铅对两个红壤中酶活性的影响

Enzyme activities have the potential to indicate biological functioning of soils. In this study, soil urease, dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and invertase activities and fluorescein diacetate（FDA） hydrolysis were measured in two red soils spiked with Pb^2＋ ranging from 0 to 2 400 mg kg^-1 to relate the enzyme activity values to both plant growth and the levels of available and total Pb^2＋ concentrations in soils, and to examine the potential use of soil enzymes to assess the degrees of Pb contamination. Soil samples were taken for enzyme activities assaying during 3 month’s incubation and then after planting of celery（Apium graveolens L.） and Chinese cabbage（Brassica chinensis L.）. Enzyme activities in the red soil derived from arenaceous rock（RAR） were generally lower than those in the red soil developed on Quaternary red earths（REQ）. At high Pb^2＋ loadings, in both incubation and greenhouse studies, urease activity and FDA hydrolysis were significantly inhibited. But there were no significant relationships between soil dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase or invertase activity and soil Pb^2＋ loadings in both RAR and REQ soils. The growth of celery and Chinese cabbage increased soil urease activity and FDA hydrolysis, but had minimal effect on dehydrogenase and invertase activities. There were positive correlations between celery biomass and soil urease activity and FDA hydrolysis. These results demonstrate that urease activity and FDA hydrolysis are more sensitive to Pb^2＋ than acid phosphatase, dehydrogenase and invertase activities in the RAR and REQ soils.     

中国福建省土壤的主要粘土矿物

The clay minerals of more than 200 soil samples collected from various sites of Fujian Province were studied by the X-ray diffraction method and transmission electron microscopy to study their distribution and evolution.Montmorillonite was found in coastal solonchak,paddy soils derived from marine deposit,lacustrine deposit and river deposit,and some lateritic red soil,red soil and yellow soil with a low weathering degree.Chlorite existed mainly in coastal solonchak and paddy soil developed from marine deposit.1.4nm intergradient mineral appeared frequently in yellow soil,red soil and lateritic red soil.The content of 1.4nm intergradient mineral increased with the decrease of weathering degree from lateritic red soil to red soil to yellow soil.Hydrous micas were more in coastal solonchak,paddy soils derived from marine deposit,lacustrine deposit and river deposit.and puple soil from purple shale than in other soils.Kaolinte was the most important clay mineral in the soils iun this province.The higher the soil weathering degree,the more the kaolinite existed.From yellow soil to red soil to lateritic red soil,kaolinite increased gradually,Kaolinite was the predominant clay mineral accompanied by few other minerals in typical lateritic red soil. Tubular halloysite was a widespread clay mineral in soils of Fujian Province with varying quantities.The soil derived from the paent rocks rich in feldspar contained more tubular halloysite.Spheroidal halloysite was found in a red soil and a paddy soil developed from olivine basalt gibbsite in the soils in this district was largely“primary gibbsite” which formed in the early weathering stage.Gibbsite decreased with the increase of weathering degree from yellow soil to red soil to lateritic red soil.Goethite also decreased in the same sequence while hematite increased.     

我国中亚热带丘陵地区红壤的肥力恢复

There are about 1.27 million ha of upland red soils derived from Quaternary red clay facing the degradation in the low-hilly region of the middle subtropical China. From the aspects of chemistry, physics and microbiology, the processes of soil fertility restoration in the surface layer (0~20 cm) under three types of land use patterns (i.e. citrus orchard, tea garden and upland) in two provinces were studied in this work. Results showed that the reclamation of eroded waste land improved most of soil properties. Soil organic matter, total N and P, available P and K, and exchangeable Ca and Mg increased, but soil total K and exchangeable Al decreased. Soil pH decreased by 0.5 unit in the pure tea plantation for 20 years. Soil reclamation increased the percentage of soil microaggregates (<0.25 mm), especially those with a diameter of 0.02~0.002 mm. Soil total porosity increased in the cultivated lands with the increase of soil aeration and capillary porosity. The number of soil microorganisms increased with reclamation caused mainly by the huge increase of the total amount of bacteria. With the cultivation, the activity of soil urease and acid phosphatase increased, but that of invertase dropped.     

