功能菌剂的添加提高土壤有效氮磷养分含量，显著改变土壤细菌群落多样性与群落功能，生物...     

Responses of soil microbial communities to manure and biochar in wheat cultivation of a rice-wheat rotation agroecosystem in East China

Soil contamination in agroecosystems remains a global environmental problem. Biochar has been suggested as an organic amendment to alleviate soil pollution, sequester carbon(C), and improve soil fertility. However, information on how bacterial and fungal communities in acidic bulk and rhizosphere soils respond to swine manure and its biochar is still lacking. In this study, biochar and swine manure were applied at two rates of 1.5 and 3 t ha^-1 in a rice-wheat rotation field to assess ...     

Microbial composition and diversity of an upland red soil under long-term fertilization treatments as revealed by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches

Background, aim, and scope  Fertilization is an important agricultural practice for increasing crop yields. In order to maintain the soil sustainability, it is important to monitor the effects of fertilizer applications on the shifts of soil microorganisms, which control the cycling of many nutrients in the soil. Here, culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches were used to analyze the soil bacterial and fungal quantities and community structure under seven fertilization treatments, including Control, Manure, Return (harvested peanut straw was returned to the plot), and chemical fertilizers of NPK, NP, NK, and PK. The objective of this study was to examine the effects on soil microbial composition and diversity of long-term organic and chemical fertilizer regimes in a Chinese upland red soil. Materials and methods  Soil samples were collected from a long-term experiment station at Yingtan (28°15′N, 116°55′E), Jiangxi Province of China. The soil samples (0–20 cm) from four individual plots per treatment were collected. The total numbers of culturable bacteria and fungi were determined as colony forming units (CFUs) and selected colonies were identified on agar plates by dilution plate methods. Moreover, soil DNAs were extracted and bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal 18S rRNA genes were polymerase chain reaction amplified, and then analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning, and sequencing. Results  The organic fertilizers, especially manure, induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs, but the highest bacterial diversity ascertained by DGGE banding patterns. Chemical fertilizers, on the other hand, had less effect on the bacterial composition and diversity, with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. For the fungal community, the manure treatment had the largest CFUs but much fewer DGGE bands, also with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. The conventional identification of representative bacterial and fungal genera showed that long-term fertilization treatments resulted in differences in soil microbial composition and diversity. In particular, 42.4% of the identified bacterial isolates were classified into members of Arthrobacter. For fungi, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor were the most prevalent three genera, which accounted for 46.6% of the total identified fungi. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Discussion  It was evident that more representative fungal genera appeared in organic treatments than other treatments, indicating that culturable fungi were more sensitive to organic than to chemical fertilizers. A very notable finding was that fungal CFUs appeared maximal in organic manure treatments. This was quite different from the bacterial CFUs in the manure, indicating that bacteria and fungi responded differently to the fertilization. Similar to bacteria, the minimum fungal CFUs were also observed in the NK treatment. This result provided evidence that phosphorus could be a key factor for microorganisms in the soil. Thus, despite the fact that culture-dependent techniques are not ideal for studies of the composition of natural microbial communities when used alone, they provide one of the more useful means of understanding the growth habit, development, and potential function of microorganisms from soil habitats. A combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches is likely to reveal more complete information regarding the composition of soil microbial communities. Conclusions  Long-term fertilization had great effects on the soil bacterial and fungal communities. Organic fertilizer applications induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs but the highest bacterial diversity, while chemical fertilizer applications had less impact on soil bacterial community. The largest fungal CFUs were obtained, but much lower diversity was detected in the manure treatment. The lowest bacterial and also fungal CFUs were observed in the NK treatment. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Phosphorus fertilizer could be considered as a key factor to control the microbial CFUs and diversity in this Chinese upland red soil. Recommendations and perspectives  Soil fungi seem to be a more sensitive indicator of soil fertility than soil bacteria. Since the major limitation of molecular methods in soil microbial studies is the lack of discrimination between the living and dead, or active and dormant microorganisms, both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods should be used to appropriately characterize soil microbial diversity.     

腐熟羊粪有机肥配施无机肥对植烟土壤微生物群落结构和多样性的影响

为了探究腐熟羊粪有机肥与无机肥配施对洛阳烟区植烟土壤微生物群落结构和土壤肥力特性的影响，采用盆栽控制试验和高通量测序技术，研究了不施肥（CK）、100%无机氮肥（T0）、50%羊粪有机肥氮+50%无机氮肥（T50）和100%羊粪有机肥氮（T100）4个处理下植烟土壤细菌和真菌群落结构及多样性的差异，并结合土壤理化性质分析了土壤肥力指标与土壤微生物多样性的关系。结果表明：植烟土壤细菌优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria），土壤真菌优势菌门为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）；T50处理的变形菌门、酸杆菌门和子囊菌门相对丰度最高，但放线菌门和担子菌门相对丰度最低；NMDS分析和相似性分析发现，T50处理的土壤微生物群落结构与其他处理差异显著；Alpha多样性分析也表明，T50处理土壤细菌和真菌群落的丰富度和多样性最高。不同处理土壤理化性质和土壤关键酶活性差异显著，以T50处理土壤养分含量和土壤碳氮代谢酶的活性最高；Pearson相关性分析显示，土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量及蛋白酶和脲酶活性与植烟土壤微生物多样的关系最为密切。总之，采用腐熟羊粪有机肥和无机肥配施通过影响植烟土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和多样性，促进了土壤养分的释放和转化，有利于土壤养分的供应和土壤质量的提升，研究结果为洛阳烟区应用羊粪有机肥改良土壤提供了理论依据。     

