不同土壤抗蚀性能研究

该对四川省农业科学院资阳水土保持试验所布设的７种土壤试验小区，用模拟降雨装置进行了土壤抗蚀性能的初步试验研究，结果表明：（１）７种土壤的抗蚀能力大小依次为：冷沙黄泥＞棕紫泥＞红棕紫泥＞灰色潮土＞红紫泥＞黄红紫泥＞暗棕紫泥；（２）７种土壤的么径流过程累积量与降雨历时、产沙过程累积量与降雨历时，径流过程累积量与产沙过程累积量之间均有显的线性相关关系，以及６种土壤的土壤含水量与开始产流时间之间有非常     

Response of alluvial fan systems to the late Pleistocene to Holocene climatic transition: contrasts between the margins of pluvial Lakes Lahontan and Mojave, Nevada and California, USA

Dated shorelines of late Pleistocene pluvial Lakes Lahontan (Great Basin Desert, northwest Nevada) and Mojave (Mojave Desert, eastern California) provide timelines for the assessment of alluvial fan sedimentation at the lake margins during the late Pleistocene to early Holocene. Two sets of alluvial fan systems have been mapped: the Stillwater fans, feeding Lake Lahontan; and the Zzyzx fans, feeding Lake Mojave. Their contrasting morphologies suggest different responses of the two fan systems to late Pleistocene to early Holocene climatic change. At the time the Stillwater fan systems underwent minimal sedimentation, with the catchment hillslopes apparently stable. The Zzyzx fans experienced major changes in water and sediment supply from the catchment hillslopes. There was a major phase of hillslope debris-flow activity, followed by fanhead trenching and distal fan progradation. Both areas were wetter and colder in the late Pleistocene than they are today, but during the transition to the Holocene the Zzyzx area was more likely to experience intense rains associated with the monsoonal penetration of warm moist tropical air into the Southwest. Vegetation reconstructions for the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene suggest that catchment hillslopes in the Mojave supported a desert shrub vegetation, but those in the Stillwaters supported juniper woodland and grasses at low elevations and pine at higher elevations. Contrasts in hillslope vegetation cover together with storm activity may account for the different responses of the alluvial fans to climatic change during the Pleistocene to Holocene climatic transition. After the falls in lake levels of Lakes Lahontan and Mojave in the early Holocene, both areas underwent aridification, resulting in reductions in hillslope vegetation cover. Increased storm runoff led to fanhead trenching and distal progradation of the alluvial fans. Variations in fan style at that time may relate primarily to base-level conditions resulting from different gradients on the exposed lake shores.     

典型石漠化植被恢复区土壤理化特征及多指标聚类研究

为揭示造林20年后不同石漠化恢复模式对土壤结构和理化性质的影响,以滇中地区7种恢复模式下样地土壤为研究对象,研究不同石漠化恢复模式下土壤理化性质分布特征并进行多指标聚类分析。结果表明：除油杉林外,其他样地土壤养分等级均为中高级;土壤颗粒组成较为合理,分形程度较好,抵抗侵蚀的能力较强;不同恢复类型对石漠化土壤的改良存在明显不同,混交林明显优于纯林;由于受土壤母质、地形以及水文等因素的影响,相同恢复类型间存在差异,华山松林和油杉林总体较差;研究区土壤可蚀性因子K值与粉粒含量呈正向变化特征;对土壤理化性质进行Q型聚类可以将受试样地土壤分为4类,油杉林和华山松林被单独分出。研究结果可为地方政府制定科学合理的喀斯特石漠化地区生态防治措施提供理论基础和技术支撑。     

花岗岩红壤丘陵区崩岗土体界限含水量的温度效应研究

水分和温度会显著影响花岗岩红壤的力学状态,是崩岗发生和发展的两大驱动因素.以崩壁三个土层土壤:红土层、砂土层和碎屑层为研究对象,在15、25、40和60℃温度条件下对三个土层土壤的液塑限和结合水含量开展研究.结果表明:红土层的液限、塑限和塑性指数均高于砂土层和碎屑层,碎屑层土壤的液塑限最小.崩岗土壤的液塑限与细黏粒、有...     

