2BFD-4型花生覆膜播种机的设计与试验

摘要：根据中国北方地区花生垄作覆膜播种的特点,为提高花生播种机工作效率,改善作业质量,研制了2BFD-4型花生覆膜播种机。该播种机突破了一垄两行的播种模式,增加了排种单体和仿形机构,解决了单体运动干涉与仿形问题,实现了宽幅花生播种。对排种器与开沟器结构进行了优化,提高播种和开沟性能。整机结构紧凑,性能可靠,作业效率高,覆膜平整。经田间试验表明：该播种机播种质量较好,空穴率为0.58%,重播率为1.75%,种子破碎率为0.37%,穴粒数合格率为95.03%,种肥垂直间距为41.52 mm,出苗率为88.33%,各项指标均达到了相关标准,可以适应中国目前北方花生机械化的发展要求。     

花生收获机械的研究现状与发展趋势

通过对国内外花生收获机械的调研与资料检索,综述了用于分段收获的花生挖掘犁、花生收获机和用于联合收获的花生联合收获机的类型及特点.在系统介绍和分析了上述花生收获机械以及用于分段收获中花生摘果机的基础上,从各种机型的工作原理、结构特点、动力配套、性能指标、适应条件等多方面论述了国内外花生收获机械所具有的优势和存在的不足.结合中国加入世贸组织及产业结构调整对花生收获机械带来的挑战与机遇,提出了发展中国花生收获机械化的对策和建议.     

4HQL-2型全喂入花生联合收获机的研制

针对中国花生的种植特点,借鉴已有的设计经验,研制成功了一种适于中国花生主产区收获作业的4HQL-2型全喂入花生联合收获机。该机利用挖拔组合式工作原理,为保证挖拔效果和稳定性,设计了一种全新的挖拔组合装置;夹持输送部件首次采用了三带夹持原理（普通V型带）,利用柔性夹持方式大大降低了花生的机械掉果率;去土部件采用了上下摆拍式去土方式,去土效果好,损失低;摘果装置采用全喂入式,利用甩捋式工作原理提高了鲜湿花生的摘净率;清选装置采用风筛组合式,逐稿器和振动筛作反向摆动可有效地减轻整机振动。经田间检测摘果率为99.6%,总损失率3.3%,破损率2.0%,含杂率2.2%,达到了设计和相关标准要求,并已通过农业部鉴定。     

锥盘式花生种子脱壳装置研制

针对现有花生脱壳机脱净率低、种仁损伤率高及其对花生品种适应性差等问题,该研究设计了一种锥盘式花生种子脱壳机构。以花育23花生为试验对象,利用EDEM软件对花生荚果进行脱壳模拟试验,通过仿真分析与脱壳装置样机试验获得了脱壳机构最优结构参数。为进一步提高脱壳质量,在上下锥盘表面粘贴橡胶刺皮,以锥盘式花生脱壳机构的下锥盘转速、橡胶凸起数目、最小脱壳间隙为试验因素,脱净率、损伤率为响应值,进行单因素试验和Box-Behnken试验。利用Design-Expert软件对试验结果进行方差分析,以建立脱净率、损伤率与下锥盘转速、橡胶凸起数目及最小脱壳间隙的回归模型。通过提高脱净率、降低损伤率的双目标优化得到关键参数的最优组合为:下锥盘转速270 r/min,橡胶凸起数目5 500个/m~2,最小脱壳间隙11 mm。样机试验表明,粘贴橡胶刺皮的锥盘式脱壳装置样机的脱净率和损伤率均值分别为97.84%和3.27%;与滚筒式花生种子专用剥壳机相比,有橡胶刺皮的锥盘式脱壳装置的脱净率提高了2.03个百分点,损伤率降低了0.67个百分点。橡胶刺皮疲劳损伤试验表明,累计脱壳作业90 h后橡胶刺皮严重磨损,脱壳质量降低,应及时更换。研究结果可为花生种子脱壳机的研发及改进提供参考。     

全喂入式花生捡拾收获机捡拾输送装置研制

为了提高直立形花生捡拾收获质量和效率,解决花生捡拾输送装置制造工艺复杂、成本高、易卡堵、易缠绕跳齿、链耙扭曲等问题,该文设计了一种大型全喂入花生收获机捡拾输送装置,设计了其总体结构和传动系统。该装置可完成果秧的捡拾、推送归拢、交接输送以及部分去土等作业。对关键部件进行了结构设计和关键参数的分析确定;采用倒八字椽檐交接技术,设计了一种"凸"字形滑板滚筒式防卡滞捡拾器;采用静套动防缠绕技术,设计了链耙式输送装置。田间试验表明,平均捡拾率97.39%,捡拾落果率1.12%,可靠性达到98.91%,各作业性能指标满足设计要求。该研究可为直立形花生捡拾输送装置以及其他作物捡拾输送装备的研发提供技术参考。     

