澳洲坚果果仁粉水分解吸-吸附等温线的测定与分析

为给澳洲坚果果仁粉的干燥和贮藏条件的确定提供技术依据,试验测定了其在室温(25℃)下的水分解吸-吸附等温线。采用非线性回归的方法,应用常见的BET、GAB、Halsey、Henderson、Oswin和Smith模型对试验所得解吸-吸附等温线进行拟合分析,以确定最佳拟合模型及其参数。结果表明,其解吸等温线属于国际理论和应用化学联合会分类的第Ⅱ种类型,其吸附等温线属于第Ⅲ种类型,解吸-吸附滞后现象属于H3型;GAB模型是其最佳的解吸等温线拟合方程,Henderson模型是最佳的吸附等温线拟合方程;GAB模型拟合解吸等温线的参数A、B、C分别为8.2439、0.4815、1.3545。Henderson模型拟合吸附等温线的参数A、B分别为0.3006、0.8682。     

土壤吸附砷酸盐动力学的初步研究

本研究目的是了解陕西省的几种土壤吸附和解吸附砷酸盐的速率和过程,以及其吸附能量。Kuo和Lotse导出的双常数速率公式拟合试验资料优于一级、二级、三级反应公式,抛物线扩散和Elovich公式等五个公式。用双常数速率公式(C=k·C₀·t^1/m)分两段拟合能进一步提高拟合优度。根据Arrhenius公式计算出的吸附活化能是0.70—3.40千卡/克分子。低的活化能表明,供试土壤对砷酸盐的吸附作用是一种完全不同于真溶液条件化学反应的物理学过程。土壤吸附和解吸附砷酸盐的速度和容量受作用时间、温度、溶液∶土壤比率,加入的砷量和浓度,以及土壤特性的影响。粘土的吸附反应常数(k),吸附量比沙壤土大。而沙壤土有高的解吸附反应速度常数(k_-1^'),砷酸盐容易被解吸附而释放出来。     

中国某些红黄壤中吸收性铵的特性及其与土壤性质的关系

在“中国某些红黄壤中吸收性铵的解吸作用”一文中,我们曾讨论了富含R₂O₃的红黄壤中,吸收性铵可大体分为“易解吸性”与“非解吸性”两个部份,前者可能是与活性铁铝相结合形成R(OH)₂ONH₄·xH₂O,而主要以物理性吸附或分子吸附形态存在;后者则为土壤胶体的代换性按形态存在。     

黄土性土壤对磷的吸附与解吸

本文报道了黄土性土壤及作为对照的中性水稻土和酸性红壤对磷的吸附与解吸特性。实测吸附曲线与简单Langmuir等温吸附方程最为吻合,全部供试样本的相关系数均达到显著水平;而与Temkin方程和Freundlich方程只是部分吻合。与酸性红壤相比,黄土性土壤是一种弱吸磷能力的土壤,评价其吸磷能力的最适参数是根据简单Langmuir方程求出的最大吸磷量(q_m),支配q_m的土壤性质主要是游离氧的铁含量,其次是粘粒和CaCO₃的含量。黄土性土壤对吸附磷的解吸能力很强,其等温解吸曲线也是可以分成三个区域,代表各种不同能级的吸附磷被解吸的过程。     

小麦秸秆生物质炭的结构特征及其对Cr(VI)的吸附性能研究

以小麦秸秆为原料,在300℃和500℃下制备生物质炭（WS300和WS500）,对其性质进行表征,并研究其对Cr （VI）的吸附特性。结果表明随制备温度升高,生物质炭的C含量升高,缩合度增强,极性和亲水性减弱。WS500有更大的比表面积和孔容。Cr （VI）主要以HCrO₄^-和Cr₂O₇^2-的形态吸附在生物质炭表面。WS500有更为丰富的羟基、羧基、酯基等官能团,可与Cr （VI）发生络合、氧化还原等作用。Cr （VI）的吸附等温线更适合用Langmuir模型拟合,说明吸附主要是单分子层吸附。Cr （VI）在WS500上的吸附容量高于WS300。     

