高寒草地不同退化程度下土壤微生物及土壤酶活性变化特征

为探讨不同退化程度对高寒草地土壤微生物及土壤酶活性的影响,以青藏高原东北缘祁连山3种不同退化程度(轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化)高寒草地为研究对象,测定和分析土壤3大类微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)和氮素生理群(氨化细菌、好气性固氮菌、嫌气固氮菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌)数量、微生物量(碳、氮)及土壤酶活性(蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶)变化特征。结果表明:(1)相同土层不同退化程度,土壤3大类微生物数量、氮素生理群、微生物量以及土壤酶活性随退化程度的加重总体呈减小的趋势,重度退化程度下各指标含量最小,中等退化程度可增加10—20cm土壤放线菌、氨化细菌及反硝化细菌数量和20—30cm土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、好气性固氮菌、反硝化细菌数量;(2)不同土层相同退化程度,土壤3大类微生物数量、氮素生理群、微生物量以及土壤酶活性随土层深度的加深均逐渐减小。研究结果对评价草地退化程度提供了新思路,同时为高寒草地的恢复和重建提供了重要的理论依据。     

东祁连山不同干扰生境草地土壤养分时空变化特征

为探究东祁连山不同干扰高寒草地土壤养分及其生态化学计量学特征时空变化特征规律。研究了2017年8月在东祁连山不同干扰高寒草地土壤养分含量及其生态计量学特征,以及与2003年和2011年在相同地点、相同研究方法对该地区的土壤理化性质进行比较。结果表明:(1)在同一干扰生境不同土层下,土壤pH、电导率、含水量、土壤全量和速效养分均随着土层深度增加而逐渐减小,变化各异;在同一土层不同干扰生境下土壤养分间变化差异各不相同。(2)不同干扰生境土壤C/N为7.64~18.21,与我国陆地土壤平均值(10~12)基本接近,土壤C/P和N/P分别为109.16~144.79和7.52~15.65,远高于中国陆地土壤的C/P平均值52.7和N/P平均值3.9。(3)主成分分析结果表明,土壤理化性质(pH、电导率、含水量、全磷、全钾、速效磷、有机质、有机碳和速效氮)和土壤生态化学计量比(C/N、C/P和N/P)可以敏感的反映出不同干扰对草地土壤质量影响状况。土壤质量综合评价可知,不同干扰生境下草地土壤质量水平差异较大,多年生草地土壤质量较高,围栏外草地质量最差,在0-20,20-40cm土层中,均表现为多年生围栏内一年生围栏外。(4)与2003年和2011年相比较,4种不同干扰生境高寒草地土壤pH和含水量,总体呈上升的趋势,土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量则呈现出明显下降趋势。综上,放牧干扰、人为种植对东祁连山4种干扰生境草地土壤养分含量有很大影响,为此应对该地区草地的利用和保护给予足够的重视,合理利用和科学管理草地。     

江河源区不同退化程度高寒草地土壤物理、化学及生物学特征研究

以不同退化梯度的高寒草地土壤为研究对象,研究草地退化对不同层次(0～10cm、10～20cm和20～30cm)土壤物理、化学和生物学特征的影响。结果表明:江河源区高寒生态条件下草地退化对土壤物理、化学和生物学性质具有相对一致的影响,随草地退化程度的加重,各土层土壤含水量和水稳性团聚体百分数逐渐下降,土壤容重则呈增加趋势。草地退化导致土壤各种营养物质含量(除全钾)、土壤微生物群落和土壤酶活性显著下降,其中土壤有机质、速效氮、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、土壤细菌、真菌和微生物总量在0～10cm土层表现为未退化轻度退化中度退化重度退化,而土壤全氮、全磷、速效钾和放线菌数量在0～10cm土层表现为轻度退化未退化中度退化重度退化,在10～30cm土层,则表现为严重退化草地的有些指标有一定程度升高。相关性分析结果表明,各种土壤酶和微生物群落之间呈显著或极显著正相关(除土壤脲酶和中性磷酸酶之间无显著相关性外);土壤水分,容重、有机碳、全氮、速效氮、速效钾与各种土壤酶和各种微生物均具有显著相关性;水稳性团聚体与各种微生物和中性磷酸酶具有显著相关性。     