长沙市东郊不同母质发育耕型红壤的可蚀性因子K值估算

采集了长沙市东郊第四纪红土和花岗岩风化物两种母质发育的耕型红壤样品,通过室内分析获得了土壤的颗粒组成和土壤有机质含量。利用诺谟图法、修正诺谟图法、EPIC模型、几何平均粒径模型和Torri模型分别估算了两种母质发育红壤的可蚀性因子K值,并将估算结果与江西省鹰潭市中国科学院红壤生态试验站通过自然降雨实测方法获得的K值进行了比较。结果显示,Torri模型和几何平均粒径模型比较适合估算长沙市东郊第四纪红土发育红壤的可蚀性K值,Torri模型、几何平均粒径模型和EPIC模型比较适合估算长沙市东郊花岗岩风化物发育红壤的可蚀性K值。     

青藏高原土壤可蚀性K值的空间分布特征

土壤可蚀性反映了土壤对水力侵蚀作用的敏感性,是进行土壤侵蚀评价和预报的重要参数。收集了青藏高原1 255个典型土壤剖面资料,采用模型计算和面积加权分析方法确定了每一个土壤亚类的土壤可蚀性K值,结合青藏高原1∶100万土壤类型图,分析了青藏高原土壤可蚀性K值的空间格局特征。结果表明,青藏高原土壤可蚀性K值平均为0.230 8,低可蚀性、较低可蚀性、中等可蚀性、较高可蚀性和高可蚀性土壤面积分别占该区面积的5.60%,18.23%,24.35%,44.02%和7.80%。土壤可蚀性以中等可蚀性和较高可蚀性为主,二者分布面积之和达1.77×106 km2,占青藏高原总面积的68.37%;较高可蚀性、高可蚀性土壤主要分布在青藏高原中西部的羌塘高原、柴达木盆地和横断山区的低海拔河谷中。青藏高原土壤可蚀性K值具有明显的垂直分异特征,在横断山区最为显著,土壤可蚀性随海拔高度升高而降低。不同海拔高度的水热分异影响了土壤的理化特性,进而决定了青藏高原土壤可蚀性的垂直分带特征。     

2种草本植物根系对崩岗洪积扇土壤抗剪强度的影响

为探讨草本植物根系对崩岗洪积扇土壤抗剪强度的影响,以巨菌草(Pennisetum sp.)和宽叶雀稗(Paspalum wettsteinii)为研究对象,采用WinRHIZO根系分析系统对根系特征进行定量分析,并采用原位剪切试验测定崩岗洪积扇各土层的抗剪强度。结果表明:(1)根系能够改善土壤的结构及水分状况;(2)2种草本植物根系均主要分布在0—5cm土层,该层巨菌草根系各参数值是该草种根系均值的3.1~4.39倍,宽叶雀稗的则为2.23~2.57倍,随着土层深度的增加,巨菌草根系参数呈对数函数减小,而宽叶雀稗呈线性减小;(3)土壤抗剪强度均值大小表现为巨菌草宽叶雀稗裸地,其大小依次为21.04,16.43,9.89kPa;在0—20cm土层,2草种抗剪强度均显著大于裸地;(4)土壤抗剪强度与生物量密度、根表面积密度和分叉数密度极显著正相关,与根长密度显著正相关;巨菌草根系的生物量密度是表征土壤抗剪强度的最主要因子,而宽叶雀稗的则为根长密度。2种草本植物根系均能提高崩岗洪积扇土壤的抗剪强度,而巨菌草的效果优于宽叶雀稗。     