阿特拉津对绿麦隆吸附-解吸作用的影响

采用批平衡实验,研究绿麦隆在单一及复合污染体系中的吸附-解吸行为。结果表明,无论是单一体系还是复合体系,吸附等温线均可用Freundlich模型进行良好的拟合。随着阿特拉津浓度的增加,土壤对绿麦隆的吸附作用降低,表明绿麦隆和阿特拉津之间存在竞争吸附,这可能与土壤的有机质类型和绿麦隆、阿特拉津的性质、结构有关。解吸实验表明,随着阿特拉津的浓度增加,绿麦隆的解吸作用增加。吸附过程的拟合指数n值大于解吸过程的对应值,即绿麦隆在不同体系中的解吸作用均存在一定的滞后性。应用Freundlich解吸等温线参数对吸附-解吸等温线的滞后作用进行量化,CT、（CT＋0.5AT）、（CT＋1AT）和（CT＋2AT）处理解吸等温线的滞后系数ω分别为165.200,146.132,94.534和85.945,即随阿特拉津浓度增加,绿麦隆解吸等温线的滞后性降低。     

土壤中可变电荷表面磷的解吸特性

本文研究了土壤中可变电荷表面磷的解吸特性。结果表明,磷解吸量与吸附量成正相关,并与直线方程和指数方程拟合。其平均解吸百分数依次为:高岭石(66%)>无定形硅酸铝(60%)>砖红壤粘粒(55%)>>无定形氧化铁(29%)>三水铝石(23%)>>火山灰粘粒(9%)。解吸体系的pH是借对磷酸根质子的解离和表面电荷的影响而制约解吸量。F^-和OH^-离子对磷酸盐化的三水铝石连续解吸的结果表明,磷酸根和氟离子在三水铝石表面的吸附量或剩余量之和均较为接近,这揭示了H₂PO₄^-和F^-离子之间既竞争又相互补充表面空位。它可作为一种区分磷吸附形态和沉淀的定量方法来进一步研究。     

我国几种主要土壤胶体的NH4+吸附特征

本文讨论我国几种主要土壤胶体的NH₄⁺吸附特征。土壤胶体对NH₄⁺的吸附符合两种表面Langmuir方程。土壤胶体对NH₄⁺的结合能力强弱顺序是:黄棕壤>黑土、(土娄)土>红壤>砖红壤,而NH₄⁺的解吸率大小顺序与此相反。Langmuir吸附方程参数K₁与土壤胶体的粘粒矿物组成有关,并与土壤胶体对NH₄⁺的相对偏好性(A值)呈正相关。Langmuir参数(M₁+M₂)与土壤胶体的CEC呈正相关,去有机质(OM.)前后△K₁与△OM.呈反相关。去有机质可增加土壤胶体对NH₄⁺的偏好性。土壤胶体的NH₄⁺吸附和解吸特征决定于其组成和表面性质,并受有机无机复合作用的影响。永久电荷吸附位对NH₄⁺的偏好性较强,而可变电荷吸附位则较弱。     

红壤氟保持容量的研究

为了解土壤保持氟的能力和可溶性氟化物在土中的迁移、变化,选用三种母质(石灰岩、玄武岩、砂岩)上发育的红壤进行等温吸附-解吸实验和土柱淋溶实验。研究结果指出,文献报道的土壤保持氟的能力往往偏高,是因为用吸附量(或最大吸附量)作标准之故。衡量土壤氟保持容量用净吸附量为宜,它受土壤母质、质地和矿物组成等因素的影响。石灰岩、玄武岩、砂岩发育的红壤实测最大净吸附量分别为740,464和244μg F^-/g土,表明这三种红壤保持氟的潜力不同,即使母质相同,而因土壤其它性质差异,从全氟量接近的污染土壤中测出的水溶性氟、交换性氟、1% C₆H₈O₇·H₂O和0.5N HCl提取的氟均不相同。证明土壤吸附氟的解吸特征极为重要,其能力大小影响土壤氟环境容量。无论从那个角度看,土壤对氟具有很大的保持能力,即使在比现代工业高得多的氟化物沉降条件下,一般也不会造成地下水的污染。     

