SUBSOIL ROOT GROWTH OF FIELD GROWN SPRING WHEAT GENOTYPES (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) DIFFERING IN NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY PARAMETERS

In a two-year (1999–2000) field experiment four Swiss spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (cvs. ‘Albis’, ‘Toronit’ and ‘Pizol’ and an experimental line ‘L94491’) were compared for genotypic differences in the root parameters that determine uptake potential and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE):root surface area (RSA) and its components, root length density (RLD) and the diameter of the roots. The genotypes were grown under no (N0) and under ample fertilizer nitrogen (N) [ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃); N1; 250 kg N ha^?1] supply. Root samples were taken from all the genotypes at anthesis from the subsoil (30–60 cm). Genotypic effects on RLD and RSA were evident only in 2000 and large amounts of N fertilizer usually diminished root growth. Adequate soil moisture in 1999 may have favored the establishment of the root system of all the genotypes before anthesis. Parameters of NUE for each genotype were also determined at anthesis and at physiological maturity. ‘Albis’ the least efficient cv. in recovering fertilizer N (ranged from 36.5 to 61.1%) with the lowest N uptake efficiency (0.47 to 0.79 kg kg^?1) had the lowest RLD and RSA in both seasons. Among genotypes ‘Toronit’, a high-yielding cv., efficient in recovering fertilizer N, exhibited the higher NUE (22.4 to 29.3 kg kg^?1) and tended to have the highest values of RLD and RSA. Nitrogen fertilization also led to an increase in the proportion of roots with diameters less than 300 μm and decreased the proportion of roots with diameters of 300 to 700 μm. These trends were more pronounced for cv. ‘Pizol’ in 1999 and for cv. ‘Toronit’ in 1999 and 2000. By anthesis in a humid temperate climate, there are no marked differences in the subsoil root growth of the examined genotypes. Some peculiarities on the root growth characteristics of the cultivars ‘Albis’ and ‘Toronit’ may partially explain their different NUE performance.     

Agronomic Assessment of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Spring Wheat and Interrelations with Leaf Greenness Under Field Conditions

Four spring wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown without (N0 = 0 kg N ha^?1) and under ample (N1 = 250 kg ha^?1) nitrogen (N) fertilizer in field experiments in two seasons. The aim was to assess genotypic variation in N use efficiency (NUE) components and N-related indices during grain filling thus to identify superior wheat genotypes. Leaf chlorophyll (SPAD) readings at crucial growth stages were employed to help differentiate genotypes. Interrelations between yield and N-related indices with SPAD, where also assessed to explain possible pathways of improving NUE early in the growing season. Results showed that genotypic effects on NUE were mostly evident in 2000, a year with drier preanthesis and wetter postanthesis than the normal periods. ‘Toronit’ almost always had the highest biomass yield (BY) and grain yield (GY). Except in 1999 under N0, ‘L94491? showed the highest % grain N concentration (GNC). Genotypes affected SPAD at almost all stages and N fertilization delayed leaf senescence for all genotypes and growth seasons. Correlations between SPAD at different growth stages and GY, N biomass yield at maturity (NBYM) and GNC were significant (P≤ 0.001), positive and strong/very strong (>r = 0.7). N translocation efficiency (NTE) was inversely related to PANU (~r = ? 0.77, P≤ 0.001), suggesting that N after anthesis is being preferentially transported to the ears to meet the N demand of the growing grains. It is concluded that there is still a large potential for increased NUE by improved N recirculation, use of fast and inexpensive crop N monitoring tools and high yielding, N uptake efficient genotypes.

Abbreviations: NUE, Nitrogen use efficiency; SPAD, Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter, NHI, nitrogen harvest index; HI, Harvest index; NTE, N translocation efficiency from vegetative plant parts to grain; DMTE, dry matter translocation efficiency; CPAY, contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to yield; PANU, Post-anthesis N uptake, d.a.s., days after sowing, N0, zero (0) kg ha^?1 applied N fertilizer, N1, 250 kg ha^?1 applied N fertilizer.     

