不同氮效率水稻生育后期氮素积累转运特征

以不同氮效率水稻基因型为供试材料,通过15N标记的氮肥盆栽试验精确定量不同氮效率的水稻齐穗后氮素积累和转运量。结果表明,无论在何种施氮水平下,氮高效水稻(南光和武运粳)的籽粒产量均显著高于氮低效水稻Elio;不同氮效率水稻在齐穗期和齐穗后15天时干物质积累量差异不显著,但在成熟期时氮高效水稻的干物质积累量显著高于氮低效水稻,增幅约为16·4%;与干物质积累相对应的是,不同氮效率水稻的氮素积累量在齐穗期和齐穗后15天也没有差异,但在成熟期时氮高效基因型水稻武运粳和南光的氮素积累量较氮低效基因型水稻Elio高约31%和21%,差异显著。15N标记试验结果可以看出,氮低效水稻Elio齐穗时吸收的一部分15N移出了植株体,其占15N转运量的11%。从齐穗至成熟,氮低效水稻Elio从茎叶转移出的15N量(2·75mg穴-1)远远低于氮高效水稻武运粳(3·54mg穴-1)和南光(3·22mg穴-1),差异显著。氮高效水稻武运粳和南光从茎叶转移出的15N量约占籽粒所需N量的91%和85%,而从土壤中吸收的15N量约占9%和15%。综上所述,氮高效、低效水稻氮素积累和转运特征的差异主要表现在齐穗期以后,氮高效水稻具有强的氮素吸收或者转运能力,以满足籽粒形成期植株对氮素的利用。     

甘蓝型油菜不同氮素子粒生产效率品种的氮素分配特性研究

以甘蓝型常规油菜品种（2006～2007年度73个、2007～2008年度98个）为材料,通过测定成熟期不同器官干重、氮素含量,采用组内最小平方和动态聚类方法对供试品种的氮素子粒生产效率（NUEg） 进行聚类并研究了不同NUEg 类型的氮素积累与分配特性。结果表明,不同类型间NUEg达显著差异。随着NUEg增加,子粒产量、子粒氮素积累量以及子粒中的氮素占全株氮素比例都逐渐增加;而茎枝和果壳中的氮素积累量以及占全株氮素的比例都逐渐减小。生产上提高油菜NUEg,可以通过高NUEg品种的选择以及合理栽培措施调节使营养器官氮素更多向子粒中输送。     

不同氮效率的玉米自交系氮素生产效率分析

试验研究了不同氮水平下27个玉米自交系的氮素生产效率。结果表明,高氮和低氮水平下,高产氮高效型玉米吐丝期干物质积累量高于低产氮低效型,吐丝期氮素干物质生产效率最高。施氮后,氮素子粒生产效率和氮素干物质生产效率均下降。高氮条件下,氮素子粒生产效率与成熟期氮素干物质生产效率达到极显著正相关;低氮条件下,氮素子粒生产效率与吐丝期、灌浆期、成熟期氮素干物质生产效率呈显著相关性。高氮和低氮条件下,高产氮高效型生育后期植株氮积累量高于低产氮低效型,氮积累量的差异主要在于吐丝后氮积累,高产氮高效型生育后期根系具有强吸收能力,子粒氮素利用效率高;施氮后,后期氮吸收能力进一步增强。     