Cl-对土壤中肥料氮、微生物数量和酶活性的影响

Pot experiments were conducted to study the effect of Cl^- on transformation of fertilizer N,number of microorganisms and enzyme activities in soils.It is indicated that Cl^- did not show significant influence on total number of bacteria,actinomyces and fungi,but significantly reduced the number of nitrosolbacteria, which led to decrease of NO3^- content in the soil.Application of Cl^- to soil could significantly enhance the adtivities of phosphatase and urease in the coastal saline soil and orthic aquisols,In hilly red soil,however,the application of Cl^-1 at the rate of 500-1000mg Cl^- kg^-1 soil significantly decreased the activity of the two enzymes mentioned above.     

七种钾释放动力学方程的比较和动力学参数的应用

Batch equilibrium experiments were conducted to investigate cadmium （Cd） sorption by two permanent-charge soils, a yellow-cinnamon soil and a yellow-brown soil, and two variable-charge soils, a red soil and a latosol, with addition of selected organic acids （acetate, tartrate, and citrate）. Results showed that with an increase in acetate concentrations from 0 to 3.0 mmol L^-1, Cd sorption percentage by the yellow-cinnamon soil, the yellow-brown soil, and the latosol decreased. The sorption percentage of Cd by the yellow-clnnamon soil and generally the yellow-brown soil （permanent-charge soils） decreased with an increase in tartrate concentration, but increased at low tartrate concentrations for the red soil and the latosol. Curves of percentage of Cd sorption for citrate were similar to those for tartrate. For the variable-charge soils with tartrate and citrate, there were obvious peaks in Cd sorption percentage. These peaks, where organic acids had maximum influence, changed with soil type, and were at a higher organic acid concentration for the variable-charge soils than for the permanent charge soils. Addition of cadmium after tartrate adsorption resulted in higher sorption increase for the varlable-charge soils than permanent-charge soils. When tartrate and Cd solution were added together, sorption of Cd decreased with tartrate concentration for the yellow-brown soil, but increased at low tartrate concentrations and then decreased with tartrate concentration for the red soil and the latosol.     

土壤和土壤悬液中1,2,4-三氯苯的微生物强化降解

Inoculating soil with an adapted microbial community is a more effective bioaugmentation approach than inoculation with pure strains in bioremediation.However,information on the potential of different inocula from sites with varying contamination levels and pollution histories in soil remediation is lacking.The objective of the study was to investigate the potential of adapted microorganisms in soil inocula,with different contamination levels and pollution histories,to degrade 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB).Three different soils from chlorobenzene-contaminated sites were inoculated into agricultural soils and soil suspension cultures spiked with 1,2,4-TCB.The results showed that 36.52% of the initially applied 1,2,4-TCB was present in the non-inoculated soil,whereas about 19.00% of 1,2,4-TCB was present in the agricultural soils inoculated with contaminated soils after 28 days of incubation.The soils inoculated with adapted microbial biomass (in the soil inocula) showed higher respiration and lower 1,2,4-TCB volatilization than the non-inoculated soils,suggesting the existence of 1,2,4-TCB adapted degraders in the contaminated soils used for inoculation.It was further confirmed in the contaminated soil suspension cultures that the concentration of inorganic chloride ions increased continuously over the entire experimental period.Higher contamination of the inocula led not only to higher degradation potential but also to higher residue formation.However,even inocula of low-level contamination were effective in enhancing the degradation of 1,2,4-TCB.Therefore,applying adapted microorganisms in the form of soil inocula,especially with lower contamination levels,could be an effective and environment-friendly strategy for soil remediation.     

Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Soil Ammonia-Oxidizing Microorganisms Under Temperatures of 25 and 5℃

The excellent bactericidal performance of silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs) has led to their wide applications, resulting in increasing concerns about their potential environmental impacts. This study evaluated the influences of different concentrations of Ag NPs(0,1, 10, and 100 μg g~(-1) dry soil) on the ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in soil at cultivation temperatures of 25 and 5℃ for 37 d. The results showed that 1 μg g~(-1) dry soil of Ag NPs had no acute effects on the ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms. However,10 and 100 μg g~(-1) dry soil of Ag NPs levels were found to significantly inhibit the activities of soil nitrification, with a decrease of69.89% and 94.55%, respectively, at 25℃ and 61.65% and 83.79%, respectively, at 5℃ compared to the control(0 μg g~(-1) dry soil of Ag NPs). These levels of Ag NPs also obviously decreased soil urease activity from about 380.47 ± 0.07(at 5℃) and 529.76± 13.44(at 25℃) mg N g~(-1) dry soil d~(-1) to 61.70 ± 2.97 and 68.29 ± 8.22 mg N g~(-1) dry soil d~(-1), respectively, after 37 d of cultivation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria. For the same exposure time, the effects of Ag NPs on the activities of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms and urease decreased with decreasing temperature. The threshold concentration of Ag NPs that induced negative effects on ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms was higher at 5℃ than at 25℃. Therefore, the temperature has a major impact on the toxicity of Ag NPs to ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms and on the urease activity, with toxicity being reduced with decreasing temperature.     

中国亚热带不同种植制度下的土壤侵蚀

In order to optimise land use systems, to prevent erosion-induced degradation and to restore the degraded red soils in subtropical China, five cropping systems and four agroforestry systems were conducted in red soils with a slope of 7° from 1993 to 1995. The results showed that erosion risk period occurred from April to June, and the annual runoff and the losses of soil and nutrients with sediment were alarming for two conventional farming systems, whereas they were negligible for the farming systems with ridge tillage. Enrichment ratios of the lost soils from erosion were more than 1.20 for all nutrients with much higher values for hydrolysable N and organic matter. Compared with the control, the alley cropping systems also distinctly decreased runoff by 30% or 50%. However, the coverage of soil surface varied with alley cropping systems for the competition of nutrients and soil water, which made a profound difference in runoff. The cropping systems of sweet potato intercropped with soybean, the alley cropping systems and the measures of mulching and ridge tillage were the alternatives for red soil reclamation so as to prevent erosion-induced degradation.     

湿地土壤质量退化的模糊综合评价

Due to frequent soil Cd contamination and wide use of butachlor in China,there is a need to assess their combined toxicity to soil microorganisms.The combined effects of cadmium (Cd,10 mg kg^-1 soil) and herbicide butachlor (10,50,and 100 mg kg^-1 soil) on enzyme activities and microbial community structure in a paddy soil were assessed using the traditional enzyme assays and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis.The results showed that urease and phosphatase activities were significantly reduced by high butachlor concentration (100 mg kg^-1 soil).When the concentrations of Cd and butachlor added were at a ratio of 1:10,urease and phosphatase activities were significantly decreased whereas enzyme activities were greatly improved at the ratio of 1:5,which indicated that the combined effects of Cd and butachlor on soil urease and phosphatase activities depended largely on their addition concentration ratios.Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis showed loss of original bands and appearance of new bands when compared with the control soil.Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints suggested substantial differences between the control and treated soil samples,with apparent changes in the number and size of amplified DNA fragments.The addition of high concentration butachlor and the combined impacts of Cd and butachlor significantly affected the diversity of the microbial community.RAPD analysis in conjunction with other biomarkers such as soil enzyme parameters would prove a powerful ecotoxicological tool.Further investigations should be carried out to understand the clear link between RAPD patterns and enzyme activity.     