崩岗治理技术措施研究进展与展望

[目的]总结分析当前崩岗治理技术措施研究现状,为制定更为合理的崩岗防治策略提供参考。[方法]通过文献查阅,根据崩岗的空间结构特征,分别从集水坡面、崩壁、崩积堆、沟谷和冲积扇等方面系统性地总结了针对不同部位的崩岗治理技术措施。[结果]总结探讨了不同技术的特点、适用性以及存在的问题,对崩岗的不同治理模式进行了归纳,并对未来崩岗治理技术的研究方向进行了展望。[结论]工程与生物技术相结合的修复方式是目前采用最广泛的治理措施。今后的崩岗治理工作的开展应注重修复效果评价指标体系构建、水土保持作用机制、创新修复技术应用、修复技术与农业生产相结合以及预防措施等方面的研究。     

Regional-scale modelling of the spatial distribution of surface and subsurface textural classes in alluvial soils using Markov chain geostatistics

Soil texture is directly associated with other soil physical and chemical properties and can affect crop yield, erodibility and water and pollutant movement. Thus, maps of soil textural class are valuable for agricultural management. Conventional spatial statistical methods do not capture the complex large-scale spatial patterns of multi-class variables. Markov chain geostatistics (MCG) was recently proposed as a new approach for the conditional simulation of categorical variables. In this study, we apply an MCG algorithm to simulate the spatial distribution of textural classes of alluvial soils at five different depths in a 15-km² area on the North China Plain. Soil texture was divided into five classes – sand, sandy loam, light loam, medium loam and clay. Optimal prediction maps, simulated maps and occurrence probability maps for each depth were generated from sample data. Simulated results delineated the distribution of the five soil textural classes at the five depths and quantified related spatial uncertainties caused by limited sample size (total of 139 points). These results are not only useful for understanding the spatial distribution of soil texture in alluvial soils, but also provide valuable quantitative information for precision agriculture, soil management and studies on environmental processes affected by surface and subsurface soil textures.     

拉萨河流域中下游洪积扇土壤养分评价

  【目的】  洪积扇是拉萨河流域珍贵的土地资源,目前西藏对洪积扇土地资源的管理还相当粗放,过度放牧、不合理开垦等人为活动已导致部分土地资源土壤肥力低下。本研究根据实地调查所得的土壤养分数据,对拉萨河流域中下游洪积扇的土壤养分状况进行综合评价,为其进行合理开发利用奠定基础。  【方法】  选取该区域20个典型洪积扇,分别于2019年和2020年7—8月采集土壤样本,测定土壤有机质(OM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK) 7个指标。基于主成分分析确定各养分指标的权重,以全国第二次土壤养分普查养分分级标准为依据,应用物元模型进行土壤养分综合评价。  【结果】  洪积扇土壤OM、TN、TP、TK、AN、AP和AK的含量分别为2.65～314.57 g/kg、0.14～17.55 g/kg、0.04～2.06 g/kg、7.71～25.57 g/kg、7.70～358.56 mg/kg、0.12～342.50 mg/kg和17～1350 mg/kg。在321个样点中,土壤TN和TP含量在Ⅳ级以下的样点分别仅占9.97%和15.89%,而土壤AN和AP含量在Ⅳ级以下的样点分别占46.42%和48.60%,土壤AN和AP含量缺乏;61.99%的样点土壤养分综合评价等级在Ⅳ级以上,土壤养分含量充足。洪积扇草地、灌丛和农田中Ⅳ级以上的样点分别占63.84%、55.77%和60%。土壤TN、OM和AN是影响土壤养分综合水平最主要的指标。土壤养分综合评价结果显示,20个洪积扇中有1个洪积扇为Ⅰ级,土壤养分含量极丰富;分别有9个洪积扇为Ⅲ和Ⅳ级,土壤养分含量较丰富或适中;仅有1个洪积扇为Ⅵ级,土壤养分含量极贫乏。 Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅵ级洪积扇海拔和年平均降雨量逐级显著降低(P<0.05),年平均气温逐级显著升高(P<0.05)。  【结论】  拉萨河流域中下游洪积扇总体呈现出海拔越低,土壤养分水平越低的分布特征。20个洪积扇中,相对于土壤全氮和全磷,土壤有效氮和有效磷含量贫乏或极贫乏的样点数增加了36.45%和32.71%,并且在不同植被类型下均存在这种现象。     