施磷量对不同磷效率小麦氮、磷、钾积累与分配的影响

在土培盆栽条件下,以磷高效小麦(CD1158-7、省A3宜03-4)和磷低效小麦(渝02321)为材料,研究了不施磷、施磷(P)10、20和30mg/kg对小麦不同生育时期生物量、籽粒产量及氮、磷、钾的积累与分配的影响。结果表明:(1)随施磷量的减少,不同磷效率品种小麦籽粒产量和生物量均减少;同一施磷处理,磷高效品种籽粒产量和生物产量高于磷低效基因型。不施磷、施磷10mg/kg,高效品种CD1158-7、省A3宜03-4的籽粒产量为低效品种渝02321 的1.84 倍和1.74倍、1.64倍和1.27倍。(2)低磷处理,磷高效品种小麦植株能够积累较多的氮素;扬花期之前,磷高效品种氮素积累量占小麦全生育期积累量的比例高于低效品种。拔节期、孕穗期氮素分配比例为叶>茎>根,扬花期为叶>茎>穗>根,而成熟期为籽粒、颖壳>茎>叶>根。拔节期和孕穗期磷高效品种根的氮素分配比例高于低效品种,而扬花期和成熟期磷高效品种穗(籽粒)氮素分配比例较高。(3)小麦植株磷素积累量主要集中在拔节期以后的生育时期,占全生育期的82.32%~94.23%。低磷处理,高效品种在拔节期和孕穗期磷素积累量高于低效品种,孕穗期尤为突出。扬花期之前,不施磷处理下,磷高效品种根的磷素分配比例较高。(4)不同施磷处理下,拔节期、孕穗期及扬花期,磷高效品种小麦的钾积累量高于低效品种。不同器官钾素分配比例拔节期和孕穗期均为叶>茎>根,扬花期为茎>叶>穗>根,成熟期为茎>叶>籽粒、颖壳>根。磷高效品种在颖壳和籽粒的钾素分配比例高于低效品种。     

不同氮效率基因型冬小麦物质生产对CO2浓度升高的响应研究

采用开顶式气室,以不同氮效率基因型冬小麦品种"小偃6号"(氮低效)和"小偃22号"(氮高效)为供试材料,通过盆栽方法,研究不同施氮水平下大气CO2浓度倍增对冬小麦叶面积、株高、生物量和产量的影响。结果表明,在CO2浓度倍增条件下,施氮后氮高效小麦基因型"小偃22号"穗长、株高显著高于氮低效小麦"小偃6号",但叶面积、茎长则相反。施氮水平、基因型和大气CO2浓度水平均不同程度地影响冬小麦生物量、产量及产量构成。同一施氮条件下,大气CO2浓度倍增使两种氮效率基因型冬小麦产量均显著增加,但增加量不尽一致:N1[0.15 g(N).kg-1(土)]处理时,氮低效"小偃6号"和氮高效"小偃22号"产量分别增加90.5%和52.9%,N2[0.30 g(N).kg-1(土)]处理时分别增加73.9%和93.6%。同一施氮条件下,大气CO2浓度倍增使两种氮效率基因型冬小麦地上部、根系、总生物量、每盆穗数、穗粒数和产量也均显著增加。从不同施氮水平看,大气CO2浓度倍增下(750μmol.mol–1)两种氮效率基因型冬小麦地上部、总生物量、穗粒数和产量均表现为N2>N1>N0。说明在该试验条件下,CO2浓度倍增及氮肥投入对作物生长及产量形成存在显著正交互效应。因此,在未来大气CO2浓度增加条件下,增加氮肥投入应有利于促进作物对大气CO2浓度升高的正效应,增加冬小麦的物质生产及提高产量。     

弱光对杂交稻氮素积累、分配与子粒蛋白质含量的影响

以 3个不同基因型的中籼杂交稻组合为材料 ,利用遮荫制造 3种光强研究了灌浆期间弱光对水稻氮素积累、分配及子粒蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明 ,弱光下植株各器官的氮含量均上升 ,遮荫处理后 28d叶片氮含量比对照增加 7.20 %～ 25.23% ,遮荫期间茎鞘平均氮含量比对照高 36 .5 7%～ 5 6 .16 % ,穗平均氮含量比对照高 11.35 %～ 2 9.89%。遮荫后子粒蛋白质含量极显著上升 ,49%遮荫、6 9%遮荫处理分别比对照高 14 .6 2 %、37.5 9%。弱光下植株对氮的吸收强度及累积量减少 ,氮素分配比例改变 ,分配到叶片、茎鞘的氮素增加 ,分配到穗部的减少 ,且叶片和茎鞘的氮素输出量以及穗的氮素输入量呈低于对照的趋势。子粒蛋白质产量随光强下降极显著降低。     