Nitrogen Leaching Of Spring Wheat Genotypes (Triticum Aestivum L.) Varying In Nitrogen-Related Traits

Efficient use of nitrogen (N) by wheat crop and hence prevention of possible contamination of ground and surface waters by nitrates has aroused environmental concerns. The present study was conducted in drainage lysimeters for three years (1998–2000) to identify whether spring wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) that differ in N-related traits differ in N leaching and to relate parameters of N use efficiency (NUE) with parameters of N leaching. For this reason two spring wheat cultivars (‘Albis’ and ‘Toronit’) and an experimental line (‘L94491’) were grown under low (20 kg N ha^?1) and ample N supply (270 kg N ha^?1). The genotypes varied in parameters of NUE but not in N leaching. Grain yield of the high-protein line (‘L94491’) was, on average, 11% lower than that of ‘Toronit’ but among genotypes had significantly higher N in the grain (%), grain N yield, and N harvest index. Nitrogen lost through leaching was considerably low (0.42–0.52 g m^?2) mainly due to low volume of percolating water or the ability of the genotypes to efficiently exploit soil mineral N. There were no clear relationships between N-related genotype traits and N leaching, but across all treatments significantly negative correlations between volume of leachate and the amount of N in the total biomass and grain N yield existed.     

Nitrogen and genotype effects on root growth and root survivorship of spring wheat

The nitrogen (N) fertilization of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is important for stable and high grain yield. However, the effect of N on root growth and survivorship is poorly understood. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the effect of varying N availability on the growth and survivorship of roots and (2) to determine whether genotypic variation in N‐related traits are linked to root growth and survivorship. In a two‐year study, two spring wheat cultivars (Albis and Toronit) and an experimental line (L94491) were grown under low (20 kg N ha^–1) and high N supply (270 kg N ha^–1) in lysimeters equipped with minirhizotrons. The genotypes showed significant differences in N‐related traits: total shoot N content, grain N yield, N harvest index, and rate of decline in flag‐leaf greenness. However, there were relatively weak and inconsistent genotypic effects on the time course of root density, root growth during grain filling, and root survivorship. The level of N supply was the factor that most influenced the establishment, growth, and survivorship of roots; the high N supply, depending on the year and genotype, increased growth and survivorship of roots from 0% to 68% and 24% to 34%, respectively.     

ADAPTABILITY MECHANISM OF NITROGEN-EFFICIENT GERMPLASM OF NATURAL VARIATION TO LOW NITROGEN STRESS IN BRASSICA NAPUS

Previous studies showed that wide genotype differences in nitrogen (N) efficiency exists among cultivars of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), but the mechanisms behind those differences are still unknown. In the present study, our aim was to analyze the adaptability mechanism of N-efficient rapeseed to low-N stress by employing two genotypes of natural variation in N efficiency. Nitrogen-efficient genotype, ‘BG51’, and N-inefficient genotype, ‘BG88’, were grown in a solution culture experiment under conditions of high-N (6.0 mM N) and low-N (0.6 mM N) supply. After growing 30 d, roots and shoots were sampled for the analysis of dry weight, N concentration and accumulation, N use efficiency (NUE), N transport efficiency (NTE), root system vigor parameters, nitrate redutase (NR) activity, and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity. Nitrogen deficiency decreased shoot and root dry weight significantly, but ‘BG51’ exhibited a significantly lower decrease in shoot dry weight and had significantly higher biomass production than ‘BG88’. Under low N supply ‘BG51’ accumulated more N in shoot, root and whole plant than ‘BG88’, and presented higher NUE in both shoot and root. Low-N stress induced an increase in maximum root length by 28.3% for ‘BG88’ and 55.1% for ‘BG51’ compared with the high-N treatment. And ‘BG51’ presented larger root volume, higher root vigor, larger root total absorbing area and root active absorbing area than ‘BG88’ in low-N treatment. Furthermore, ‘BG51’ had significantly higher NR and GS activity in both leaf and root in low N treatment than ‘BG88’, while there was no evident difference between them in high N treatment. These results suggested that N-efficient rapeseed germplasm of natural variation involves an integrated adaptability mechanism responding to low-N stress. Namely, N-efficient genotype could form more developed root system to accumulate more N, and presented efficient N assimilation by higher NR activity and GS activity than N-inefficient genotype. These ultimately resulted in high tolerance of N-efficient genotype to low-N stress and high biomass production.     

