青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

三门峡水库库岸坍塌成因分析与防治措施研究

三门峡水库自1960年9月蓄水运行以来,库岸坍塌现象频繁发生,平均每年塌岸0.5～0.7亿m3.指出了造成库岸坍塌的原因主要是地质环境的影响以及水力条件的变化;不同的地形、地貌、地质结构和岩性特征,表现了不同的塌岸强度,其中黄土塬区为极强塌岸段,黄河Ⅱ级阶地为强烈塌岸段,黄河Ⅰ级阶地为中等强烈塌岸段;分析了引起库岸坍塌的主要水力条件有大气降水、地表水和地下水,并且不同水力条件及其变化特征,对库岸坍塌影响的方式和程度也不同;最后给出了防治库岸坍塌应采用标本兼治的原则,治标是指对塌岸进行必要的加固、支挡、衬砌等;治本就是根据引起塌岸的原因以及不同地质环境条件下的塌岸特征和水力条件,因地制宜,因害设防,从根本上进行综合治理.     

大豆连作障碍的研究进展

从生物学、微生物学和植物营养生理学的角度及诸多障碍因子等方面,综合评述和分析了国内外大豆连作研究的现状,阐述了目前国内外学者提出的各种应对连作问题的策略和技术措施,提出大豆连作障碍研究仍有待解决的问题和研究方向。     

PAM对土壤抗风蚀能力的影响

利用室内风洞试验装置模拟了不同地面坡度、不同地表风速、不同PAM处理的土样在净风和挟沙风作用下的风蚀情况。研究发现,PAM施用量为0.2 g/m2和6 g/m2时可分别抵御18 m/s的净风和挟沙风而使土壤不发生风蚀,施用量为0.1 g/m2时可使净风风蚀率降低90%~98%,施用量为4 g/m2且地面坡度不超过10°时可以抑制18 m/s的挟沙风而使土壤不发生风蚀,施用量为2 g/m2时可使挟沙风风蚀率降低23%~99%。     

Unity of mechanisms of water and wind erosion of soils

An equation for the threshold velocity of the water or wind flow at which erosion of a homogeneous model soil begins was derived on the basis of accepted and explicitly formulated suppositions and limitations and tested using experimental data. The validity of the proposed mechanisms and equations describing the lifting force of the soil-eroding water or wind flow and the interaggregate cohesion in a model homogeneous incoherent soil was confirmed. The limit for the decrease in the threshold flow velocity with decreasing size of the soil particles (aggregates) was theoretically substantiated. The first unified equation of the threshold velocity of the water or wind flow for a homogeneous model soil in dimensionless variables was derived and experimentally justified.     

陕西洛川中更新统下部黄土入渗规律研究

通过对陕西洛川凤栖镇剖面黄土与红色古土壤8个层位的入渗实验及孔隙度与CaCO3含量测定,研究了黄土与古土壤入渗特征和地下水富集条件。结果表明,陕西洛川西沟L4、L5、L6和L7黄土的稳定入渗率较大,4个层位的平均值为0.65 mm min-1;S4、S5、S6和S7古土壤稳定入渗率较小,4个层位的平均值为0.37 mm min-1;黄土层达到稳定入渗的时间较短,一般为60~90 min,红色古土壤达到稳定入渗的时间较长,一般为90~120 min。黄土层含水空间发育好、渗透性强和利于成为含水层,这是冷干的气候动力条件决定的。红褐色古土壤层含水空间发育较差、渗透性弱和利于成为隔水层,这是温湿的气候动力条件决定的。将洛川西沟剖面渗水实验数据用三种入渗公式分别进行拟合得出,通常采用的三个经验公式均适用于描述40万~70万a间发育的黄土和红色古土壤层的入渗规律。本文的研究拓宽了第四纪气候变化理论应用的新领域,表明更新世气候变化在黄土地层土壤水和地下水资源富集条件、富集规律和水资源开发利用研究中有重要应用价值。     

氟对小鼠生精细胞凋亡的影响及锌的保护作用

为观察氟对成年雄性小鼠生精细胞凋亡的影响及锌的保护作用,通过腹腔注射氟化钠建立氟中毒动物模型及锌保护实验。采用石蜡切片、苏木精-伊红染色(HE染色)、末端原位标记(TUNEL)及琼脂糖凝胶电泳的方法检测小鼠生精细胞的凋亡情况。结果显示:(1)氟感染组无论是低剂量组(NaF10 mg/kg)或是高剂量组(NaF 20 mg/kg)生精细胞都发生了明显的凋亡。生精细胞凋亡主要发生在精母细胞和精原细胞,凋亡指数与对照组差异极显著(P<0.05)。(2)无论是高剂量锌(ZnSO430 mg/kg)和低剂量锌(ZnSO415 mg/kg)都可以使凋亡指数明显降低,高剂量锌组的凋亡指数与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