不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种各器官的干物质和氮素的积累与转运

采用大田试验,以长江中下游地区有代表性的50个早熟晚粳品种为供试材料,设置7个氮肥水平(0、150.0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5 kg/hm2),得出各品种在这7个氮肥水平下出现的群体最高生产力,将该最高生产力定义为氮肥群体最高生产力。根据各品种的氮肥群体最高生产力从高到低将50个品种分为4个产量水平,对不同产量水平品种间各器官的干物质和氮素积累转运、分配等特性进行系统地比较研究。结果表明,抽穗期叶片的氮素含量和氮素积累量以及成熟期叶片和穗的干物质与氮素积累量随产量水平递减逐渐降低;拔节至抽穗阶段茎鞘的干物质积累率以及叶片的干物质和氮素积累速率也随产量水平递减逐渐降低;抽穗至成熟阶段产量大于10.50 t/hm2的水稻品种,茎鞘和叶片的干物质和氮素转运贡献率比其他产量水平低,但穗部干物质和氮素增加量却比其他产量水平高。在满足氮肥群体最高生产力的施肥条件下,拔节至抽穗阶段叶片的干物质、氮素积累速率和产量呈极显著正相关(r=0.635,r=0.539),抽穗至成熟阶段叶片的干物质转运量与产量呈显著负相关(r=-0.360),而叶片的氮素转运量与产量呈显著正相关(r=0.333)。产量大于10.50 t/hm2的水稻品种叶片的干物质和氮素积累与转运比其他产量水平品种在抽穗后表现出明显的优势,穗部物质积累与氮素积累量较高。抽穗后在保持茎鞘适宜的物质和氮素积累量的基础上,提高叶片的物质和氮素积累,进一步加大穗部的物质和氮素积累,是获得高产的保障。     

氮高效吸收水稻磷素吸收利用的特点

为探究氮高效水稻磷素吸收利用的基本特点及其与氮素吸收的关系。在大田条件下,于2012-2013年,以114个染色体单片断代换系水稻为供试材料,研究其产量、氮磷吸收利用等性状,并以成熟期吸氮量和产量将供试材料聚类分成6种不同氮效率类型水稻。结果表明,供试群体成熟期吸磷量差异较大,变幅为2.54~5.46 g·m^-2;氮高效水稻成熟期吸磷量显著高于其他氮效率水稻,增幅达8.99%~47.24%;氮高效水稻结实期总吸磷量显著高于其他类型水稻,各器官吸磷量也有相似的趋势;氮高效水稻单茎吸磷量、干物质量大;吸磷量影响因子对成熟期吸磷量的贡献表明,结实期吸磷量、穗吸磷量、全株含磷率、单穗吸磷量、吸磷强度均高于同组因子,通径分析与相关分析结果一致;氮高效水稻磷素利用效率除吸磷增量籽粒生产效率显著高于其他类型外,其他各指标均处于中等或较低水平;成熟期吸磷量和吸氮量均对产量有正向促进作用,吸氮量贡献更大。综上,氮高效水稻无论是全株还是各器官成熟期磷素吸收量均较大,结实期表现的更明显,但磷素利用效率中等;氮高效水稻磷素吸收能力强与其单茎吸收量、吸氮强度大有密切关系;氮高效水稻磷素吸收与氮素吸收密切相关。本研究结果为水稻磷素高效吸收利用提供了理论参考。     

粳稻硅素积累与分配对氮素的反应及其基因型差异

以15个常规粳稻品种为材料,设置0 、150、225、300 kg/hm2四种氮素水平,研究水稻硅素积累与分配对氮素的反应及其基因型差异。结果表明,不同生育时期,硅在水稻各器官、全株中的积累量均随氮素水平的提高而增加。随氮素水平的提高,水稻在移栽-拔节和抽穗-成熟阶段的积累比例增加而拔节-抽穗阶段的积累比例减少,在茎鞘中的分配比例减少而叶片和穗中的分配比例增加。不同生育时期,硅在茎鞘、叶片和全株中的含量均随氮素水平的提高而下降,抽穗和成熟期,穗中的硅素含量随氮素水平的提高而下降,至中肥最低,高肥条件下略有回升。不同氮素条件下,水稻硅素的积累与分配特性存在显著的基因型差异,同时各基因型硅素积累与分配对氮素的反应也存在差异。其中,武育粳7号、华粳3号、武香粳9号、香粳20-18、武育粳3号、晚粳4003、早丰9号、华粳2号的硅素积累效率具有随氮素水平的提高保持稳定或相对提高的特性,对于氮肥用量不断增加条件下水稻植株的抗逆性改良具有较好的遗传潜力。     