尕海湿地不同退化梯度土壤脲酶与蛋白酶活性时空分布特征

为探讨高寒湿地退化对土壤酶活性的影响，本文以青藏高原东缘尕海湿地未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化4种不同退化梯度的0～10、10～20和20～40 cm层土壤为研究对象，研究不同退化梯度土壤脲酶与蛋白酶活性时空变化特征。结果表明：随退化梯度加剧，土壤含水量降低，温度升高；土壤脲酶活性在0～40 cm土层中表现为随退化加剧而逐渐降低，而蛋白酶活性趋势恰好相反；除重度退化外，其他退化梯度土壤两种酶活性均随土层加深而降低；0～40 cm土层中脲酶与蛋白酶活性分别在7、8月和6、7月最高；相关性分析表明土壤脲酶活性与蛋白酶活性和温度极显著正相关(P<0.01)；土壤蛋白酶活性与微生物生物量氮极显著正相关(P<0.01)，与含水量和温度显著正相关(P<0.05)，与硝态氮显著负相关(P<0.05)。沼泽化草甸退化显著增加土壤表层脲酶活性而降低蛋白酶活性；温度对土壤脲酶与蛋白酶活性起促进作用，含水量、微生物生物量氮对土壤蛋白酶活性具有促进作用。     

川西高寒山地不同海拔高度土壤团聚体特征

为探究川西北高寒山地不同海拔高度土壤团聚体分布特征及其稳定性,通过野外调查采样和室内试验分析的方式,对四川西部折多山高寒山地6个海拔梯度土壤团聚体特征进行了研究。结果表明:0—20 cm土层不同海拔0.25 mm粒径的土壤中非水稳性团聚体含量占80%以上,水稳定性团聚体含量占70%以上;0—60 cm土层0.25 mm粒径的土壤非水稳定性团聚体总体上呈现随海拔上升而增加的趋势,而水稳定性团聚体则呈现出随海拔升高先逐渐减小后增大的趋势。不同海拔土壤团聚体中有机质主要分布在0.25 mm粒级中,且呈现随海拔升高先增加而后降低的趋势,随土层深度加深而逐渐降低的趋势。平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)均呈现出随海拔降低而逐渐减小的趋势,分形维数(D)则呈现增大的趋势,20 cm土层规律不明显。表明川西高寒山地表层土壤团粒结构稳定性较好,防止土壤退化应是该区生态保护的重点。     

草场管理措施及退化程度对土壤养分含量变化的影响

以不同管理措施和不同退化梯度的高寒草地土壤为研究对象,分析了两个序列的高寒草地不同土壤层次(0～20cm、20～40cm、40～60cm)中各种养分分布特征并探讨了管理措施和草场退化对高寒草地土壤的影响。结果表明:天然放牧草地经过围栏和翻耕措施后,土壤有机质、全N、全P含量明显升高,土壤速效氮、磷含量也得到明显上升。在20～40cm和40～60cm土层土壤存在类似的变化规律,但由于土层加深,受地表植被的影响减弱,变化规律不明显。比较退化序列草地发现,在各层土壤中,有机质含量变化总趋势是:随草地退化程度的加重,有机质含量下降;同时,土壤有机质含量随深度增加而减少;在0～20cm土层,随着草地退化程度的加重,有机质含量依次下降32.6%和52.1%。土壤中全N、全P含量变化趋势与有机质变化基本一致,全K变化趋势不明显。中度、重度退化草地与轻度退化草地对比发现,速效氮含量分别下降15.1%和28.6%,速效磷含量分别下降25.4%和59.4%。利用围栏和翻耕措施可以恢复退化草地的植被,提高土壤养分含量。但翻耕后,土壤孔隙度和通透性增强,土壤的矿化作用和淋溶作用也增强,导致了有机质的矿化损失和NO3-N淋溶损失,减少了土壤中C的积累量。同时,翻耕会破坏高寒草地固有的生草层,使其下面的沙质基底成为草地沙化的主要物质来源。建议在川西北亚高山区的人工草地建设中慎重选择翻耕措施。     

不同放牧强度对肃北高寒草原土壤肥力的影响

对肃北高寒草原不同放牧强度下不同土层的土壤肥力变化等进行了研究.结果表明:(1)高寒草原土壤物理性质的变化对土壤化学性质具有重要的调控作用.土壤化学性质对土壤肥力的演变则具有关键影响.(2)随着放牧强度的提高,0-10 cm,10-20 cm土层土壤容重均呈不同程度的增加,土壤孔隙度、土壤含水量则分别呈显著的递减趋势.(3)轻度放牧草地土壤有机质、土壤全氮含量高于中度放牧和重度放牧草地,20-30 cm土层有机质随放牧强度的增大呈明显下降趋势,即随放牧强度的增大草地深层土壤肥力呈退化趋势;肃北高寒草原的速效养分以多氮少磷富钾为特点,土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量在总体上随放牧强度的增加呈下降趋势.(4)在剖面上不同土层0-10 cm.10-20 cm.20-30 cm.随着土层深度的增加土壤有机质、pH值、土壤全氮、土壤速效氮、速效磷含量呈增加趋势.相反速效钾呈下降趋势.     