土壤对铜离子的专性吸附及其特征的研究

供试土壤专性吸附铜的等温线均符合Langmuir方程。红壤吸附量最低,砖红腹与黄泥土最大吸附量相近,但在铜浓度低时砖红壤吸铜量远低于黄泥土,而在高浓度则反之。土壤专性吸附铜是在溶液中Na⁺浓度比Cu²⁺高8.3—100倍条件下,Na⁺离子仍不足以与之竞争的那些专性吸附点所吸持的铜。按其解吸条件区分为松结合铜(可为N NH₄Cl解吸)和紧结合铜(仅能为0.1 N HCl解吸)两种。紧结合铜受平衡溶液铜浓度影响很小,所占据的吸附点对Cu²⁺有较强亲和力。松结合铜则随平衡铜溶液浓度增大而增加,符合Langmuir方程。对于砖红壤和黄泥土,在铜浓度低时紧结合铜>松结合铜;浓度高时则反之。红壤专性吸附铜始终以松结合铜为主。三种土壤比较,紧结合铜是砖红壤>黄泥土>红壤;松结合铜则是黄泥土>砖红壤>红壤。造成这些差别的原因可能与土壤性质、氧化物、有机质和粘土矿物组成等不同有关。用平衡法研究三种土壤专性吸附铜在不同浓度NH₄Cl和HCl溶液中的解吸表明,可进一步区分为三或四种不同的结合状况。红壤对铜吸附容量最小,且最易解吸。     

Quantifying effects of primary parameters on adsorption–desorption of atrazine in soils

Purpose

Adsorption and desorption are important processes that influence the transport, transformation, and bioavailability of atrazine in soils. Equilibrium batch experiments were carried out to investigate the adsorption–desorption characteristics of atrazine. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine and quantify the main soil parameters governing atrazine adsorption and desorption phenomena; (2) find the correlativity between the identified soil parameters; and (3) investigate the universal desorption hysteresis traits.

Materials and methods

Fifteen soils with contrasting physico-chemical characteristics were collected from 11 provinces in eastern China. The equilibrium time was 24 h both for adsorption and desorption experiments. Atrazine was detected by Waters 2695/UV HPLC.

Results and discussion

Adsorption isotherms of atrazine could be well described by the Freundlich equation (r?≥?0.994, p?<?0.01). The total organic carbon (TOC) was the first independent variable that described 53.0 % of the total variability of K _f, followed by the pH (9.9 %), and the clay (4.0 %) and silt (1.2 %) contents, separately; while the primary soil properties that affect desorption parameters included the TOC, pH, free Fe₂O₃ (Fe_d) and the sand content, with the biggest contribution achieved by the TOC (ranged from 48.5–78.1 %). The results showed that when the content ratio of clay to TOC (RCO) was less than 40, the atrazine adsorption was largely influenced by the organic matrix, while when the RCO was greater than 40, they were vital affected by the clay content.

Conclusions

Adsorption–desorption isotherms of atrazine in soils were nonlinear. The content of TOC, clay, and iron oxides, as well as the pH value were the key soil parameters affecting the adsorption–desorption of atrazine in soil, among which the RCO especially exhibited relevance. Additionally, the desorption hysteresis existed for atrazine retention in all 15 tested soils, and the hysteretic effect enhanced with the increasing time for desorption. This would be ascribed to the heterogeneity physical–chemical properties of these soils.     

Porosity Distribution,Surface Area,and Morphology of Synthetic Potassium Zeolites: A SEM and N2 Adsorption Study

The morphology of a synthetic zeolite (1717-nm particle-size grains; pore width 10–15 nm) as well as its surface area and mesoporosity is described. Morphology investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy has shown cuboid crystals. The full adsorption–desorption isotherms for N₂ gas measured volumetrically at 77 °K have shown type IV isotherm with type H₃ hysteresis loops. To study the reliable pore-size distribution, both adsorption and desorption, curves were used by fitting the data to several well-known adsorption models: Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Barret, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH), Dollimore and Heal (D-H), Horvath–Kawazoe, and the density functional theory (DFT).     

Chemical Constituents,Dietary Fiber,and γ‐Oryzanol in Six Commercial Varieties of Brown Rice from Taiwan

In the interest of promoting the consumption of whole grains, the chemical constituents (moisture, protein, ash, and fat) and biofunctional components (dietary fiber and γ‐oryzanol) were determined in six varieties of brown rice (five japonica and one indica) that are preferred in the form of polished rice by consumers in Taiwan. The results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in the chemical compositions of the samples for all the measured parameters. The Koshihikari variety had the highest contents of protein and crude ash. Crop year showed significant effects on the moisture content and partly on the protein, ash, and fat contents. The total dietary fiber content of the tested rice ranged between 5.1 and 10.0%, with Kaohsiung 145 having the highest content (P < 0.05). In all varieties, the content of insoluble dietary fiber was greater than that of soluble dietary fiber. The content (mg/100 g) of γ‐oryzanol ranged from 17.9 to 29.2 for the 2009 crop and from 24.5 to 41.3 for the 2010 crop. It showed that γ‐oryzanol was affected by crop year and variety. The japonica types had significantly higher γ‐oryzanol content (P < 0.05) than the indica type. Taikeng 9 and Tainan 11 had greater γ‐oryzanol content than the other rice varieties.     