我国南方主推水稻品种氮效率筛选及评价

【目的】评价我国南方地区主推水稻品种氮效率,筛选氮高效和氮低效品种,并探索其高效和低效的原因及其生理机制。【方法】选用34份我国南方主推水稻品种,采用大田小区试验和盆栽试验,进行正常氮和低氮处理,利用产量法并结合产量构成因子、叶片SPAD值以及水稻地上部氮素累积量,筛选出氮高效和氮低效品种。【结果】 1）在2011年大田试验中,34个品种正常氮处理产量大多高于低氮处理的产量。通过对氮效率的分析发现,徽两优6号、广两优35和天优华占3个品种具有较高的氮效率,分别达到1.11、1.02和1.00,而秀水134、富稻2号和五丰优7025的氮效率较低,分别为0.55、0.61和 0.61。通过对各品种的产量构成因子分析发现,正常氮处理下,各品种产量构成因子大多高于低氮处理。在低氮条件下,氮高效品种的穗数和穗粒数以及千粒重均较高。通过筛选发现徽两优6号、广两优35和天优华占3个水稻品种表现为氮高效;秀水134、富稻2号和五丰优7025 3个品种表现为氮低效。2）通过2012年大田和盆栽试验的复筛,发现大田与盆栽试验结果基本一致。实际产量和理论产量均表现出徽两优6号和广两优35的产量和氮效率较高,秀水134、五丰优7025和富稻2号的氮效率较低。通过对各品种的产量构成因子分析发现,2012年大田试验中,在正常氮条件下,高效品种广两优35的穗数、千粒重均显著高于低效品种。在对SPAD值的分析中发现,2012年大田试验中,低氮处理下氮高效品种在同一生育时期其SPAD值普遍高于或者显著高于低效品种。2012年盆栽试验中,正常氮处理下,高效品种叶片SPAD值略高于低效品种。在对水稻地上部氮累积量的研究中发现,在正常氮处理下,不同生育期高效品种与低效品种间普遍没有显著性差异,仅低效品种秀水134显著低于其他几个品种;而在低氮处理下,在分蘖期高效品种与低效品种并无显著性差异,甚至高效品种徽两优6号氮素累积量还要低于低效品种;但在灌浆期和成熟期,两个高效品种的氮素累积量高于或显著高于低效品种。【结论】确定广两优35为高效品种,秀水134为低效品种。氮高效品种在低氮胁迫下,能够获得较高的穗数和穗粒数,从而获得较高产量。特别在生育后期,高效品种地上部能够积累更多的氮素,从而可促进光合作用,提高碳、氮同化效率,并获得较高产量。     

COURSE OF DRY MATTER AND NITROGEN ACCUMULATION OF SPRING WHEAT GENOTYPES KNOWN TO VARY IN PARAMETERS OF NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY

Field experiments were conducted for two years to compare and identify bread spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes which make the most efficient use of nitrogen (N). Such information is required for breeding strategies to reverse the negative relationship between yield and protein content. Three Swiss spring wheat cultivars (‘Albis’, ‘Toronit’, ‘Pizol’) and an experimental line (‘L94491’) were grown without (N0; 0 kg N ha^?1) and with high fertilizer N [(NH₄NO₃); (N1; 250 kg N ha^?1) supply on a clay loam soil with low organic matter content. Biomass and nitrogen accumulation in biomass as well as the leaf growth and senescence patterns (SPAD) were investigated in an attempt to explain the physiology of growth and N translocation of these genotypes. The pre-anthesis accumulation of biomass and N in the biomass depended on genotype only at N1 in 2000. In this year, conditions were less favorable for the pre-anthesis accumulation of biomass and N, which was, on average, 10 and 20% lower, respectively, of the total than in 1999. The contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to the grain yield (CPAY) was higher in 1999 for all genotypes (36.9%) compared to 2000 (13.5%) except ‘Toronit’. Between anthesis and maturity the climate influenced the genetic variability of some N use efficiency components: N translocation efficiency (NTE) and dry matter translocation efficiency (DMTE). NTE was higher in 1999 (68.1%) compared to 2000 (50.7%); 1999 was a year in which the post-anthesis period was drier and warmer than usual. ‘Toronit’ produced the highest biomass by maturity due mainly to greater and longer lasting green leaf area after anthesis. ‘Albis’ performed relatively well under low input conditions, with considerable amounts of N being re-translocated to the seeds at maturity (NHI), whereas ‘Pizol’ accumulated in grains N as high as for ‘L94491’. In a humid temperate climate breeding for greater N uptake and partitioning efficiency may be a promising way to minimize N losses and produce high phytomass and grain yields. Using high protein lines as selection material and combining them with high biomass genotypes may lead to high protein contents without decreasing yield.     

施肥水平对冬大麦干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响

为合理利用氮肥,进一步提高大麦产量和品质,以扬饲麦3号、港啤1号、扬农啤2号和Frankin共4个品种为供试材料,研究了0(CK),90(NL),180(NM)和270kg/hm2(NH)4个氮肥水平下冬大麦干物质和氮素积累、转运及对籽粒贡献的规律。结果表明,随着施氮量的提高,大麦干物质花前积累量呈增加趋势,积累率及对籽粒的贡献率呈下降趋势,各器官的转运量在NM处理(180kg/hm2)范围内呈增加趋势,高于此范围则下降。氮素营养花前积累量和转运量各品种均呈上升趋势,花前积累率、转运率和对籽粒氮的贡献率都呈下降趋势。不同品种不同氮肥处理下大麦干物质转运量以茎秆为最大,转运率大部分以芒壳+穗轴为最高,对籽粒的贡献率以茎秆为最高。各器官氮素转运量以叶片最高,转运率以芒壳+穗轴最大,氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率以叶片最高。大麦各品种籽粒产量与施氮量呈二次曲线关系,氮素积累量与施氮量呈显著线性正相关关系。表明在本试验条件下,大麦最高产量的最佳施氮范围为212.42～261.97kg/hm2。     

施氮水平对甘蔗氮素吸收与利用的影响

以新台糖22号(ROC22)为试材,设15N标记尿素2.5、5.0和7.5g/盆(相当于225、450和675kg/hm2)3个处理,采用网室盆栽试验方式,研究施氮水平对甘蔗氮素吸收与利用的影响。结果表明:甘蔗吸收的氮素17.27%～27.28%来自施用的氮肥,72.72%～82.73%来自土壤和种茎;甘蔗氮肥利用率为34.21%～42.46%。随施氮水平提高,甘蔗干物质积累、氮素积累及来源于肥料氮素的比率显著增加,同时蔗叶对氮素的吸收利用呈上升趋势,但蔗茎对氮素的吸收利用呈下降趋势,氮肥利用率也显著下降。土壤碱解氮和硝态氮在各土层中的含量随施氮水平的提高而增加,且两者在0～20cm土层的积累明显大于20～40cm土层。本试验条件下,甘蔗氮肥施用为尿素5.0g/盆(相当于450kg/hm2)及土层深度为20cm较为适宜。     

施氮量对香料烟干物质积累及氮利用率的影响

以香料烟品种云香巴斯马一号为材料,研究了不同氮肥用量对香料烟干物质积累量、积累强度、产量、产值及氮素利用率的影响.结果表明:随施氮量的增加,香料烟各器官中干物质积累量呈增加的趋势;干物质积累强度均表现为先上升后下降的趋势;各器官干物质在生长期间分配规律一致;产量、产值呈逐渐上升的趋势,增产率为80.43％～140.23％,增值率为66.90％～116.20％;氮素收获指数呈上升趋势;氮肥农艺利用率、氮肥表观利用率、氮肥生理利用率呈先上升后下降的趋势;氮肥偏生产力、土壤氮素依存率呈下降的趋势.     