鄂东南崩岗区花岗岩风化岩土体抗剪强度的异向性

旨在从岩土力学性质的角度为崩岗侵蚀提供理论依据,采用直接剪切实验,对鄂东南崩岗区典型花岗岩风化岩土体剖面不同方向上原状土的抗剪强度进行测定,并分析了花岗岩风化岩土体抗剪强度在剖面尺度上的异向性及其影响因素。结果表明,饱和条件下,花岗岩风化岩土体黏聚力和内摩擦角的变化范围分别为3.19～19.26 kPa和26.50°～32.42°,其中B_2层黏聚力最大,而各层次间内摩擦角的差异并不明显(p0.05);黏聚力和内摩擦角均存在明显的异向性,其中水平方向总体大于垂直方向,且黏聚力的异向性较内摩擦角更明显。不同方向上抗剪强度的影响机理不同,其中,垂直于剖面方向上,黏聚力主要受毛管孔隙度(r=-0.97,p0.01)和粉粒含量(r=0.94,p0.05)的影响,而水平方向上仅与粉粒含量(r=0.91,p0.05)显著相关;而液限对水平方向上的内摩擦角影响显著(r=-0.99,p0.05)。对于花岗岩风化岩土体抗剪强度的异向性而言,其主要受自然含水率(r=-0.98,p0.01)、有机质(r=-0.93,p0.05)和塑限(r=-0.97,p0.05)影响。研究结果对于从力学稳定性角度揭示崩岗的发生机理具有重要意义。     

用田间实测法研究我国亚热带土壤的可蚀性K值

本文在自然降雨条件下用全裸地小区田间实测了我国亚热带七种有代表性的不同类型土壤可蚀性Ｋ值。结果表明这七种不同类型土壤间的Ｋ值差别很大，其中紫色和红砂岩发育的耕种普通红壤的Ｋ值最大，分别达到０．４４４和０．４３８，最小的是第四纪红色粘土发育的红色土，其值只人０．１０４，还不到紫色土Ｋ值的１／４。我们变用国际上十分流行的诺谟图方法估算了这七种不同类型土壤的可蚀性Ｋ值，其中有二类土壤用这种方法所估算的Ｋ     

黄土高原土壤可蚀性因子空间分布特征及影响因素

为揭示黄土高原地区土壤可蚀性(K)的空间分布特征和影响因素，基于EPIC模型、几何平均粒径模型、Torri模型估算黄土高原地区K,并结合地理探测器比较土壤理化性质、海拔、坡度等要素对K空间分布的影响。结果表明：(1)EPIC模型、几何平均粒径模型、Torri模型估算的黄土高原地区K均值分别为0.036,0.034,0.041 [(t·hm²·h)/(MJ·mm·hm²)]。黄土高原以中可蚀性和中高可蚀性的土壤为主，不同模型对K的估算值有显著差异(F=4.460,p<0.01)。(2)黄土高原K有较为显著的空间异质性，东部和西南地区K较高，西北地区K则较低。不同省份的中可蚀性和中高可蚀性面积占比有较大的统计差异。(3)土壤理化性质(砂粒含量、粉粒含量、黏粒含量、碎石含量、容重、酸碱度、阳离子交换量、基本饱和度、交换性盐基、碳酸盐、硫酸盐、可交换性钠盐、导电率)、海拔、坡度、坡向均对K呈现极显著影响(p<0.01)。土壤理化性质对K空间分布的影响强于海拔、坡度、坡向、土地利用因子间交互作用对K的影响大于单个因子。研究结果可为黄土高原土...     

Seasonal variations in soil erodibility under different land-use types in Luxembourg

Soil erodibility measurements for detachment by raindrop impact were made on samples collected at monthly intervals from forest, pasture and farmland sites. All sites exhibited strong seasonal variations in erodibility with maximum values occurring during the winter and minimum values in the summer. The relative erodibility of the different soils is described and the field and laboratory methods used are compared. The best time for sampling the soil for soil erodibility determinations is indicated. Erodibility is estimated from laboratory simulation experiments on undisturbed samples, from aggregate stability determinations and from field measurements with splash boards.     

