青山湖流域不同地表覆盖降雨径流中氮磷流失过程研究

在浙江省青山湖流域进行了不同地表覆盖类型野外模拟降雨实验,通过设定不同的坡度和降雨强度,综合分析流域内4种地表覆盖对降雨径流中氮磷流失的减少效果,结果表明:在相同雨强情况下,坡地径流中总氮浓度和氨氮浓度由高到低顺序均为:人工草地、次生林、荒草坡、竹林地。其中,总氮浓度曲线在各地表趋势均保持稳定,降雨强度的增大不影响4种覆盖度的顺序结果,但是人工草地与其他3种类型之间的浓度差值会随着雨强的增大而增大。在相同雨强情况下,坡地径流中总磷浓度由高到低顺序依次为:人工草地、次生林、荒草坡、竹林地。径流中速效磷浓度过程趋势与总磷浓度非常类似,而且随着雨强增大,速效磷占总磷比例也相应提高。     

千岛湖流域坡地利用结构对径流氮、磷流失量的影响

通过对千岛湖流域典型坡地各种坡地利用方式降雨径流中总氮 (TN)、可溶氮 (DN)、总磷 (TP)和可溶磷(DP)浓度的监测 ,发现不同坡地利用方式中总氮和总磷浓度变异较大 ,总体说来 ,甘薯地和园地等有人工耕种的坡地流失浓度最大 ,草地和林地等受人工影响干扰少的坡地流失浓度相对较少 ,陡坡林地流失浓度大于缓坡林地。平均 DN/ TN值和 DP/ TP值变化不大 :分别为 0 .4 5和 0 .2 2左右。在不同利用方式下 ,日降雨量与氮、磷浓度的相关性均达到 95 %的显著性水平     

阳高县人工植草的蓄水保土效应试验

在阳高县王官屯的12°坡地上进行了4种不同植被蓄水保土效应的对比试验,通过3年的自然降雨与产流产沙量观测,得出以下结论：产流产沙量从大到小顺序为裸坡〉荒草坡与牧草坡〉草灌混交;大部分的径流与产沙是由少数几次大雨量、大雨强的降雨造成的,其中雨强是影响径流冲刷的最为关键的因素,雨强增大时,植被保土效应明显降低。产流产沙量除受降雨特征值的影响外,地形与植被盖度的作用也比较大。相同坡度下,水平阶整地的草灌蓄水保土效应与其他处理相比非常显著。在植被生长过程中,早期阶段的产流产沙效果与裸坡相差不大,随着覆盖度的提高,植被的蓄水保土作用明显增强。总的拦蓄坡面径流泥沙效果顺序为：草灌混交〉荒草坡和牧草坡〉裸坡。荒草具有极强的生命力,其蓄水保土效应与人工管理的牧草不相上下,此结论为开展生态自我修复恢复植被的封禁治理措施实施提供了理论依据。     

海南岛三大流域农业土壤源污染物流失特征研究

采用径流场结合人工模拟降雨方式,研究了海南岛万泉河、南渡江和昌化江三大流域土壤中氮、磷、有机质等营养物质的流失特征。结果表明,三大流域土壤径流系数和泥沙流失速率的大小顺序为：暴雨〉大雨〉中雨;相同雨强条件下,万泉河的径流系数与南渡江相近,昌化江最小;泥沙流失速率大小顺序为：万泉河〉南渡江〉昌化江;雨强对总磷（TP）流失速率的影响达到极显著水平,磷随径流流失以颗粒磷（PP）为主;氮在雨强较小时以可溶氮（DN）流失为主,当达到暴雨时则以颗粒氮（PN）流失为主;雨强越大,地表径流中COD、TN、DN和PN流失速率越高。三大流域区土壤养分随泥沙流失特征相似,不同雨强条件下,三大流域的总氮、总磷和有机质流失速率的规律一致,雨强越大,流失速率越高;在同一雨强条件下,三流域区总氮、总磷和有机质随泥沙流失速率为：昌化江〉万泉河〉南渡江。影响面源流失的主要因素为坡度、雨强、土质等。     

不同土地利用方式坡面径流侵蚀强度模拟试验

采用人工模拟降雨的方法,对南方红壤丘陵区3种土地利用方式下(经济林坡地、坡耕地及荒坡地)坡面侵蚀强度及其影响因素进行对比分析.结果表明,次降雨坡面土壤侵蚀模数大小顺序为坡耕地＞荒坡地＞经济林坡地;90 mm/h雨强是经济林坡地侵蚀性降雨的临界雨强,60 mm/h雨强是荒坡地及坡耕地侵蚀性降雨的临界雨强;建议在坡耕地上以4m为间隔设置水土保持措施;雨强30～120 mm/h时,侵蚀模数随坡长延长相同长度增速大小顺序为坡耕地＞荒坡地＞经济林坡地,雨强150 mm/h时,其顺序为经济林坡地＞坡耕地＞荒坡地;3种土地利用方式下侵蚀模数与径流深均呈正相关关系,可用幂函数拟合(R2＞0.75),侵蚀模数随径流深变化速率大小顺序为坡耕地＞荒坡地＞经济林坡地;3种土地利用方式下雨强与侵蚀模数的相关性均较坡长大.     