DEHP污染的两种土壤中接种丛枝菌根对豇豆生长和DEHP降解的影响

A 60-day pot experiment was carried out using di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as a typical organic pollutant phthalic ester and cowpea (Vigna sinensis) as the host plant to determine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth and degradation of DEHP in two contaminated soils, a yellow-brown soil and a red soil. The air-dried soils were uniformly sprayed with different concentrations of DEHP, inoculated or left uninoculated with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, and planted with cowpea seeds. After 60 days the positive impact of AM inoculation on the growth of cowpea was more pronounced in the red soil than in the yellow-brown soil, with significantly higher (P < 0.01) mycorrhizal colonization rate, shoot dry weight and total P content in shoot tissues for the red soil. Both in the yellow-brown and red soils, AM inoculation significantly (P < 0.01) reduced shoot DEHP content, implying that AM inoculation could inhibit the uptake and translocation of DEHP from roots to the aboveground parts. However, with AM inoculation no positive contribution to the degradation of DEHP was found.     

变性土的形态发生: 模型研究

Studies on Vertisols of Southwest China show that the distribution of organic matter, mechanical composition, carbonates and spore-pollen in their profiles exhibits a definite differentiation and the radiocarbon age has a functional variation with soil depth, which suggests that pedoturbation model is a kind of incomplete model for genetic study and that the disturbance and inversion of solums of Vertisol are not as rapid and absolute as expected. In further consideration of the characters of swelling pressure and shear strength of Vertisol, vertic soil and other zonal soils, it is speculated that soil mechanics model is more adaptable for interpreting the morphogenesis of Vertisols without any contradiction with soil properties.     

不同施肥条件下氯氰菊酯对土壤酶活性的影响及其降解差异

采用长期定位施肥试验土壤（轻壤质黄潮土），研究不同施肥条件下，氯氰菊酯降解变化和对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明，不同的施肥处理对土壤中氯氰菊酯的降解行为有显著影响，长期施用氮肥，土壤中速效氮含量升高，对氯氰菊酯降解有抑制作用；施用磷肥则促进降解；施用有机肥在提高土壤有机质含量的同时，虽加速了氯氰菊酯降解，但降解延滞期和残留期有所增加。氯氰菊酯在土壤中的降解遵循一级动力学方程，降解半衰期为10．13d（PK）～14．58d（NK）。土壤中加入氯氰菊酯后，脱氢酶、脲酶活性有所升高，施肥处理不同，升高幅度也不一样．均达显著水平。磷酸酶活性变化在不同施肥处理中，表现不一样。培养26d左右，土壤酶活性大多都能恢复到初始水平。研究土壤中农药残留与施肥、土壤酶活性的关系，对于实现农业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

长期单施化肥和有机无机配合条件下红壤蔗区土壤生物学性状及细菌多样性差异

【目的】分析红壤区长期施肥的蔗区土壤生物学性状和细菌多样性,旨在提出提升红壤蔗区土壤肥力与健康的施肥方案。【方法】试验从1995年开始,于广西来宾市蒙村镇那洪村甘蔗长期试验站进行。试验设置不施肥(CK)、 长期单一施用化肥(NPK)和长期化肥配施有机肥(NPKM)3个处理。采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)以及稀释平板法等传统和现代分析技术,比较分析了3种长期不同施肥处理对蔗区土壤生物学指标、 细菌多样性等指示土壤肥力与健康状况指标的影响。【结果】施肥处理导致甘蔗产区土壤pH下降,NPK处理下降幅度大于NPKM处理。土壤中可培养微生物数量(细菌、 真菌和放线菌)均以NPKM处理为最高,NPK处理真菌数量显著高于CK,放线菌数量却显著低于CK土壤,细菌数量两者间无显著差异。微生物量碳、 氮以及涉及碳、 氮、 磷循环的土壤酶活性均以NPKM处理土壤为最高,与NPK和CK土壤差异显著。NPK处理土壤中β-葡糖苷酶活性以及微生物量碳高于CK土壤,但蛋白酶、 磷酸酶活性以及微生物量氮显著低于CK土壤。NPKM处理土壤中细菌多样性指数(H)、 丰富度(S)以及均匀度(EH)指数等同样表征土壤肥力与质量的敏感指标均高于NPK和CK土壤。【结论】长期施肥可不同程度地导致红壤蔗区土壤pH下降,长期单一施用化肥处理下降幅度高于化肥与有机肥配施处理。长期单一施用化肥加剧了土壤肥力下降与质量劣化,化肥配施有机肥是减缓红壤甘蔗产区土壤pH下降、 提升土壤肥力和保持土壤健康的有效措施。     