稀释介质种类对豆乳蛋白胶体粒子zeta电位测定效果的影响

蛋白粒子zeta电位是衡量豆乳体系稳定性的一个重要指标,而在电位分析前常采用稀释介质对豆乳进行预处理。为了确保zeta电位测定的准确性和科学性,必须选择合适的稀释介质。因此,该研究采用去离子水、豆乳超滤液两种稀释介质分别对豆乳进行稀释,并比较了这2种稀释介质对zeta电位、粒径分布、pH值以及电导率的影响。结果表明,若以去离子水为稀释介质,zeta电位的绝对值会随着稀释倍数的升高而显著增加（*P<0.05）,这主要是由于豆乳蛋白胶体粒子发生解聚导致粒径减小,而pH值的升高和电导率的降低则说明豆乳的离子强度显著降低。相比之下,选用豆乳超滤液稀释豆乳时,体系的 zeta 电位、粒径分布、pH值以及电导率都未随稀释倍数的增加而改变（*P>0.05）,说明此法能够较好地维持豆乳蛋白粒子的荷电稳定性。由此可知,豆乳超滤液可做为豆乳zeta电位测定的理想稀释介质。     

不同样点数量对土壤有机质空间变异表达的影响

以南京市六合区为研究区,通过完全随机和限制最小采样间距抽样分别设置5个样点系列,基于每个样点系列100次重复抽样的变异结构推断及空间预测误差结果,探讨了不同样点数量对土壤有机质(SOM)空间变异表达的影响。结果表明,两种抽样方式降低样点数量后推断的SOM含量的块金效应(C0/C0+C)均随样点数量减少而降低且限制最小采样间距抽样推断的C0/C0+C要低于完全随机抽样方法,说明适当的减少样点数量以便降低与SOM变异尺度不匹配的样点对变异结构推断的影响有助于提高SOM空间变异结构表达的可靠性。普通Kriging预测的SOM误差对比则表明,尽管两种抽样方式下空间预测的均方根误差(RMSE)随样点数量变化而波动,但均低于全部样点的预测误差;通过限制最小采样间距减少样点至250个时,SOM空间预测的RMSE最低,较全部样点预测误差降低了6%,因此,为了实现样点密度与SOM变异尺度相匹配,合理设置土壤采样点的间距及样点数量较单纯的增加采样点数量更为重要。     

物联网安全及解决措施

物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。     

济南山丘区土壤侵蚀潜在危险度景观格局分析

土壤侵蚀潜在危险度景观格局的形成及其变化是自然的和人为的多种因素相互作用的结果 ,运用景观生态学原理 ,通过分析景观斑块的类型、数量、面积大小和空间组合状况 ,揭示出济南市山丘区的土壤侵蚀潜在危险度分布特征及空间变异规律     

Effect of Application of Surfactants on Hydraulic Properties of Soils

This study explores the effect of surfactants, commonly found in detergents, on the hydraulic properties of soils. The soil properties examined included hydraulic conductivity, infiltration characteristics, and effective suction at the wetting front, capillary rise and soil penetrability. Two agricultural soils—a loam and a sandy loam, and three surfactants—one anionic surfactant (Sulphonic) and two non-ionic surfactants (Rexol and Rexonic), were used in the study. Changes in hydraulic properties with the application of surfactants were compared with properties obtained with deionised water (control). The results showed that Sulphonic, the anionic surfactant, had a significant effect on hydraulic properties of both soils. Applications of Sulphonic caused decreases in the capillary rise and penetrability, and an increase in the solid–liquid contact angle, shape factor and sorptivity. Except for a slight decrease in hydraulic conductivity resulting from the application of Rexol, the non-ionic surfactants did not reveal significant impact on the hydraulic characteristics of test soils.     