不同管理方式竹林坡地降雨径流中氮磷流失特性模拟试验

针对不同管理方式竹林坡地水土流失过程中携带养分流失的特征,于2008年和2009年在浙江省临安市和安吉县,分别选择用材竹林坡地和挖笋竹林坡地,建立径流小区(面积3 m×1.5 m,坡度20°),设计用材林不锄草、清鞭和施肥,笋林地除草清鞭每年1次和2年1次、每年施肥1次,共3种管理方式,采用人工模拟降雨的试验手段,设定6个降雨强度(0.53～1.90 mm/min),定时采集径流泥沙样,测试径流中的总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量,研究不同管理方式下竹林地N和P的流失过程特征,分析流失差异的原因.结论如下:(1)在相同管理方式下,径流中TN和TP的流失量随雨强在增加,以雨强为1.01 mm/min为界,小于该雨强时增加量很微弱,大于这一雨强时增加速率很快;(2)在相同雨强作用下,笋竹林地径流中TN的流失量是用材竹林地的3～7倍,但径流中TP的流失量却略小于用材竹林地的流失量;(3)泥沙中TP的流失量,笋竹林地是用材竹林地的数百倍;(4)在N和P随径流泥沙的流失过程中,产流前期浓度起主要作用,后期径流量和产沙量起决定作用.研究结果可为竹林地管理、笋用竹林地锄草、清鞭和施肥的科学合理安排提供参考依据.     

季节性冻融作用对黑土坡面磷素流失的影响

以降雨为侵蚀营力,研究季节性冻融作用对黑土坡面磷素流失的影响。结果表明:地表径流总磷(TP)浓度变化与初始含水率表现出较好的正相关关系,初始含水率越大,地表径流TP浓度越大,而泥沙中速效磷(AP)浓度呈现相反趋势;随着初始含水率的增加,径流前期至中期地表径流TP浓度越高,但最终稳定在0.068mg/L左右;速效磷背景值(APb)与地表径流TP和泥沙AP浓度呈正相关关系;随着APb的增大坡面径流TP流失比率整体呈现增大的趋势,而泥沙中AP浓度变化比较平缓,在整个产流过程中,泥沙中AP流失比率平均波动范围为42%~47%;冻融坡面累积径流量与累积径流TP量和累积泥沙量与泥沙中AP量均具有良好的线性关系。     

模拟降雨条件下草被覆盖对坡地水土养分流失的调控机制研究

[目的]研究黄土坡面草被覆盖对拦蓄水沙及调控养分的作用,为黄土坡面治理提供科学依据。[方法]通过模拟降雨试验,收集降雨过程中坡面的径流泥沙样品,采用数据对比与统计分析相结合的方法,分析在不同草被覆盖条件下坡面径流泥沙以及养分磷流失过程,探讨草被覆盖率和草被格局对坡面泥沙及养分流失的调控作用。[结果]随着降雨历时的增加,径流呈平稳增长过程,泥沙、径流总磷、泥沙速效磷均呈波动变化过程;25%,50%,75%覆盖率坡面径流总磷和泥沙速效磷分别为裸坡流失量的66%,85%,80%和62%,47%,21%;草被格局对水沙养分调控作用的差异性表现为:泥沙径流泥沙速效磷径流总磷。[结论]草被对径流总磷的调控作用不强,对泥沙速效磷的调控作用显著;草被格局对径流和径流总磷的调控作用有限,对泥沙与泥沙速效磷的调控作用显著。     

地表径流中K、Na流失量分析及其影响因素研究

采用人工模拟降雨装置对密云县农田褐土进行的K、Na流失量试验研究表明 :在相同雨强、坡度条件下 ,K、Na流失量为秸秆覆盖 <草皮覆被 <裸地 ;相同地表状况与坡度条件下K、Na流失量与雨强呈正相关 ;同雨强下泥沙携带的与秸秆覆盖地表下径流水中的K、Na流失量随坡度的增加而增大 ,坡度对裸地和草皮覆被地表径流水携带的K、Na流失量峰值有影响。采用覆盖保护措施对抑制坡地K、Na流失可起到良好的作用     

雨强和坡度对黄土坡面土壤侵蚀及氮磷流失的影响

采用人工模拟降雨的手段,在2种雨强(50,75mm/h)、4种坡度(5°,10°,15°,20°)条件下,研究了雨强和坡度对黄土坡面土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响。结果表明:(1)降雨强度从50mm/h增大到75mm/h,相同坡度的坡面开始产流时间提前了2.75~4.79min。(2)随着雨强的增大,同一坡度的坡面径流量增加了12.53~15.80mm/m2,增加幅度为1.24~1.31倍;同一坡度的坡面产沙量增加了0.47~3.61kg/m2,增加幅度为0.77~2.90倍。坡面侵蚀过程中,存在临界坡度,为15°左右。(3)氮素流失以径流流失为主,泥沙中总氮的流失量较低,仅占径流总氮流失量的1.4%~9.7%。坡度较小时,磷素流失途径以径流流失为主,随着坡度的增加,磷素的流失途径以泥沙流失为主。(4)径流总氮流失浓度与径流强度呈线性正相关,泥沙总氮和总磷流失浓度与产沙率也分别呈显著的线性正相关。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.