LEAF PHOTOSYNTHESIS,BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND WATER AND NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCIES OF TWO CONTRASTING NAKED VS. HULLED OAT GENOTYPES SUBJECTED TO WATER AND NITROGEN STRESSES

Water and nitrogen (N) are the two most important factors influencing the growth and yield of oat (Avena sativa). A pot culture study was conducted to determine the physiological and biomass production of contrasting oat genotypes to water and N supply conditions. With sufficient water, biomass yield of the naked ‘Shadow’ was 12.4% and 10.0% greater than ‘Bia’ in the treatments 750 and 1250 mg N pot^?1, respectively, but ‘Bia’ produced greater grain yield than ‘Shadow’. Under severe water stress conditions, increasing N supply decreased P_N mainly due to the reduction of g_s and E. ‘Shadow’ had higher chlorophyll and leaf N than ‘Bia’, while there were no differences in plant total N, NuptE and NUE. With increasing N application and water stress, WUE_L and WUE_P both increased. NUE was inversely related with increasing N rates and water stress levels, resulting in a trade-off relationship between WUE_P and NUE.     

氮肥后移对强筋小麦氮素积累转运及籽粒产量与品质的影响

为探索强筋小麦施用氮肥的合理基追比模式,在山西中部麦区水地小麦田,研究了氮肥基施、拔节期追施和孕穗期追施的不同比例(10∶0∶0,7∶3∶0,7∶2∶1,6∶4∶0,6∶2∶2,5∶5∶0,5∶3∶2)对强筋小麦CA0547氮素积累转运及籽粒产量与品质的影响。结果表明:(1)适当追氮对强筋小麦CA0547氮素与干物质积累转运及产量品质有显著的调节效应。(2)追氮能显著提高小麦拔节期后的含氮量,提高花前氮素转运量和花后氮素积累量,促进氮素向籽粒中的累积,同时增加花前干物质转运量和花后干物质积累量,为产量提高提供了物质基础。(3)籽粒氮素中约有68.38%~75.18%是来自花前氮素转运,籽粒产量中约有55.12%~70.04%是来自花后干物质积累。追氮通过显著增加穗数和穗粒数来提高产量,并提高氮素吸收效率和氮素生产效率。(4)追氮可提高籽粒醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、总蛋白质和湿面筋含量,提高面筋指数和淀粉含量,改善谷醇比和直/支比,进而改善籽粒品质。相关分析亦表明,提高干物质花后积累量与花前氮素转运量可以改善小麦品质。(5)拔节期和孕穗期2次施氮效果不如拔节期1次追施。综合分析得出,在本试验条件下,施氮量150kg/hm~2时,基肥、拔节肥、孕穗肥比例为6∶4∶0能较好的协调产量品质之间的关系。     

Grain yield and nitrogen dynamics of Mediterranean barley and triticale

Understanding differences in grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) between barley and triticale could be useful for designing more sustainable cropping systems. Field experiments were conducted to compare grain yield and dry matter accumulation as well as N accumulation, translocation, and utilization in barley and triticale under Mediterranean conditions with two N fertilization rates (0 and 100 kg ha^?1). Overall, across years and N application rates, barley out-yielded triticale by 30% (6943 vs. 5339 kg ha^?1). Differences in the grain number per m² explained most of the variation between species in grain yield, with barley showing higher values than triticale. Barley showed higher early growth resulting in greater N accumulation in anthesis, and eventually in higher translocation to the grain than triticale. When no N was applied, barley showed a mean increase of 15% in NUtE. Triticale showed an advantage in biomass production efficiency in anthesis only in the drier year. From a practical point of view, barley could be a better choice than triticale under low availability of N, not only concerning profitability, but also sustainability. In dry areas, triticale might be a sustainable choice as a silage crop because of better N exploitation for biomass production than barley.     