封育年限对伊犁绢蒿荒漠土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

[目的]揭示封育条件下土壤微生物及其土壤酶活性的适应机制,为退化草地恢复提供科学依据。[方法]采用蛇形布点法,采集封育0,3及11a伊犁绢蒿荒漠0—5,5—10,10—20cm土壤样品;采用常规方法对土壤有机质、过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶活性及土壤微生物数量进行测定。[结果]随封育年限增加,0—5cm土层有机质含量呈增加趋势,且封育11a较对照显著提高14.2%。土壤微生物组成中细菌数量最多,占绝对优势,放线菌次之,真菌最少。0—5cm土层细菌、真菌数量随封育年限增加呈降低趋势,放线菌数量呈增加趋势,至封育11a细菌、真菌较对照依次显著降低(47.3%,25.5%),而放线菌则显著增加(15.5%);5—20cm土层细菌数量变化不显著,而放线菌及真菌数量多呈增加趋势。封育对伊犁绢蒿荒漠0—20cm土层过氧化氢酶活性影响不显著,而0—10cm土层脲酶活性随封育年限增加呈增加趋势,10—20cm土层则呈降低趋势。[结论]长期封育有利于土壤有机质的积累,促进表层土壤放线菌数量及脲酶活性的增加。     

肃北高寒草原不同放牧强度土壤养分变化特征

研究了肃北高寒草原不同放牧强度下不同土层土壤养分及 5 种微量元素有效态含量变化特征。结果表明：①高寒草原土壤物理性质的变化对土壤养分及微量元素具有重要的调控作用;②随着放牧强度的提高,0 ~ 10、10 ~ 20 cm 土层土壤体积质量均呈不同程度的增加,土壤孔隙度和土壤含水量则呈显著的递减趋势;③轻度放牧草地土壤有机质、土壤全 N 含量高于中度放牧和重度放牧草地;20 ~ 30 cm 土层有机质随放牧强度的增大呈明显下降趋势,即随放牧强度的增大深层土壤肥力呈退化趋势;肃北高寒草原的速效养分以多 N 少 P 富 K 为特点,土壤速效 N、P、K 含量在总体上随放牧强度的增加呈下降趋势;④肃北高寒草原 5 种微量元素的高低顺序依次是：Na＞Fe＞Mn＞Cu＞Zn,不同放牧强度下各微量元素的变化一致,顺序依次是：轻度放牧＞对照＞中度放牧＞重度放牧;⑤放牧强度对 10 ~ 20 cm 的土层影响最大,随放牧强度的增大,地表植物营养吸收层土壤营养成分、微量元素呈降低,导致地表植被生长能力降低,最终导致地表土壤沙化,最后使草地大面积退化。     

西藏高寒草原土壤团聚体有机碳变化及其影响因素分析

土壤结构的维持和稳定对高寒草原生态系统的稳定具有重要意义。为了探明高寒草原土壤结构的变化过程,研究了藏北正常、轻度和严重退化高寒草原表层(0～10cm)、亚表层(>10～20cm)不同粒径土壤团聚体有机碳(soil aggregates organic carbon,SAOC)的变化及对土壤结构的影响。结果表明:1)正常草地不同土层相同粒径团聚体有机碳质量分数均无显著差异,退化草地相同粒径SAOC质量分数随土层加深则呈显著提高的趋势;除轻度退化草地表层,不同状态草地各土层微团聚体(<0.25mm)有机碳质量分数显著高于大团聚体(>0.25mm)有机碳。2)退化草地表层、亚表层SAOC质量分数均呈显著下降,降幅随草地退化加剧却有所降低。但与轻度退化草地相比,严重退化草地表层大团聚体、微团聚体有机碳损失量分别增、减2.87、2.90g/kg,亚表层损失量则分别减少1.40、0.34g/kg,由于大团聚体有机碳损失量较大,其土壤抗蚀能力低于轻度退化草地。3)高原寒旱环境中,SAOC质量分数随SOC质量分数、土壤含水率的增加分别呈极显著(p<0.01)提高、显著(p<0.05)下降的趋势,土壤温度、土壤容重对SAOC质量分数的影响则均不显著。该文可为进一步探寻高寒草原生态系统维持与稳定的理论和方法提供参考。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。