立锥式小区花生脱壳机气吸清选装置研制

在花生育种栽培和植保等科研实践中，需要进行大量的小区试验，每个试验小区花生均需进行独立收获、脱壳和清选。由于没有相应的小区花生脱壳与清选设备，仅人工作业效率低下且容易出现"混杂"问题。为此该研究在已研制的立锥式小区花生脱壳机及脱壳装置基础上，设计了三通道横流气吸清选装置。通过试验获得了花生脱壳后物料主要成分的漂浮速度和空气动力因数，分析了花生脱出物在水平横吸气流场中的受力和运动轨迹分析，并据此进行清选装置关键部件结构、参数设计和样机研制。以四粒红花生为试验对象，进行了花生脱壳与清选装置性能试验。性能试验结果表明，当转速为1 200 r/min、喂入量为15 kg/min时，吸风口高度为80 mm时的综合清选性能较好，损失率为2.01%、含杂率为0.98%，优于行业标准。该研究填补了国内小区花生脱壳清选装置的空白，对进一步开展花生科研和检验等小型专用花生脱壳清选设备研究具有一定参考价值。     

超声复合酸处理促进花生分离蛋白的亚基解离

为了改善蛋白质的功能特性,该研究分析了超声复合酸处理对花生分离蛋白的溶解性、紫外光谱、荧光光谱、二级结构及纳米结构等的影响,并探讨不同处理条件下蛋白聚集体结构变化的机理。结果表明,超声作用可以明显促进花生分离蛋白的不溶性聚集体向可溶性聚集体转变,单独超声及超声复合酸处理使其溶解度相对于对照分别增加了12.9%和15.3%（P<0.05）;电泳、紫外和荧光光谱表明,超声和酸作用均有助于亚基解离及蛋白质结构展开,从而促进更多的酪氨酸、色氨酸和苯丙氨酸等疏水性基团暴露;圆二色谱分析显示,与对照相比,在超声复合酸处理使花生分离蛋白的a-螺旋增加21.9%,β-折叠减少3.6%,无规则卷曲增加1.8%（P<0.05）;纳米结构表明,超声复合酸处理最大程度地降低了花生分离蛋白的颗粒大小。该研究证实,在酸性条件下进行超声处理,能显著促进花生分离蛋白的亚基解离和结构展开。该研究为后期蛋白亚基重新相互作用形成不同功能的改性蛋白提供参考。     

芝麻、花生在压榨过程中非线性粘弹塑性模型与蠕变模拟

在芝麻、花生流变试验的基础上，采用模型理论与经验模型相结合的方法建立芝麻、花生非线性粘弹塑性模型，并运用改进模拟退火计算方法对模型参数反演。数值模拟芝麻、花生、碎花生的蠕变，数值模拟的最大相对误差分别为5.7%、1.5%、4.3%，结果表明，非线性粘弹塑性模型能较好描述芝麻、花生流变特性。运用蠕变速率曲线确定了芝麻、花生、碎花生的平衡压榨时间。     

花生种子吸胀期间耐低温性及其与品质性状的相关研究

利用55份花生种子进行低温吸胀萌发试验,统计露白率及芽长/种长,筛选耐低温种质,并通过近红外光谱技术测定油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、脂肪、蛋白质及蔗糖含量,分析花生种子吸胀期间耐低温性与各项品质性状之间的相关性.结果表明:参试花生种质在2℃96h低温胁迫条件下,露白率≥80%的种质有3份、80%＞露白率≥70%的种质有3份、...     

花生白绢病的防治方式探究

白绢病是花生生长期间的常见病害,在我国各个花生种植地区均有发生,严重情况下会导致花生减产,对花生产业发展造成很大影响。基于此,采用4种不同防治方式对花生白绢病发生区域进行处理。结果表明,在花生出苗后40天进行灌根处理时,对花生白绢病的防治效果最佳,死苗率仅有25.1%,每667 m2产量为300.8 kg,病株率为6.5%,百果质量为166.8 g,与对照组相比,花生的成活率、产量以及花生果实平均质量都有较大的提高。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.