氮肥优化管理协同实现水稻高产和氮肥高效

【目的】 研究不同氮肥管理方式对水稻生长、氮累积分配和产量的影响,为通过氮肥优化管理提高水稻产量和氮肥利用率提供理论依据。 【方法】 以江苏省如皋市农业科学研究所的长期定位田间试验（2008 年至今）为研究平台,以江苏省沿江及苏南地区主推水稻品种‘镇稻 11 号’为供试材料,设 3 种氮肥管理模式,即:不施氮肥对照（CK）、农民习惯施氮（N 350 kg/hm2,氮肥运筹为基肥∶分蘖肥∶促花肥 = 4:4:2,FFP）和氮肥优化管理（氮肥运筹为基肥∶分蘖肥∶促花肥:保花肥 = 4:2:2:2,OPTs）,其中氮肥优化管理包括优化施氮处理（N 240 kg/hm2,OPT）、优化替氮处理（OPT 施氮基础上,有机肥氮替代 20% 化肥氮,OPT1）和优化减氮再替氮处理（OPT 施氮基础上,先减氮 20% 再用有机肥氮替代 20%化肥氮,OPT2）,通过在水稻最大分蘖期、拔节期、开花期和成熟期采集地上部植株样品,分析生物量、产量、氮累积和氮转运及其相互关系的差异。 【结果】 OPTs 处理较 FFP 处理平均增产 8.4%,其原因是提高了水稻花后的氮累积和生物量,进而提高了水稻的穗粒数、结实率和千粒重。水稻氮累积和转运的结果表明,FFP 处理主要是通过增加花后植株体内氮转运来提高籽粒氮累积,而 OPTs 处理则主要是通过提高花后水稻植株氮累积来增加籽粒氮累积。同时,水稻氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加而降低,与 FFP 处理相比,OPTs 处理的氮肥偏生产力（PFP_N）、氮肥农学效率（AE_N）和氮肥回收效率（RE_N）分别平均提高 99.4%、137.6% 和 70.0%;且优化替氮处理（OPT1）在稳定增产的基础上仍可进一步提高水稻的氮肥利用率。另外,分析不同氮肥管理模式对水稻的产量贡献阶段可知,相较于 FFP 处理与 CK 处理间的氮肥低产低效阶段,氮肥优化管理则可实现从 FFP 提升到 OPTs 的高产高效阶段。 【结论】 利用氮肥总量控制、分期调控和适量有机替代的氮肥优化管理措施,可协同实现水稻高产和氮肥高效。      

Influence of nitrogen application on dry biomass allocation and translocation in two maize varieties under short pre-anthesis and prolonged bracketing flowering periods of drought

Plants have evolved different mechanisms to survive under stress conditions. This field study was conducted to evaluate the influence of nitrogen (N) application on dry biomass allocation and translocation in two maize varieties under short pre-anthesis and prolonged bracketing flowering period of drought. Two maize varieties, ‘Pioneer 30B80? and ‘Suwan 4452? receiving N at 0 (control), 160 (optimal) and 320 (supra-optimal) kg ha^?1 were subjected to short pre-anthesis and prolonged bracketing flowering periods of drought. Prolonged bracketing flowering period of drought had more suppressive effect on anthesis-silking interval, dry matter allocation and translocation, leaf greenness, contribution of current assimilates to grain (CCAG), kernel number, kernel weight and kernel yield of two maize varieties than a short pre-anthesis drought. Nitrogen application at optimal level was the best for all traits, except CCAG. The maize variety ‘Pioneer 30B80? performed better under both drought types due to more root xylem vessels of large size and more accumulation of dry matter in leaves and roots than the variety ‘Suwan 4452?. Therefore, the variety ‘Pioneer 30B80? may be planted in drought prone environments and may be used in breeding program aimed at developing drought-tolerant cultivars.     

花后灌水对高油玉米碳氮运转的影响

在大田条件下,研究了花后灌水对高油玉米碳氮积累和运转的影响。结果表明，花后灌水降低了高油玉米叶、茎、鞘等营养器官贮藏物质、氮紊的再运转量和再运转率以及贮藏物质、氮素的总运转量和总运转率，花后籽粒吸收氮素量和光合同化物输入籽粒量表现为不灌水〉灌一水〉灌三水。花后籽粒吸收氮素量对籽粒氨素的贡献率则与营养器官贮藏氮素转移的贡献率相反，即灌三水处理值表现最高，花后籽粒吸收氮素量和光合同化物对籽粒的贡献率远大于营养器官贮藏氮素和同化物转移的贡献率。高油玉米籽粒、蛋白质、淀粉和油产量以花后灌一水最高，灌三水时降低；随灌水次数增加籽粒油分含量增加，蛋白质含量下降。     