稻谷水分吸附与解吸等温线拟合模型的选择及其参数优化

评价5种最常用的数学模型对中国不同类型的稻谷(籼稻、粳稻、糯稻)吸附与解吸等温线数据的拟合效果，以确定最佳拟合模型及其参数。测定中国不同类型稻谷的吸附与解吸等温线数据，用非线性回归进行统计分析并评价数学模型的拟合效果。结果表明，美国农业工程学会(ASAE)推荐的修正Chung-Pfost模型及其参数并不能与中国稻谷的吸附与解吸等温线数据很好地拟合。Strohman-Yoerger模型最适于拟合籼稻、粳稻的吸附与解吸等温线及糯稻的吸附等温线。而修正Oswin模型最适合拟合糯稻的解吸等温线。Strohman-Yoerger模型拟合籼稻、粳稻吸附等温线的参数C₁、C₂、C₃、C₄分别为1.44871、0.20898、7.32345、0.18647；拟合解吸等温线的参数C₁、C₂、C₃、C₄分别为2.25071、0.24167、8.32543、0.19035；拟合珍糯吸附等温线的参数为1.55680，0.19179，6.19676，0.17155。修正Oswin模型拟合珍糯的解吸等温线的参数为13.63642，-0.05638，3.60042。本研究为中国的稻谷贮藏与加工提供了基础性数据。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。     

Effect of Micronization of Maize on Quality Characteristics of Pasta

Currently, production of pasta that is either gluten‐free or having lower content of gluten, using low‐cost nonwheat cereals and legumes, is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. This is mainly done to increase the nutritional value and reduce the allergenicity of the product. The quality attributes of pasta prepared from micronized maize flour with additives such as guar gum (MPG) and a combination of guar and xanthan gum (MPGX) were compared with pasta prepared from unmicronized flour with guar gum (UMPG). The optimum cooking time for pasta in all three cases (UMPG, MPG, and MPGX) was 3 min. The cooked weight of pasta MPG and MPGX was less compared with UMPG, indicating limited water penetration during cooking. The solid loss of pasta ranged between 8 and 9.5% and was within acceptable levels (<12%). Micronization increased the firmness in MPG (3.7 N) and MPGX (4.5 N) compared with UMPG pasta (2.7 N). MPGX pasta exhibited improved texture, color, and overall acceptability compared with UMPG, and these quality attributes were also comparable to commercial wheat pasta. The study indicated that micronized maize flour with gums can be used in the preparation of maize pasta with good quality attributes.     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.     

Physical properties of park soils of the objects of landscape architecture

Here the comparative characteristics of the physical properties of park soils, viz., anthropogenically transformed and engineered soils of the objects of landscape architecture, are given. The mechanical strength of aggregates, density, and aggregate physical properties to characterize the soil and agro-physical and environmental condition of soil objects of landscape architecture and establish the similarities or differences of engineered soil objects with zonal soils are described. We studied the physical properties of soils of different structural and functional elements of the landscape and the regular area of the Arkhangelskoe memorial estate. The structural state of the park soils is characterized as good. The engineered soils of the regular area of the park appear to have excessively high water resistance, while the postagrigenic sod-podzolic soils of the landscape area of the park are absolutely water resistant.     

西南某泥石流沟泥石流发生率的研究

泥石流的发生与否是一个极其复杂的问题,而且是由多种因素共同作用的结果,这也给泥石流活动发展趋势的分析预测带来了困难.主要是在前人研究的基础上,对西南地区某泥石流地区的降雨条件加以分析、研究,从降雨方面,给出该泥石流发生的概率.对该泥石流沟的物源及该泥石流发生后的残留物质做颗粒试验,通过实验结果并结合前人的研究成果,从颗粒级配方面,给出了该泥石流的发生概率.并在最后给出了该论文的主要结论.     

永磁式缓速器转子鼓的瞬态温度场分析

该文运用传热学原理建立了车用永磁式缓速器转子鼓瞬态温度场的计算模型，确定了合理的边界条件，同时考虑了对流换热和辐射换热。利用Galerkin法推导温度场的有限元方程，采用无条件稳定的Galerkin格式离散时间微分项，迭代控制采用新型的变时间步长法，分析了转子鼓的瞬态温度场，同时分析了径向和轴向方向的温度与时间的分布规律，并对轴向温度分布进行了试验研究，结果表明试验值与采用有限元计算的理论值吻合较好。采用温度场分析可以优化转子鼓设计，减小转子鼓温度和温度梯度，从而降低转子鼓的热应力与热变形，有效地提高了永磁式缓速器的制动稳定性。