Effects of straw and its biochar applications on the abundance and community structure of CO2-fixing bacteria in a sandy agricultural soil

Purpose

Crop straw and biochar application can potentially increase carbon sequestration and lead to changes in the microbial community in agricultural soils. Sequestration of CO₂ by autotrophic microorganisms is key to biogeochemical carbon cycling in soil ecosystems. The effects of straw and its biochar, derived from slow pyrolysis, on CO₂ fixation bacteria in sandy soils, remain unclear. Therefore, this study compared the response of abundance and community of CO₂ fixation bacteria to the two straw application methods in a sandy agricultural soil. The overall aim of the study was to achieve an efficient use of straw residues for the soil sustainablility.

Materials and methods

We investigated the soil organic carbon content and autotrophic bacteria over four consecutive years (2014–2018) in a field experiment, including the following four treatments: whole maize straw amendment (S), whole maize straw translated biochar amendment (B), half biochar and half straw amendment (BS), and control (CK) without straw or biochar amendment. The autotrophic bacterial abundance and community structure were measured using molecular methods of real-time PCR, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP), and a clone library targeting the large subunit gene (cbbL) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.

Results and discussion

The results showed that the content of soil total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in B, S, and BS treatments was significantly increased compared with the CK treatment. Soil TOC and available potassium (AK) in the B treatment significantly increased by 15.4% and 23.3%, respectively, but soil bulk density, DOC, and MBC significantly decreased by 8.5%, 10.6%, and 14.5%, respectively, compared with the S treatment. The abundance of the cbbL gene as well as of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene increased significantly in straw or biochar application treatments as compared to the CK treatment. The B treatment, but not the BS treatment, significantly increased the cbbL gene abundance when compared to the S treatment. No significant differences were observed in the bacterial 16S rRNA gene abundance among the three straw or biochar applications. The application of straw biochar could increase the diversity of the autotrophic bacteria, which also altered the overall microbial composition. Physicochemical properties of the soil, such as soil pH, SOC, and bulk density, can help explain the shift in soil microbial composition observed in the study.

Conclusions

Taken together, our results suggest that straw biochar, rather than straw application, leads to an increase in the abundance and diversity of CO₂-fixing bacteria, which would be advantageous for soil autotrophic CO₂ fixation.

     

Impact of activated charcoal and tannin amendments on microbial biomass and residues in an irrigated sandy soil under arid subtropical conditions

Effects of goat manure application combined with charcoal and tannins, added as feed additives or mixed directly, on microbial biomass, microbial residues and soil organic matter were tested in a 2-year field trial on a sandy soil under Omani irrigated subtropical conditions. Soil microbial biomass C revealed the fastest response to manure application, followed by microbial residue C, estimated on the basis of fungal glucosamine and bacterial muramic acid, and finally soil organic C (SOC), showing the slowest, but still significant response. At the end of the trial, microbial biomass C reached 220 μg g^?1 soil, i.e. contents similar to sandy soils in temperate humid climate, and showed a relatively high contribution of saprotrophic fungi, as indicated by an average ergosterol to microbial biomass C ratio of 0.35 % in the manure treatments. The mean fungal C to bacterial C ratio was 0.55, indicating bacterial dominance of microbial residues. This fraction contributed relatively low concentrations of between 20 and 35 % to SOC. Charcoal added to manure increased the SOC content and the soil C/N ratio, but did not affect any of the soil microbial properties analysed. Tannins added to manure reduce the 0.5 M K₂SO₄-extractable N to N total ratio compared to manure control. These effects occurred regardless of whether charcoal or tannins were supplied as feed additive or directly mixed to the manure.     

不同类型粪肥还田对土壤酶活性及微生物群落的影响

畜禽粪便作为有机肥还田有利于农业可持续发展、减少环境污染。为探究种植青贮玉米条件下,不同粪肥还田后对土壤酶活性及微生物群落的影响,在内蒙古乌兰察布市设置田间试验,包括化肥(F)、羊粪(GM)、猪粪(PM)、牛粪(CM)四个处理。结果表明,施用粪肥较化肥增加土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、铵态氮等养分含量,但差异性不显著。不同粪肥较化肥处理的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性最高增幅分别为32.4%、150.4%、26.8%和30.1%。牛粪处理的土壤微生物量碳氮显著提高,分别较化肥增加33.2%和33.4%。不同处理在细菌门水平上的优势种群较一致,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是优势种群。本实验条件下,施用不同类型粪肥对土壤养分和酶活性的影响不同,牛粪处理更能提高土壤微生物量碳氮,短期内施用不同粪肥对于提高土壤微生物群落多样性差异不显著,土壤pH、有效磷、无机氮是影响土壤微生物群落结构的主要环境因子。