艾比湖湿地不同盐渍化土壤粒度组成及可蚀性研究

为了研究内陆干旱区不同盐渍化土壤的粒径组成及其可蚀性的空间分布,在不同盐渍化程度上探讨其与土壤中盐分含量的相互关系,本研究以新疆维吾尔自治区艾比湖湿地为研究靶区,利用2015年5月获取的66个表层土壤样品,对土壤的粒度组成、含盐量、分形维数和可蚀性因子K值进行了研究。结果表明:样品中盐土占比达到59.09%,平均含盐量达131.59 g/kg,研究区内盐渍化现象既普遍又严重;土壤颗粒以粉粒和砂粒为主,随着盐渍化程度的加剧黏粒含量不断增加,砂粒含量则相反;土壤颗粒的分形维数D值介于2.14~2.60,平均值为2.45;随着盐渍化程度加剧,分形维数逐渐变大,K值也随之逐渐增大,盐土的K值最大达0.093;土壤可蚀性因子K值与含盐量的相关性较高(r=0.596**),在一定程度上可以说明,土壤的含盐量水平越高,K值越大,越容易被侵蚀。     

河北省表层土壤可侵蚀性K值评估与分析

利用河北土系调查成果中的土壤颗粒组成、土地利用及土壤化学性质等资料,利用EPIC模型中土壤可蚀性K值算法以及结合地统计学方法,研究了不同土壤类型、不同质地及不同土地利用类型的土壤可侵蚀性K值和土壤可侵蚀性K值的空间变异特征。结果表明:1河北土壤可侵蚀性K值平均为0.27,其变化范围为0.12~0.40,土壤可蚀性K值在0.30~0.35之间易蚀性土壤面积占总土地面积的63.71%,土壤可蚀性K值在0.25~0.3之间较易蚀性土壤面积占总土地面积的21.52%,这说明该省易蚀性土壤面积较大。2不同质地的K值之间显著性差异,粉砂黏壤质的可侵蚀性K值最大,为0.37;壤砂质的可侵蚀性K值最小,为0.13。而在不同的土地利用类型之间的K值差异性不显著,耕地的K值最大,为0.33;草地的K值最小,为0.22。3河北土壤可侵蚀性K值存在较强的变异性,其变异系数为29%。因此,在土壤侵蚀定量监测、评价水土流失时,应考虑土壤可蚀性K值的这种空间变异状况。块金值/基台值为37.3%,表明在变程内具有中等强度的空间相关性。步长为23 km,变程为440 km,变程远大于步长,表明在小流域尺度下有较好的空间相关性,进行Kriging插值能得到较准确的结果。4河北土壤可蚀性K值大体呈现南高北低的空间分布特征,南部主要是耕作栽培区,北部主要是自然植被区。该研究结果为宏观大尺度土壤资源可持续利用与制定水土保持规划提供科学依据。     

我国土壤有效镁含量及分布状况与含镁肥料的应用前景研究

本文采用土壤养分系统研究法,分析了我国31个省(市、自治区)的17790个土壤样品中有效镁的含量,结果表明:我国土壤有效镁含量从1 2mg/L到4468 9mg/L不等,平均含量为320 6mg/L。地区间变异性较大。根据土壤系统研究法的养分评价指标,我国土壤有效镁含量处于严重缺乏状态的土壤占8%,处于缺乏状态的土壤占13%,处于中等水平的占33%,而处于丰富和极丰富状态的分别占34%和12%。有54%的土壤需要不同程度的补充镁素肥料;我国土壤有效镁含量较低的区域主要集中在长江以南地区,主要省份有福建、江西、广东、广西、贵州、湖南和湖北等省份。根据我国土壤有效镁含量判断,每年我国土壤需要补充984万吨的含镁肥料。     