Changes of structure and tilth mellowing in a Vertisol due to wet/dry cycles in the liquid and vapour phases

Development of a fine tilth in Vertisols increases infiltration, plant-available water and ease of cultivation and produces a fine seed bed. The tilth-mellowing properties of a strongly self-mulching Vertisol from Zimbabwe were investigated by applying different types of wetting to a worked soil and examining macromorphological features, size, density, strength and friability of the resulting clods/aggregates, developed through successive wet/dry cycles. Wetting regimes were chosen to simulate likely field conditions and included rapid flood-, slow and fast capillary-, simulated rainfall- and vapour-wetting. Tilth development was compared to that of field soils. All wetting treatments in the liquid phase resulted in decreases in aggregate density. Fast capillary wetting rapidly reduced size and strength of aggregates to below that of field soils whereas slow capillary wetting similarly rapidly decreased size but reduced strength more slowly. Flood wetting caused little change in size but aggregates showed a small decrease in strength. Rainfall wetting resulted in changes intermediate between these extremes. There was a significant linear relationship between strength and porosity of aggregates! For rainfall- and flood-wetting, friabilities were at a maximum after one wet/dry cycle but subsequently decreased. Vapour wet/dry cycles reduced strength but not density of worked soils, implying changes in internal microstructure without measurable porosity change. Hypotheses to explain these changes are put forward.     

Bt-transgenic rice straw affects the culturable microbiota and dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities in a flooded paddy soil

There have been few investigations of the possible effects of genetically engineered plants on the microbiota and enzyme activities in flooded soil. We studied the influence of the transgenic rice KeMingDao (KMD) straw on the culturable microbiota and enzymatic activities in a flooded paddy soil under laboratory conditions. KMD contained a synthetic cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis under the control of a maize ubiquitin promoter and linked in tandem with the gusA and hpt genes. The results showed that there were only some occasional significant differences (P<0.05) in the number of Colony forming units of aerobic bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi and in the number of anaerobic fermentative bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria, and methanogenic bacteria between the paddy soil amended with Bt-transgenic rice straw and with the non-Bt parental rice straw during the early stages of incubation. From d14 to d84 there were significant increases (P<0.05) in soil dehydrogenase and soil neutral phosphatase activity in soils amended with rice straw compared to soil without added straw. The dehydrogenase activity was significantly greatly (almost 1.95-fold) in soil amended with Bt-transgenic straw from d7 to d14 but from d21 to d49 there was significantly greater activity (about 1.47-fold) in the soil amended with non-Bt-straw. There were no apparent differences between the activity of soil neutral phosphatase in the soils to which non-Bt-straw and Bt-straw had been added. However, both soils to which rice straws were added demonstrated significant differences in the number of microorganisms except for aerobic bacteria and enzymatic activities with respect to the control soil throughout the incubation. The above results indicated that the Bt-straw from KMD transgenic rice is not toxic to a variety of culturable microorganisms in the studied flooded paddy soil.     