花后干旱与渍水下氮素供应对小麦碳氮运转的影响

防雨池栽条件下，设置渍水、干旱和对照3个土壤水分处理，每个水分处理下再设置两个施氮水平，研究了花后渍水和干旱逆境下氮素水平对两个蛋白质含量不同的小麦品种碳氮运转的影响。结果表明，与对照相比，花后渍水和干旱处理均降低小麦叶、茎鞘、颖壳等各营养器官花前贮藏物质再运转量和再运转率以及营养器官花前贮藏物质总运转量，降低了籽粒重。水分逆境下增施氮肥可以提高小麦叶和颖壳花前贮藏物质再运转量和运转率，茎鞘花前贮藏物质再运转量和运转率。在对照和干旱下增施氮肥提高了营养器官花前贮藏物质总运转量和运转率以及籽粒重和花后同化物输入籽粒量，而渍水下增施氮肥趋势相反。水分逆境降低了小麦叶、茎鞘、颖壳等各营养器官花前贮藏氮素再运转量和再运转率以及花前贮藏氮素总运转量和总运转率，降低了小麦籽粒氮积累量。在对照和干旱下增施氮肥提高了小麦叶片的花前贮藏氮素运转量和运转率，茎鞘的贮藏氮素运转量，营养器官花前贮藏氮素总运转量和运转率，籽粒氮积累量以及花前氮素对籽粒总氮贡献率，而渍水下增施氮肥趋势相反。水分逆境明显降低小麦产量、淀粉和蛋白质产量，且干旱处理下增施氮肥有利于籽粒产量、淀粉产量和蛋白质含量的提高，而渍水下增施氮肥使产量进一步降低。试验结果表明，花后渍水和干旱逆境下施用氮肥可明显调节小麦碳、氮物质运转以及最终的籽粒淀粉与蛋白质积累。     

不同氮效率玉米根系时空分布与氮素吸收对氮肥的响应

【目的】 研究玉米根系时空分布对不同供氮水平的响应及其与植株氮素吸收的关系,对于充分挖掘氮高效基因型,探讨氮高效栽培途径具有重要意义。 【方法】 以氮高效玉米品种 (郑单 958、金山 27) 和氮低效玉米品种 (蒙农 2133 、内单 314) 为材料,以不施氮为对照 (N0),施氮 300 kg/hm2 为适量处理 (N300)、450 kg/hm2 为过量处理 (N450),进行了两年田间试验,调查了玉米根重、根长的时空分布及其与植株氮素吸收量的关系。 【结果】 对照 (N0) 和适量施氮 (N300) 条件下,氮高效品种的根系生物量显著高于氮低效品种,过量施氮 (N450) 条件下二者在吐丝前无显著差异,吐丝后氮高效品种根重降低缓慢,根系生物量高于氮低效品种。N0 和 N300 条件下,氮高效品种 0—100 cm 土层根长均显著高于氮低效品种,吐丝期到乳熟期,N0 处理 0—20 cm 耕层和 40 cm 以下土层内,氮高效品种的根系降低比率显著低于氮低效品种;施氮条件下,两类型品种 0—40 cm 土层内根系降低比率无显著差异,但 40 cm 以下土层氮高效品种根系降低比率显著低于氮低效品种。吐丝前氮素吸收量在 N0 和 N300 条件下,单位根长氮吸收速率对氮素吸收的直接作用较大,直接通径系数是 0.590 和 0.649,在 N450 条件下,根长对于氮素吸收的直接作用较大,直接通径系数是 0.536;吐丝后氮素吸收量在 N0 和 N300 条件下,根长对氮素的吸收直接作用较大,直接通径系数是 1.148 和 0.623,在 N450 条件下,单位根长氮吸收速率对氮素吸收的直接作用较大,直接通径系数是 0.858。 【结论】 不同氮效率玉米品种根系分布和氮素吸收对氮肥的响应存在明显差异。在低氮和适量施氮条件下,氮高效品种较氮低效品种表现出较高的根系生物量、根长和较低的根系衰老速率,其吐丝前氮素吸收主要与单位根长氮吸收速率有关,吐丝后则主要与根长有关;过量施氮条件下,其吐丝前氮素吸收主要受根长影响,吐丝后则主要与单位根长氮吸收速率有关。      

Nitrogen Availability Affects the Yield of Winter Wheat Subjected to Water Stress during Grain Filling

The effects of irrigation regimes (full irrigation and water-withholding at anthesis) and postanthesis nitrogen (N) supplies (LN, 0; MN 20; and HN, 40 kg N ha^?1) on grain yield and its components in winter wheat were studied, with attention to biomass gain by assimilation and its loss by respiration. Fully irrigated wheat responded to N fertilization with increased grain number (GN) and decreased grain weight (GW), whereas drought-stressed wheat responded with greater GN without significant changes in GW. Apparent whole-plant respiration (R_A) was not influenced by increased postanthesis N fertilizer. Thus, in drought-stressed wheat, the total biomass and stem reserves at maturity were increased by increasing N supply. These results suggest that high N supply at anthesis satisfied the grains’ increased demand for N by increasing postfloral assimilation, and the surplus assimilates not only compensated for the low-N-induced biomass loss by respiration but also may have increased the stem reserves.     