我国北方37个高产春玉米品种干物质生产及氮素利用特性

选育氮高效品种是实现玉米高产高效生产的根本途径。为探明我国北方目前主推高产春玉米的物质生产及氮素利用特性,本研究选择该区域高产品种37个,采用盆栽试验,依粒重和氮素子粒生产效率划分其类型,分为高产高效（I）、高产中效（Ⅱ）、中产中效（Ⅲ）及低产低效（Ⅳ）4种类型。其中,中产中效型品种最多,为56.8%;高产高效型品种最少,仅为8.1%;高产中效型和低产低效型品种分别为13.5%和21.6%。4个类型品种干物质生产及氮素利用效率开花前差异不显著,开花后是产生差异的关键时期;成熟期I型品种干物质和氮向子粒的分配比例较高,而Ⅳ型品种向根和茎秆的分配比例较高。同时,I型品种的氮转移量、氮转移效率和贡献率显著高于其他3类型品种。经相关和通径分析,氮素干物质生产效率、粒重及氮含量与氮素子粒生产效率显著相关。所以,较高的粒重和较低的植株氮含量是高产氮高效品种的基本特征。     

氮肥管理对小麦产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

氮肥过量施用造成环境污染和生产成本增加等问题已成为限制我国农业可持续生产的主要因素。为实现氮素化肥的高效利用,连续2年在山东省农业科学院作物研究所试验地同一地块利用氮肥梯度带,进行了基于小麦叶片SPAD值的氮素实时管理。结果表明,在基施区随着施肥量的增加,小麦籽粒产量增加,二者呈线性关系,但施氮量207kg/hm2(N207)和276kg/hm2(N276)处理间差异不显著;追施区小麦的2个生长季籽粒产量均以不施基肥拔节期追氮207kg/hm2(N0+207)处理最高,分别为7649kg/hm2和7522kg/hm2,基施氮肥207kg/hm2拔节期不追肥(N207+0)处理最低,仅为7318kg/hm2和7388kg/hm2,差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。基施区各氮肥处理的氮肥表观利用率(RE)和氮肥偏生产力(PFP)均存在显著性差异,均是随着基施量的增加而显著降低。追施区N0+207、N69+138、N138+693个处理的PFP、AE和RE均高于或显著高于N207和N276 2个处理。因此在确定总施氮量的条件下实行基、追肥分施能够显著提高小麦的氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力。     

ENHANCING NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY BY COMBINATIONS OF NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNT AND TIME IN WHEAT

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important impact factors on development and growth of wheat. In this study the effects of nitrogen use efficiency on quantity and quality of grains were studied by agronomic management of N fertilizers on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under field conditions for two years. The experiments were performed at 16 combinations of N application amount and time, including four levels of N at 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha^?1 that were used as pre-plant fertilizers, sub-treated with four levels of the same N amount used as top-dress fertilizers. As a result, with an increase in total N fertilizers, grain yield increased in a cubic equitation, but partial factor productivity (PFP_N, kg grain yield per kg N applied) decreased exponentially. With total fertilizers, N content and accumulation in vegetative tissues and grains increased linearly, but N uptake efficiency (UtE_N, kg nutrient taken up per kg N applied) decreased exponentially. When N was over-applied (>360 kg N ha^?1 in this study), grain yield clearly declined, due to decrease in productivity from per unit N. The high N level (240～300 kg N ha^?1), the reasonable distribution between pre-plant and top dress from the same amount N fertilizer not only increased grain yield but also enhanced N use efficiency.     