Comparison of methods for evaluating the suitability of Vertisols for Gossypium hirsutum (Bt cotton) in two contrasting agro-ecological regions

Cotton (Gossypium sp.) is a major crop grown under rainfed conditions in Vertisols and associated soils in semi-arid tropical (SAT) regions of Peninsular India. In recent years, cotton productivity has declined due to various biophysical factors including pest and diseases, seasonal water stress soil degradation and poor crop management practices. In this study, we compare two methods for evaluating the suitability of Vertisols for cotton in contrasting two agro-ecological regions viz., sub-humid moist (SHM) region and semi-arid dry(SAD) were characterized. Twelve cotton growing Vertisols (seven from SHM and five from SAD) were evaluated for their suitability for cotton cultivation using soil quality index (SQI) and modified Sys-FAO method. SQIs were calculated using the weighted additive index from transformed scores of selected indicators by principal component analysis. For Sys-FAO method both biophysical and soil characteristics were considered for suitability evaluation. We found that the soils of SHM region were moderately suitable for cotton cultivation with soil moisture as the major limiting factor, whereas the soils of SAD region are marginally suitable due to high exchangeable sodium percentage and poor hydraulic conductivity. From this, it may be concluded that the weighted SQI has better agreement with the cotton yield.     

长期定位施肥对小麦玉米间作土壤酶活性的影响

为探讨长期施肥条件下土壤酶活性的动态变化以及土壤酶活性之间的相关性,对灌漠土小麦/玉米间作不同肥料长期定位试验地第26年耕层土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶酶活性进行了测定与分析。结果表明,长期定位施肥下,间作小麦/玉米生育期内土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶总体均呈先升高后下降的变化趋势,在小麦拔节期至灌浆...     

铀污染对土壤酶活性及微生物功能多样性的影响

为研究外源铀对土壤微生态的影响,设置不同浓度(0、10、20、50、100、150 mg·kg^-1)的铀对土壤进行处理,测定各铀处理组中土壤酶活性和微生物功能多样性。Biolog-ECO微平板技术分析结果表明,随着铀污染浓度升高,微生物活性逐渐降低;各铀处理组土壤微生物群落Shannon、Simpson、McIntosh多样性指数均显著低于对照组。铀处理后,六大类碳源利用能力较对照组显著降低,其中酚酸类碳源平均颜色变化率(AWCD)仅为对照组的19.98%。对照组中,微生物对胺类碳源利用能力最高;10 mg·kg^-1铀处理组中,微生物对多聚物类碳源利用能力最高;50、100和150 mg·kg^-1铀处理组中,微生物对羧酸类碳源利用能力最高。酶活性分析表明,随着铀污染浓度升高,碱性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性均呈下降趋势,而亚硝酸还原酶活性呈先升高后降低的趋势。纤维素酶活性仅在高浓度铀污染土壤中受到抑制。铀处理第30天,酶活性受到的抑制作用最强。4种酶对铀敏感程度依次为芳基硫酸酯酶>碱性磷酸酶>亚硝酸还原酶>纤维素酶。综上可知,铀污染对土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力有显著的抑制作用,同时芳基硫酸酯酶可有效表征土壤受铀污染程度。本研究结果为评估和修复铀污染生态环境提供了理论依据。     

滇桂地区变性土的发生特性和系统分类研究

本文研究了我国西南地区变性土的形成条件和发育程度，并结合世界主要分类系统进行了分类研究。结果表明，相对于地带性土壤而言，变性土风化成土作用较弱，发育程度较低，土壤中元素的淋溶迁移及相对富集程度也远低于地带性土壤。由于粘粒含量尤其是粘粒矿物组成的差异，变性土表现出极高的膨胀潜势。通过研究，本文还对我国土壤系统分类中变性土土钢、亚纲、土类等的划分标准和依据及变性土性土的确立等提出了见解。     

潮土和潮褐土中重金属形态与土壤酶活性的关系

采用大田取样 ,运用连续提取方法 ,研究了河北平原潮土、潮褐土两种土壤中Cd、Pb的化学形态特征与四种土壤酶 (脲酶、H2 O2 酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶 )活性间的关系。结果表明 :大田两种土壤中交换态Cd、Pb对脲酶活性有显著抑制作用。因此 ,在石灰性土壤中 ,把交换态Cd、Pb和脲酶活性共同作为评价土壤Cd、Pb污染程度的主要生化指标是可行的