Adsorption and desorption of dimepiperate by soils

The adsorption and desorption of dimepiperate, S-(,-dimethylbenzyl)-1-piperidinecarbothioate, on three soils of various physical and chemical properties was studied. Adsorption isotherms conformed to Freundlich equation. The k _f values increased with increasing organic carbon content of the soils. To confirm the effect of organic matter, the adsorption of the herbicide was studied after removal of organic matter by peroxidation. This soil treatment caused a sequential loss of adsorptive capacity. Desorption isotherms also conformed to Freundlich equation, but K _des values were higher than those for adsorption and increased with increase in concentration of initially adsorbed dimepiperate. Hysteresis was indicated by the decrease in slope of desorption compared to adsorption isotherms. Hysteresis decreased with increasing methanol content in the extracting solution. The factors involved are discussed.     

Adsorption-desorption of atrazine on four soils of Hyderabad

The adsorption-desorption equilibrium of atrazine (2-chloro, 4-ethylamino, 6-isopropyl amino-1, 3, 5 triazine) was studied by the batch equilibration method at 27 ± 1 °C on four soils of Hyderabad. Adsorption isotherms conformed to the Freundlich equation (A = KC^1/n ). K increased in the same order as the organic C content of the soils. Desorption studies were conducted by repeated replacement of 5 mL of the supernatant equilibrium solutions after adsorption, with 0.01 M CaCl₂. Desorption isotherms showed considerable hysteresis which was more prominent when the desorption was carried out with higher adsorbed concentration of atrazine. Desorption from the lowest level of adsorbed atrazine (3 to 5 μg g^?1 soil) was close to the adsorption isotherm. The cumulative desorption after four desorption steps covering five days was significantly different at the 1% level, for different initial adsorbed concentrations of atrazine. Desorption was significantly higher at the lowest adsorbed level of atrazine. The soils differed significantly at 6% level for desorption and the amount desorbed decreased in the inverse order of organic C. Desorption isotherms also conformed to Freundlich equation but K andn values were both higher than that for adsorption and increased with increase in initially adsorbed concentration of atrazine. Desorption thus confirmed the irreversible nature of the adsorption of atrazine on these soils. The quantitative factors and reasons for desorption are discussed.     

籼、粳超级稻氮素吸收利用与转运差异研究

【目的】目前我国选育和认定的超级稻品种很多,但如何发挥其高产潜力至关重要。氮素是影响水稻生长发育、 产量和品质形成的最活跃因素之一,因此,深入分析籼、 粳超级稻氮素吸收、 利用与转运特征及其与产量形成的关系,从氮素营养层面上阐明超级粳稻高产形成机理,以期为超级稻品种的合理利用以及增产潜力的挖掘提供参考。【方法】2011~2012年在江苏苏中地区,以主体且具有代表性的5个超级杂交籼稻组合和5个常规粳型超级稻品种为试验材料,对稻-麦两熟制条件下籼、 粳超级稻主要生育期植株含氮率和氮素积累量、 氮素阶段吸收速率和阶段吸收量、 氮素利用效率,以及抽穗至成熟期叶、 茎、 鞘氮素转运量、 表观转运率和转运贡献率等进行了系统的比较研究。【结果】1）粳稻平均实收产量、 氮素吸收总量和百公斤籽粒吸氮量分别达10.89 t/hm2、 224.50 kg/hm2和2.79 kg,分别较籼稻高13.21%、 32.74%和17.45%,差异极显著。2）移栽有效分蘖临界叶龄期、 拔节抽穗期和抽穗成熟期, 粳稻氮素积累量显著或极显著高于籼稻,而有效分蘖临界叶龄期拔节期粳稻极显著低于籼稻。氮素阶段吸收速率表现的趋势与氮素阶段吸收量一致。3）抽穗期和成熟期粳稻植株各器官以及整个生育期整株的含氮率均显著或极显著高于籼稻。4）粳稻氮素吸收利用率和农学利用率略高于籼稻,但氮素生理利用率、 籽粒生产效率、 干物质生产效率和氮肥偏生产力,除氮素生理利用率外,均显著或极显著低于籼稻。5）成熟期,粳稻叶、 茎、 鞘含氮量所占比例均极显著地高于籼稻,但穗中含氮量所占比例极显著低于籼稻,因此,籼稻氮素收获指数极显著高于粳稻。6）抽穗成熟期,粳稻叶、 茎、 鞘氮素转运量、 表观转运率和转运贡献率均小于籼稻,除鞘的氮素转运贡献率外其他指标均达显著或极显著水平。7）籼稻籽粒氮主要依靠抽穗前源器官中贮积的氮素的输出与转运,粳稻主要依靠生育中后期(拔节成熟期)氮素的高速吸收。【结论】在稳定生育前期(移栽拔节期)氮素吸收的基础上,大幅提高生育中期和后期(拔节成熟期)氮素吸收速率和氮素积累量,是稳定形成较高的氮素吸收总量及粳稻高产形成的关键。     