EFFECT OF NITROGEN MANAGEMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY,NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY AND NITROGEN BALANCE FOR A WHEAT-MAIZE SYSTEM

Over-application of nitrogen (N) in North Central China is primary reasons for yield restriction and low nutrient use efficiencies. This study was to determine N management practices on grain yield, N efficiency, and N balance in China. Results from four season crops indicated that no significant yield differences across different N rates for the first season wheat were observed. Treatments with N rates lower than 75 kg N ha^?1 manifested yield reduction for the following seasons, and no much yield differences existed for the rest treatments. The accumulated N recovery efficiency (NREac) values ranged from 10.1% to 44.2% over the four seasons, and over N fertilization led to low NREac. The net N balance increased with N applied. Results from current study provided the proof that in the current rotation system the N₁₅₀N₁₅₀ treatment was the best economic treatment for achieving both higher yield and N use efficiency.     

LEAF PHOTOSYNTHESIS,BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND WATER AND NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCIES OF TWO CONTRASTING NAKED VS. HULLED OAT GENOTYPES SUBJECTED TO WATER AND NITROGEN STRESSES

Water and nitrogen (N) are the two most important factors influencing the growth and yield of oat (Avena sativa). A pot culture study was conducted to determine the physiological and biomass production of contrasting oat genotypes to water and N supply conditions. With sufficient water, biomass yield of the naked ‘Shadow’ was 12.4% and 10.0% greater than ‘Bia’ in the treatments 750 and 1250 mg N pot^?1, respectively, but ‘Bia’ produced greater grain yield than ‘Shadow’. Under severe water stress conditions, increasing N supply decreased P_N mainly due to the reduction of g_s and E. ‘Shadow’ had higher chlorophyll and leaf N than ‘Bia’, while there were no differences in plant total N, NuptE and NUE. With increasing N application and water stress, WUE_L and WUE_P both increased. NUE was inversely related with increasing N rates and water stress levels, resulting in a trade-off relationship between WUE_P and NUE.     

GAS EXCHANGE AND GROWTH OF TRITICALE SEEDLINGS UNDER DIFFERENT NITROGEN SUPPLY AND WATER STRESS

The effect of nitrogen (30 and 120 mg N per cuvette) on photosynthetic rate of four cultivars of triticale (‘Bolero’, ‘Grado’, ‘Largo’, and ‘Lasko’) grown 14 days in phytotron was strongly modified by water content (75, 45 and 35% of full water capacity). For plants grown under 35% of full water capacity, it was higher when they were grown under 30 than under 120 mg N/cuvette (9.88 and 8.76 μmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1, respectively) but for plants grown under 45 and 75% of full water capacity there were not significant differences. Transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic water use efficiency, and internal water use efficiency were not influenced by nitrogen doses independently of water content. Photosynthetic rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic water use efficiency, and dry matter of studied cultivars of triticale grown under 45 and 35% of full water capacity and both nitrogen doses were lower than for plants grown under 75% of full water capacity. With lowering of water content stomatal conductance was decreasing similarly as photosynthetic rate e.g. for plants grown under 35% of full water capacity as compared with those grown under 75% of full water capacity average stomatal conductance decreased from 0.209 to 0.138 mol H₂O m^?2 s^?1 and photosynthetic rate from 13.69 to 9.32 μmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1 and as a result there were not significant differences in internal water use efficiency for all studied combinations (67.09 μmol CO₂ mol^?1 H₂O) which shows that stomatal factors were mainly responsible for changes of photosynthetic rate. With lowering of water content from 75 to 35% of full water capacity the decrease of photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance was much higher than the decreases of transpiration (from 3.57 to 3.02 mmol H₂O m^?2 s^?1) what shows not direct dependence of transpiration on stomatal conductance (water use efficiency decreased from 3.87 to 3.10 μmol CO₂ mmol^?1 H₂O). The effect of nitrogen on dry matter production was strongly modified by water availability e.g. for plants grown under 35% of full water capacity, dry matter was similarly independent of nitrogen dose but for plants grown under 45 and 75% of full water capacity dry matter was significantly higher than when they were grown under 120 (79.05 and 86.75 mg, respectively) or with 30 mg N/cuvette (74.03 and 80.30 mg, respectively).