2种草本植物根系对长汀县崩岗洪积扇土壤水分状况的影响

植被恢复是防治崩岗侵蚀的重要方法,为研究植物根系对崩岗洪积扇土壤水分状况的影响,以崩岗洪积扇上种植的深根系巨菌草和浅根系宽叶雀稗为研究对象,对其分层取样后,用环刀法测定土壤的密度、孔隙度和最大持水量等物理性质,计算土壤蓄水能力,并用WinRHIZO根系分析系统,测定根长和密度等参数.结果表明:巨菌草和宽叶雀稗的各根系特征指标,均随土层深度的增加而减小,巨菌草各根系指标均大于宽叶雀稗;有植被覆盖下的土壤密度均小于裸地,植被覆盖下土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度均大于裸地,且随土层深度的增加而减小;有植被根系的土壤饱和蓄水量和毛管蓄水量均比裸地高,且与裸地差异显著;在土壤表层,宽叶雀稗增加土壤孔隙性和土壤保水能力大于巨菌草,而在土壤中深层,则巨菌草大于宽叶雀稗;根系改善土壤性质的能力,主要取决于其根长密度和根系总表面积,直径小于0.5mm的根系是影响土壤水分的最主要因子.研究植物根系对改良土壤水分状况的影响,以期为崩岗侵蚀防治中植被种类的筛选和推广提供依据.     

Soil properties influencing erodibility of soils in the Ntabelanga area,Eastern Cape Province,South Africa

Soil erosion has serious off-site impacts caused by increased mobilization of sediment and delivery to water bodies causing siltation and pollution. To evaluate factors influencing soil erodibility at a proposed dam site, 21 soil samples collected were characterized. The soils were analyzed for soil organic carbon (SOC), exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, pH, electrical conductivities, mean weight diameter and soil particles’ size distribution. Cation exchange capacity, exchangeable sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, dispersion ratio (DR), clay flocculation index (CFI), clay dispersion ratio (CDR) and Ca:Mg ratio were then calculated. Soil erodibility (K-factor) estimates were determined using SOC content and surface soil properties. Soil loss rates by splashing were determined under rainfall simulations at 360?mmh^?1 rainfall intensity. Soil loss was correlated to the measured chemical and physical soil properties. There were variations in soil form properties and erodibility indices showing influence on soil loss. The average soil erodibility and SOC values were 0.0734?t?MJ^?1?mm^?1 and 0.81%, respectively. SOC decreased with depth and soil loss increased with a decrease in SOC content. SOC significantly influenced soil loss, CDR, CFI and DR (P??1. Addition of organic matter stabilize the soils against erosion.     

Simulating soil erodibility in southeastern China using a sequential Gaussian algorithm

Soil erodibility(K) is a key factor of soil erosion, and its appropriate quantification and interpolation are vitally important for soil and water conservation.The traditional point-represent-polygon approaches and common kriging method for the estimation of K, however, do not sufficiently represent the original data. The objectives of this study were to simulate the spatial distribution of K using a sequential Gaussian algorithm and analyze the uncertainty in evaluating the risk of soil erodibility in southeastern China. We determined 101 sampling points in the area and collected disturbed soil samples from the 0–20 cm layer at each point. Soil properties were determined, and K was calculated using five common models: the EPIC(Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator),approximate nomograph, Torri, Shirazi, and Wang models. Among the chosen models, the EPIC model performed the best at estimating K(KEPIC), which ranged from 0.019 to 0.060 t ha h(ha MJ mm)~(-1), with a mean of 0.043 t ha h(ha MJ mm)~(-1). The KEPICwas moderately spatially variable and had a limited spatial structure, increasing from south to north in our study area, and all spatial simulations using the cooperative kriging(CK) interpolation and the sequential Gaussian simulation(SGS) with 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 realizations had acceptable accuracies. The CK interpolation narrowed the range,and the SGS maintained the original characteristics of the calculated data. The proportions of the risk area were 38.0% and 10.1%, when the risk probability for K was 60% and 80%, respectively, and high risk areas were mostly located in the north. The results provide scientific guidance for managing the risk of soil erodibility in southeastern China.