Evaluation of infiltration models with different numbers of fitting parameters in different soil texture classes

In this study, the ability of eight different infiltration models (i.e. Green and Ampt, Philip, SCS (US-Soil Conservation Service), Kostiakov, Horton, Swartzendruber, Modified Kostiakov (MK) and Revised Modified Kostiakov (RMK) models) were evaluated by least-squares fitting to measured infiltration data. Six comparison criteria including coefficient of determination (R²), mean root mean square error (MRMSE), root mean square error (RMSE), the F-statistic (F), C_p statistic of Mallows (C_p) and Akaike information criterion (AIC) were used to determine the best performing model with the least number of fitting parameters. Results indicated that R² and MRMSE were not suitable for model selection. A more valid comparison was achieved by F, C_p, AIC and RMSE statistics. The RMK model including four parameters had the best performance with the majority of soils studied. RMK was better than the MK model in approximately 51.6, 57, 68.5 and 70.6% of soils, when using F, C_p, AIC and RMSE statistics, respectively, and for the other models, a higher per cent of soils was obtained. The RMK model was the best for loam, clay loam and silty clay loam soils, but the MK model was the best for silty loam soils.     

介质pH与氮形态对不同水稻基因型根部通气组织形成的影响

在溶液培养条件下研究了不同介质pH和氮形态对5种不同的水稻(Oryza.sativa.L.)基因型(常规籼稻、杂交籼稻、常规粳稻、杂交粳稻和旱稻)根部通气组织形成的影响。结果表明,不同形态的氮与不同介质pH对水稻根通气组织形成的影响存在基因型差异。以NH4+-N为单一氮源时,低pH(pH.4.5)更有利于籼稻根的通气组织形成,而粳稻和旱稻根通气组织的形成受介质pH的影响不明显。以NO3--N为单一氮源时,近中性条件(pH.6.5)更有利于粳稻和旱稻根的通气组织形成,介质pH对籼稻根通气组织形成的影响未显示出明显差异。低pH条件下且以NH4+-N为单一N源时,稻根皮层处更易形成通气组织,可能是植物为了减轻低pH条件下铵毒害而产生的一种适应性机制。     

土壤和粘粒矿物对亚硒酸盐的吸附和解吸

本文研究了三种土壤(砖红壤、红壤和黄棕壤)、高岭土和两种合成氧化铁(无定形氧化铁和针铁矿)对亚硒酸盐的吸附和解吸作用。讨论了亚硒酸盐的吸附特征,以及土壤中氧化铁对亚硒酸盐吸附和解吸的影响,根据实验资料与吸附等温方程式的拟合情况,作者认为以Freundlich和Langmuir公式为宜。此外,供试样品对亚硒酸盐的吸附和解吸结果表明,Se的吸附量随Se的添加量的增加而增加,但由于矿物组成各异,吸附量的差异显著。其吸附量的大小顺序为:无定形氧化铁>针铁矿>砖红壤>红壤>黄棕壤>高岭土;而被吸附Se的解吸能力则是高岭土>黄棕壤>红壤>砖红壤>针铁矿>无定形氧化铁。实验结果还表明,在各种矿物组成中,亚硒酸盐的吸附和解吸受氧化铁的影响很明显,三个土壤样品的吸附等温线都表现出氧化铁在初始阶段对亚硒酸盐吸附快而强烈的特征,而在去除氧化铁以后,这一特征也随之消失,硒的吸附量显著降低,而解吸率则明显上升。