Lowland Rice Genotypes Evaluation for Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Rice is important crop for world population, including Brazil. Nitrogen (N) is one of the most yield limiting nutrients in rice production under all agro-ecological conditions. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate N responses to 12 lowland rice genotypes. Soil used in the experiment was a Gley humic according to Brazilian soil classification system and Inceptisol according to USA soil taxonomy classification. The N rates used were 0 mg kg^?1 (low) and 300 mg kg^?1 (high) of soil. Plant height, straw yield, grain yield, panicle density, 1000 grain weight, and root dry weight were significantly increased with the addition of N fertilization. These growth, yield, and yield components were also significantly influenced by genotype treatment. Grain yield had significant linear or quadratic association with shoot dry weight, panicle number and 1000 grain weight Based on grain efficiency index genotypes were classified as efficient, moderately efficient and inefficient in N use. The N efficient genotypes were ‘BRS Tropical’, ‘BRS Jaçanã’, ‘BRA 02654’, ‘BRA 051077’, ‘BRA 051083’, ‘BRA 051108’, ‘BRA 051130’ and ‘BRA 051250’. Remaining genotypes fall into moderately efficient group. None of the genotypes were grouped as inefficient in N use efficiency.     

冷型小麦氮素吸收积累特性的研究

2002至2004年,通过田间小区试验,研究了4种施肥条件下(不施肥、单施磷肥、单施氮肥和氮磷配施)冠层温度持续偏低的冷型小麦氮素吸收积累特性。供试小麦品种为小偃6号、陕229、NR9405和9430,前两者为冷型小麦品种,后两者为暖型小麦品种。结果表明,花前冷型小麦叶片具有较高的氮素积累量;花后氮素吸收积累量在单施磷肥、单施氮肥和氮磷配施条件下比暖型小麦分别高168.6%、144.6%和217.4%。成熟期冷型小麦子粒中氮素积累量大,功能叶片中氮素残留量多。冷型小麦叶片较高的氮素含量为维持叶片较高的光合速率奠定了良好的氮营养基础;花后氮素吸收积累量较多的特点,与冷型小麦灌浆结实期具有较高的代谢生理活性,根系吸收氮能力强有密切关系。     

不同氮水平下粳稻的氮素累积和转运特征

Developing high-yielding rice （Oryza sativa L.） cultivars depends on having a better understanding of nitrogen （N） accumulation and translocation to the ear during the reproductive stage. Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the genetic variation for N accumulation and translocation in different Japonica rice cultivars at different N rates and to identify any relationship to grain yield in southeast China. Four Japonica cultivars with similar agronomic characteristics were grown at two experimental sites in 2004 with three N rates of 0, 60, and 180 kg N ha^-1. Dry weights and N contents of rice plants were measured at tillering, initiation, anthesis, and maturity. Grain yields exhibited significant differences （P 〈 0.05） among the cultivars and N application rates. Increasing N rates improved N uptake at anthesis and maturity in all four cultivars （P 〈 0.05）. N translocation from vegetative organs to the grains increased with enhanced N rates （P 〈 0.05）. N translocation to the grains ranged from 9 to 64 kg N ha^-1 and N-translocation efficiency from 33% to 68%. Grain yield was linear to N uptake at anthesis （r^2 = 0.78^＊＊） and N translocation （r^2 = 0.67^＊＊）. Thus, cultivars with a high N uptake at anthesis, low residual N in the straw at maturity, and appropriate low N fertilizer supply in southeast China should efficiently increase N-recovery rate while maintaining grain yield and soil fertility.     

不同施氮量下子粒灌浆不同阶段遮光对小麦氮素积累和转移的影响

在田间高产条件下,设置每公顷施氮（N）0（N0）、168（N1）和276（N2）kg 3个氮素水平,每个氮素水平下设置不遮光和灌浆前期（开花后1～12 d）、中期（开花后13～24 d）、后期（开花后25～36 d）遮光4个处理,研究不同施氮量下子粒灌浆不同阶段遮光对小麦氮素积累和转移的影响。结果表明,灌浆前期遮光,各施氮处理的旗叶硝酸还原酶活性和内肽酶活性显著降低;恢复照光后,N0和N1处理旗叶硝酸还原酶活性与不遮光的处理无显著差异。N2处理硝酸还原酶活性显著低于不遮光的处理,其内肽酶活性在灌浆中期显著升高,有利于旗叶蛋白质的降解,营养器官氮素转移量和转移效率提高;但花后吸氮量、子粒产量和蛋白质产量均降低,且显著低于N1处理。灌浆中期遮光,各施氮处理的旗叶硝酸还原酶活性和内肽酶活性亦显著降低;恢复照光后,各施氮处理旗叶内肽酶活性均显著高于不遮光的处理,N2处理显著高于N1处理。灌浆后期遮光,各施氮处理旗叶硝酸还原酶活性显著降低;N0和N1处理内肽酶活性降低。N2处理的内肽酶活性显著高于不遮光的处理,其营养器官氮素转移量、转移效率及转移氮素对子粒氮的贡献率显著高于N1处理;旗叶硝酸还原酶活性、花后吸氮量和子粒蛋白质产量与N1处理无显著差异。不同遮光阶段比较,各施氮处理营养器官氮素转移量、转移效率及转移氮素对子粒氮的贡献率,均以灌浆前期遮光的最高,灌浆中期遮光的次之,灌浆后期遮光的最低;花后吸氮量、子粒产量和蛋白质产量以灌浆后期遮光的最高,灌浆中期遮光的次之,灌浆前期遮光的最低。     

不同产量水平旱地冬小麦品种氮磷钾养分累积与转移的差异分析

以9 个旱地冬小麦品种为材料, 通过田间试验研究不同产量水平冬小麦品种氮磷钾累积和转移的差异。结果表明: 高产冬小麦品种的花前氮累积量随养分投入水平提高而增加的幅度明显高于中、低产品种, 具较高的花前氮累积量, 但其花前磷累积量无明显优势; 高产冬小麦品种花后能累积较多的氮磷, 但其氮磷转移量、转移率、转移氮磷对籽粒的贡献率均低于中、低产品种; 高产冬小麦品种花前钾累积量和钾转移量无明显优势, 但其籽粒对钾的保存能力较高, 花后钾损失较少。因此, 较高的花后氮磷累积量、较低的花后钾损失量是旱地冬小麦品种高产的重要原因。     

追氮时期和施钾量对小麦氮素吸收运转的调控

【目的】氮肥追施时期和钾肥用量是影响小麦高产高效的重要因素,研究这两个营养元素的相交效应,为小麦的合理施肥提供理论依据。【方法】以强筋小麦‘济麦20’为供试品种,设置盆栽试验。同位素示踪技术进行研究。氮肥用15N标记,追施氮肥时期设返青期和拔节期两个施肥时期。施钾量设K2O 0(K0)、50(K1)、100 kg/hm2(K2)三个水平。于开花期采集全株样本,成熟期将植株分为籽粒和植株两部分,分析氮素含量,计算氮素吸收、分配以及氮素利用率。【结果】虽然追氮时期和施钾量互作对‘济麦20’籽粒蛋白质含量的影响未达到显著水平,但钾肥对小麦氮素吸收、运转及分配的影响因追氮时期不同而有所差异。不施钾(K0)返青期追氮处理,小麦植株氮素积累量、氮素转移量及贡献率均达到最高; 在施用K2O 50 kg/hm2处理(K1)下,拔节期追施氮肥能有效提高小麦开花期植株氮素积累量、成熟期植株和籽粒来自土壤的氮积累量、氮素转移量及贡献率,并最终显著提高产量。由此,提高了小麦氮素积累量、转移量、籽粒产量、氮肥生产效率及收获指数,在施用钾肥100 kg/hm2(K2)条件下,两个追氮时期处理均不利于‘济麦20’氮素利用效率及籽粒产量的提高。【结论】本试验条件下,在K2O 50 kg/hm2施用量、拔节期追施氮肥条件下更有利于强筋小麦‘济麦20’对氮素的吸收、利用和高产的形成。